Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Term 1 > Normal Anatomy (Female Pelvis) > Flashcards

Normal Anatomy (Female Pelvis) Flashcards

1
Q

Echogenicity of Muscle

A
  • moderate echogenicity

- echogenic striations within

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How many planes do we image muscles in?

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What can muscles be mistaken for?

A
  • ovaries or masses in pelvis

- ex. iliopsoas can look like a bullseye in TRV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Is the uterus retroperitoneal or intraperitoneal?

A

-retroperitoneal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What happens to the uterus between birth and puberty?

A

-descends from lower abd into true pelvis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

3 Major Portions of Uterus

A
  • fundus
  • body
  • cervix
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cornua

A

-area of body where tubes enter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Body of Uterus

A

-area between cervix and cornua

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Fundus of Uterus

A

-at/superior to cornua

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does the cervix open into?

A

-upper vagina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the cervix made of internally?

A

-canal made up of internal and external os

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is at the distal end of the cervix?

A
  • 2 lateral fornix
  • anterior fornix
  • posterior fornix
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where is the fibromuscular canal, and where does it run from?

A
  • midline of vagina

- runs from cervix to eternal genitalia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Uterus

A

-hollow, thick walled organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

3 Layers of Uterus

A
  • perimetrium
  • myometrium
  • endometrium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Myometrium

A
  • big muscle
  • majority of uterus
  • 3 layers: inner (subendometrial halo), intermediate, outer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Superficial Functional Layer of the Endometrium

A

-parts that sloughs off each menses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Deep Basal Layer of Endometrium

A

-stays attached to uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Uterine Ligaments

A
  • broad (paired)
  • cardinal (paired)
  • uterosacral (paired)
  • posterior (single)
  • anterior (single)
  • round (paired)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Broad Ligaments

A
  • double folds of peritoneum
  • uterus in suspended between these folds
  • extend from the lateral aspects of uterus to the lateral pelvic walls
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Cardinal Ligaments

A

-lower extensions of broad

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Round Ligaments

A

-fibromuscular cord extends from upper outer angles of uterus through the inguinal canal and connect to labia majora

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Uterosacral Ligaments

A

-fold like extensions of peritoneum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Anterior Ligament

A
  • fold in peritoneum
  • from anterior surface of uterus to posterior surface of bladder
  • forms anterior cul de sac (vesicouterine pouch)
  • fluid collects in this area
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Posterior Ligament

A
  • extends from posterior side of uterus to rectum
  • forms deep pouch (aka pouch of douglas, posterior cul de sac or rectouterine recess)
  • fluid collects in this area
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Where does fertilization implant?

A

-endometrial lining

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Where does fertilization develop?

A

-uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What contracts during labour?

A

-myometrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What happens if fertilization doesn’t occur?

A
  • menstruation

- myometrial contractions aid sloughing off endometrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Blood Supply

A
  • uterine arteries arise from internal iliac arteries
  • travel within broad ligament, at cornua anastomose with ovarian artery
  • enters myometrium
  • uterine plexus of veins runs along with arteries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Which parts of the uterus are mobile?

A
  • body and fundus

- cervix is fixed midline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Flexion

A

-axis of uterine body relative to the cervix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Version

A

-axis of the cervix relative to the vagina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What can affect/change the position of the uterus?

A
  • distension of bladder

- rectal fullness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Which way does the uterus normally lie?

A

-anteverted and anteflexed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Retroverted Uterus

A

-entire uterus is tilted backward

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Retroflexed

A

-body is tilted posteriorly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Uterus Size and Shape

A

-vary throughout life (age, hormonal status, etc.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Infantile Uterus

A
  1. 8cm long
    - cervix is 2/3 total length
    - pear shaped
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Neonate Uterus

A
  • slightly larger than infantile due to maternal hormone stimulation
  • 3.4cm long
  • pear shaped
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Uterus (age 8-puberty)

A

-gradually increases in size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Uterus at Puberty

A
  • increase in size (especially body)
  • diameter and length of body are double cervical size
  • becomes adult size and shape
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Adult Size Uterus

A
  • 8 cm long
  • 5 cm wide
  • 4 cm AP
  • pear shaped
44
Q

Parity

A

-pregnancy

45
Q

What does pregnancy do to the size of the uterus?

A

-increased normal size by 1cm in each dimension

46
Q

Menopausal Uterus

A
  • atrophies 3.5 to 6.5 cm (L) by 1.2 to 1.8 cm (AP)
  • pear shaped
  • small
47
Q

What is the echotexture of the myometrium in an adult uterus?

A

-homogenous

48
Q

What is the contour of the adult uterus?

A

-smooth

49
Q

What is the echogenicity of the inner layer of the myometrium (subendometrial halo)?

A

-hypoechoic

50
Q

Sonographic Appearance of the Intermediate Layer of the Myometrium

A
  • thickest
  • homogenous
  • low to moderate echogenicity
51
Q

Sonographic Appearance of the Outer Layer of the Myometrium

A
  • thin

- slightly less echogenic than intermediate layer

52
Q

What separates the intermediate and outer layers of the myometrium?

A

-arcuate arteries

53
Q

Sonographic Appearance of Postmenopausal Uterus

A

-small
-can half calcification in arcuate arteries (linear calcific foci)
-small echogenic foci within inner myometrium
(single or multiple, non shadowing)

54
Q

Endometrium Sonographic Appearance in Reproductive Years

A
  • varies depends on stage of cycle

- size varies

55
Q

Where is the Ap measurement of the endometrium done?

A

-thickest part

56
Q

LMP

A

-day 1 of the first day of menses

57
Q

How long is the average menstrual cycle?

A

28 days

58
Q

4 Phases of Menstrual Cycle

A

1) early proliferate
2) late proliferate
3) secretory
4) menses

59
Q

Early Proliferate

A
  • 1st stage of menstrual cycle
  • days 5 to 13
  • 5mm
60
Q

Late Proliferate

A
  • 2nd phase of menstrual cycle
  • days 14 to 16
  • 11mm
61
Q

Secretory

A
  • 3rd phase of menstrual cycle
  • days 16 to 28
  • 16mm
62
Q

Menses

A
  • 4th stage of menstrual cycle

- day 1 to 5

63
Q

What are some clinical indications for scanning the female pelvis?

A
  • pregnancy (dating)

- pelvic pain (RLQ, LLQ, generalized, chronic, acute, etc.)

64
Q

Transabdominal US of Pelvis

A
  • global view
  • limited to patients ability to fill and hold bladder
  • difficult on obese patients
  • retroverted uterus is beyond the focal zone of transducer
65
Q

Patient Prep. for Pelvic Exam

A
  • fills bladder (24 to 32 oz)

- approx. 4 glasses of water (finish 1 hour before exam)

66
Q

Why do we get patients to fill their bladder?

A
  • displaces uterus from pelvis
  • displaces gas filled bowel
  • use as an acoustic window
67
Q

Technical Difficulties with Transabdominal US

A
  • obese patients
  • surgical scars (artifacts)
  • barium or gas filled bowel
  • abdominal dressings
68
Q

Transvaginal Prep.

A
  • discuss what is involved
  • verbal consent
  • empty bladder
  • 5 to 8MHz transducer
  • cover transducer with probe cover
  • follow proper cleaning procedures after exam
69
Q

Advantages of TVP

A
  • better resolution (higher frequency transducer)
  • obese patients
  • patients who cannot fill bladder
  • retroverted uterus
  • better distinction between masses and bowel
  • better detail of pelvic lesion
  • better detail of endometrium
70
Q

Disadvantage of Transvaginal US

A
  • smaller FOV

- cannot do on elderly or young patients or people with complicated pregnancies

71
Q

Where are the fallopian tubes?

A

-run lateral from uterus in the upper free margin of broad ligament

72
Q

How long are the fallopian tubes?

A

-7 to 12 cm long

73
Q

4 Portions of Fallopian Tubes

A
  • intramural
  • isthmus
  • ampulla
  • infundibulum
74
Q

Intramural Portion of Fallopian Tubes

A
  • 1cm long
  • narrowest portion
  • in muscular wall of uterus
75
Q

Isthmus Portion of Fallopian Tubes

A
  • medial third of tube

- wider and cordlike

76
Q

Ampulla Portion of Fallopian Tubes

A
  • tortuous

- approx. 1/2 of tube

77
Q

Infundibulum Portion of Fallopian Tube

A
  • most distal portion
  • funnel shaped end
  • opens into the peritoneal cavity
78
Q

Shape of Ovaries

A

-elliptical shaped

79
Q

What is the surface of the ovaries covered with?

A
  • single layer called germinal epithelium

- continuous with peritoneum at hilum of ovary

80
Q

Are the ovaries intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal?

A

-intraperitoneal

81
Q

Ovary Parts

A

Germinal Epithelium
-single layer

Tunica Albuginea
-fibrous capsule

Cortex
-where follicles develop and mature

Medulla

  • smaller in volume than cortex
  • composed of fibrous tissue and blood vessels
82
Q

Ovarian Ligaments

A
  • mesovarian
  • ovarian
  • suspensory
83
Q

Mesovarian Ligament

A

-attaches anterior surface of ovary to posterior surface of broad ligament

84
Q

Ovarian Ligament

A

-attaches lower pole of ovary to uterus

85
Q

Suspensory Ligament

A
  • attaches upper pole to lateral wall of pelvis
  • lateral extension of broad ligament
  • ovarian vessels and nerves run within
  • not rigid
86
Q

Can ovaries be mobile?

A

Yes.

87
Q

Ovarian Arteries

A
  • from AO, just inferior to renal arteries
  • run within suspensory ligament
  • gives off branches to ovaries
  • anastomose with branches of uterine artery
88
Q

Ovarian Veins

A
  • Rt ovarian vein drains into IVC

- Lt ovarian vein drains into Lt renal vein

89
Q

Normal Sonographic Appearance of Ovaries

A
  • uterine position affects ovarian position
  • usually lateral or posterolateral to anteflexed midline uterus
  • variable positions (laxity of ligaments)
90
Q

Can ovaries be seen transvaginally?

A

-may be out of FOV

91
Q

Size of Ovaries

A
  • volume is best method

- L x W x AP x 0.523

92
Q

Volume in 1st Year of Ovary

A

1cc

93
Q

Volume in 2nd Year of Ovary

A

0.7cc

94
Q

What is the volume of ovaries from 0-5 years?

A

-stable

95
Q

What is the volume of ovaries from 5 years to menarche?

A
  • gradually increase

- 4cc

96
Q

What is the volume of ovaries in a menstruating adult?

A
  • 6.8cc

- upper limit is 18cc

97
Q

What is the postmenopausal volume of ovaries?

A
  • 1.2 to 5.8cc

- over 8cc is abnormal

98
Q

Echotexture of Ovaries

A

-homogenous

99
Q

Echogenicity of Ovaries

A
  • central, echogenic medulla
  • small, well defined, anechoic/cystic follicles may be seen in periphery of cortex
  • echogenic ovarian foci is commonly seen (non shadowing)
100
Q

Echogenic Foci

A
  • usually in periphery (can diffuse)

- specular reflectors of tint, unresolved cysts

101
Q

Focal Calcification

A
  • occasionally seen

- stromal reaction, previous hemorage or infection

102
Q

Normal Changes in the Early Proliferate Phase

A
  • follicles stimulated by FSH and LH
  • increase in size until day 8 or 9
  • one follicle becomes dominant
  • dominant reaches size 2 to 2.5 cm at ovulation
  • follicle cyst develops if fluid in one of the non dominant follicles is not resorbed
103
Q

Corpus Luteum

A
  • develops after ovulation (empty house)
  • small, hypoechoic/isoechoic structure in periphery of ovary
  • involutes before menstruation
104
Q

Sonographic Appearance of Ovaries

A
  • small
  • lack follicles
  • less likely seen after hysterectomy due to loss of normal anatomic landmarks
105
Q

Postmenopausal Ovary Sonographic Appearance

A
  • small
  • lack of follicles or completely absent
  • hard to find on US
106
Q

Adnexa

A

-appendages or accessory structures of an organ

107
Q

What are the adnexa of the uterus?

A
  • uterine tubes
  • uterine ligaments
  • ovaries

-we image the Lt and Rt adnexa adjacent to uterus

Term 1 (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions