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Term 1 > Infection Control > Flashcards

Infection Control Flashcards

1
Q

Nonsocomial Infection

A

-a hospital acquired infection

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2
Q

Pandemic

A

-infection that is widespread and affects a large area

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3
Q

Epidemic

A

-an infection that is localized

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4
Q

Where is fungi found?

A
  • surface of skin

- they like dark, moist places

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5
Q

Can fungi grow even if illness is not present?

A

yes

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6
Q

How are fungal infections treated?

A

-topical medication

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7
Q

What are some examples of fungal infections?

A
  • ringworm (worst)
  • athletes foot
  • yeast infection
  • oral thrush
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8
Q

Parasites

A
  • single celled

- divide within a host

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9
Q

Do parasites need a host?

A

Yes, but their eggs can survive outside of one.

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10
Q

How are parasites contracted?

A
  • ingestion (food and water)
  • water contaminated with feces
  • stepping in infected feces
  • broken skin (penetrate through cut or scratch)
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11
Q

What is a possible illness caused by mosquito bites?

A

malaria

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12
Q

Is malaria severe?

A

Yes, it can lead to death.

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13
Q

Protozoa

A

-toxoplasmosis from food which causes dysentery

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14
Q

What is dysentery?

A

-bloody, foul smelling diarrhea

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15
Q

Giardiasis

A

-contracted from contaminated water with the protozoa giardia

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16
Q

Helminths

A

-roundworms and tapeworms in/on body

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17
Q

Ectoparasites

A
  • mites, fleas, ticks, lice

- live on skin

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18
Q

What area of the body does C. Diff. infect?

A
  • GI tract

- Lg intestine

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19
Q

Why is C. Diff. a concern?

A
  • soap and water is the only thing that can clean it

- not easy to kill with antibiotics

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20
Q

What are the 3 protective isolations?

A
  • airborne
  • contact
  • droplet
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21
Q

What items are used for PPE?

A
  • gloves
  • mask
  • gown
  • goggles
  • face shield
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22
Q

When is it important to change gloves?

A
  • torn
  • soiled
  • dirty
  • leaving a room
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23
Q

What does PPE stand for?

A

personal protective equipment

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24
Q

Which strain of influenza causes an epidemic?

A

A, B

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25
Q

Which strain of influenza causes a pandemic?

A

A

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26
Q

Which part of a population do pandemics affect?

A
  • everyone

- especially children, elderly, and those with compromised immune system

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27
Q

When do you uncover sharps?

A

-right before you use it

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28
Q

When do you put the cover back on sharps?

A

never

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29
Q

When do you remove a needle from a syringe?

A

never

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30
Q

When do you dispose of sharps?

A

ASAP after use

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31
Q

What are essential criteria for a sharps container?

A
  • lid
  • biohazard sign
  • puncture proof
  • opening
  • fill line
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32
Q

What are potential hazards of sharps?

A
  • injury
  • infecting yourself
  • infecting someone else
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33
Q

What factors could decrease someone’s immunity?

A
  • youth
  • old age
  • illness
  • fatigue
  • stress
  • certain treatments or medications
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34
Q

What do you do following a blood exposure?

A
  • blood work of source blood (investigation)
  • clean with soap and water
  • if you have a cut, make it bleed
  • report it ASAP
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35
Q

Bacteria

A
  • mostly good
  • survives almost anywhere
  • no membrane
  • treated with antibiotics
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36
Q

Virus

A
  • bad
  • requires a host
  • protein coat
  • treated with vaccine
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37
Q

What are some examples of bacterial infections?

A
  • pneumonia
  • meningitis
  • food poisoning
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38
Q

What are some examples of virus’?

A
  • hepatitis
  • chicken pox
  • HIV
  • influenza
  • ebola
  • rabis
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39
Q

RPAP

A

Routine Practices and Precautions

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40
Q

What does MRSA stand for?

A

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus

-aka staph infection

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41
Q

What part of the body does MRSA affect?

A
  • skin
  • boils, blisters, peeling skin
  • can spread to blood, bones, heart, lungs, etc.
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42
Q

Why is MRSA a concern?

A
  • resistant to antibiotics
  • usually occurs in people who are already in hospital or care home
  • associated with invasive procedures (surgeries)
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43
Q

What does VRE stand for?

A

Vancomycin Resistant Enterococcus

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44
Q

What area of the body does VRE affect?

A
  • intestines
  • female genital tract
  • urinary tract
  • bloodstream
  • wounds associated with catheters or surgical procedures
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45
Q

Why is VRE a concern?

A
  • resistant to antibiotics

- more difficult to treat

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46
Q

Pathogen

A

-bacteria, virus, fungi, parasite, etc. that cause disease

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47
Q

Infection

A

-invasion of an organism’s body tissues by disease causing agents

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48
Q

Infectious Disease

A

-disorders caused by organisms (bacteria, virus’, fungi, parasites) that cause disease in humans

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49
Q

Host

A

-human, animal, etc.

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50
Q

Microbe

A

-microscopic organism which can exist in it’s single celled form or in a body

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51
Q

Are antibiotics affective for virus’?

A

No.

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52
Q

Antiseptic

A

-stops the growth of bacteria

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53
Q

Disinfectant

A

-kills bacteria

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54
Q

Incubation Period

A

-the time you are infected, but not showing symptoms

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55
Q

What do isolation signs tell us?

A
  • stop
  • find a nurse
  • what PPE is needed
  • what kind of isolation it is
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56
Q

DMARDs

A

Disease Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs

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57
Q

Examples of Disinfectants

A
  • bleach
  • lysol wipes
  • vinegar (natural)
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58
Q

Examples of Antiseptics

A
  • mouthwash
  • alcohol
  • polysporin
  • iodine
  • creams for infections
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59
Q

Droplet Diseases

A
  • pertussis (whooping cough)

- meningcoccal disease

60
Q

Contact Diseases

A
  • MRSA
  • VRE
  • norovirus
  • C. Diff.
61
Q

Airborne Diseases

A
  • TB
  • measles
  • chicken pox
  • shingles
62
Q

Droplet Precautions

A
  • private room or 2m with a curtain pulled
  • staff wear mask and eye wear
  • patient wears mask when leaving room
63
Q

Contact Precautions

A
  • private room or with people with same disease

- staff wear gloves and gowns

64
Q

Airborne Precautions

A
  • negative pressure room
  • staff wear N95 mask
  • patients wear a mask out of room
65
Q

What are some current challenges keeping up with infection control programs? (5)

A
  • new infections
  • resistant organisms
  • drug cost increase
  • staff shortages
  • making sure everyone is following standard practices
66
Q

Under what circumstances must you wash with soap and water rather than sanitizer? (5)

A
  • visibly dirty
  • after the washroom
  • after using harmful chemicals
  • before eating or preparing food
  • if hands are wet
  • when in contact with C. Diff.
67
Q

When to put on PPE.

A

-before contact with patient

68
Q

When to take off PPE.

A
  • at doorway, before leaving

- mask outside of room

69
Q

What order to you put on (don) PPE?

A
  • gown
  • mask
  • goggles
  • gloves
70
Q

What order do you take off (doff) PPE?

A
  • gloves
  • goggles
  • gown
  • mask
71
Q

Expanded Precautions

A
  • patient is known to have infection

- airborne, contact, droplet

72
Q

Standard (universal) Precautions

A
  • assuming what a patient may have
  • assuming blood or bodily fluid is contaminated
  • proper PPE to prevent transmission, depending on what the patient may have
73
Q

Antigen Shift

A

-new subtype

74
Q

Antigen Drift

A

-mutation

75
Q

Phases 1-3 of Influenza

A
  • mostly animals

- some humans

76
Q

What occurs in phase 4 of influenza?

A
  • human to human transmission
  • increased cases
  • almost at peak
77
Q

What occurs in stages 4 and 5 of influenza to cause a pandemic?

A

-widespread transmission

78
Q

What occurs in stages 5 and 6 of influenza to cause a pandemic?

A

-widespread transmission

79
Q

What occurs in the post pandemic phase of influenza?

A

-disease activity is at normal seasonal levels

80
Q

How long before the flu vaccine is effective?

A
  • at least 2 weeks

- can take 4 to 6

81
Q

What is in the flu vaccine?

A
  • part of the virus

- chicken egg proteins

82
Q

What types of the flu does the flu vaccine cover?

A
  • influenza A

- influenza B

83
Q

What are 3 major blood borne pathogens?

A
  • hepatitis B
  • hepatitis C
  • HIV
84
Q

Symptoms of Cold

A
  • sneezing
  • stuffy nose
  • sore throat
85
Q

Before disinfection, what percentage of probes are found to have bacteria on them?

A
  1. 8%

- 36 different species

86
Q

Routine US Procedures

A
  • wiping probe, handle and cord after every patient

- intra cavity probe must undergo high level disinfection (HLD)

87
Q

What do you do if a patient is on isolation precautions?

A

-HLD (high level disinfection)

88
Q

Sani Cloth Plus

A
  • kills most bacteria while still maintaining the transducer

- kills E Coli, MRSA, TB, Pseudomonas, Staph Aureus, Salmonella, VRE, Herpes Simplex, Influenza A and RSV

89
Q

Problems in US Dept.

A
  • time
  • space
  • training
  • knowledge
  • clear identifiers
90
Q

Benefits of the Trophon EPR

A
  • safe (enclosed)
  • protects environment and workers
  • no special equipment needed
  • more effective (staff can multitask)
  • easy to use
  • compact
  • easily moved
91
Q

How to Use the Trophon

A
  • push ON in upper right corner
  • screen will message WARMING UP and once completed the screen will say LOAD PROBE
  • the probe must be CLEAN and DRY
92
Q

How to Position the Probe in the Trophon

A
  • open chamber door
  • the probe is help by 2 clamps
  • short sleeve at the back of the handle covering the electrical cable (probe gland)
93
Q

Probe Gland

A

-part of the trophon that covers the electrical cable

94
Q

Method to Load Probe in Trophon

A
  • put on gloves
  • hold probe by hand
  • press top of probe gland into the gland seal
  • push the probe electrical cable into the cable clamp (@ top of chamber)
  • probe must be straight (not touching walls or bottom of chamber)
  • put in chemical indicator
  • close chamber door
95
Q

The Chemical Indicator

A
  • a single use chemical indicator is used for each disinfection cycle
  • indicator should be red when placed on the floor of the device chamber
  • colour assessment charts for successful disinfection is different for each box of chemical indicators (only 1 box may be open at a time)
96
Q

What do you do if trophon states CYCLE FAILED?

A

-start new disinfection cycle from the beginning

97
Q

What do you do if trophon states CYCLE COMPLETE?

A

-manual inspection of the chemical indicator and probe

98
Q

Where is the trophon cartilage inserted and what does it contain?

A
  • on side of device

- hydrogen peroxide for HLD

99
Q

How does the trophon work?

A

-ultra fine hydrogen peroxide mist enters the chamber via side ports and gently swirls around to cover the entire surface of the probe and it’s handle

100
Q

PSHSA

A

Public Service Health and Safety Association

101
Q

Infection Control Program

A
  • update immunizations
  • staff influenza vaccination
  • TB screening
  • exposure prevention and management
  • post exposure prophylaxis
  • health and safety education
102
Q

RPAP

A

Routine Practices And Precautions

-practices that all patients, staff and visitors need to follow

103
Q

PHO

A

Public Health Ontario

104
Q

PIDAC

A

Provincial Infectious Disease Advisory Committee

105
Q

PHAC

A

Public Health Agency of Canada

106
Q

JHSC

A

Joint Health and Safety Committee

107
Q

How often is inspection ventilation systems done?

A

-every 6 months

108
Q

How many complete air exchanged do negative pressure rooms have per hour?

A

12

109
Q

What is a blood borne pathogen?

A

-infectious microorganisms in the human body that can cause disease in humans

110
Q

Examples of Blood Borne Pathogens

A
  • hepatitis B (HBV)
  • hepatitis C (HBV)
  • human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
111
Q

How can infected blood enter your system?

A
  • mucous membranes
  • blood
  • body fluids
112
Q

Potentially Infected Fluids

A
  • semen
  • vaginal secretions
  • CSF
  • synovial fluid
  • pleural and peritoneal fluid
  • amniotic fluid
  • saliva
113
Q

Do most exposures result in infection?

A

No.

114
Q

What do we do following a blood exposure?

A
  • wash needle sticks and cuts with soap and water
  • flush splashes to nose mouth or skin with water
  • irrigate eyes with water or saline
115
Q

How can occupational exposures be prevented?

A
  • wear PPE
  • conscious of environment you’re in
  • proper handling of sharps
116
Q

3 Most Common Blood Borne Pathogens

A

1) HBV (hepatitis B virus)
2) HCV (hepatitis C virus)
3) HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)

117
Q

Is HBV spread from sharing utensils, pools, hugging, kissing, coughing or sneezing?

A

No.

118
Q

How can the public contract HCV?

A
  • blood

- sex

119
Q

Is it easier to catch the flu or HCV?

A

-flu

120
Q

How can HIV be contracted?

A
  • blood exposures

- sex

121
Q

If you have received the Hep B vaccine and developed immunity, could you still get the infection?

A

No.

122
Q

Is there a risk of HBV exposure to intact skin?

A

No.

123
Q

How many more times infectious is HBV than HIV?

A

50 to 100 times

124
Q

Is there a risk of HCV to intact skin?

A

No.

125
Q

What is the risk of exposure to non intact skin for HIV?

A

-less than 0.1%

126
Q

The annual number of occupational HBV infections has decreased by ___% since the availability of the Hep B vaccine. (1982)

A

95%

127
Q

__% of healthcare workers have HCV.

A

1

128
Q

__% of US population have HCV

A

3

129
Q

In a period of 16 years, CDC has received reports of ___ documented cases and ___ possible cases of occupationally acquired HIV infection.

A

57

138

130
Q

Treatment for HBV Exposure

A
  • vaccine
  • should be tested 1 to 2 months after to make sure vaccine is effective
  • hep b immune globulin (HBIG)
131
Q

HCV Treatment

A

-immune globulin and antiviral therapy are not recommended after exposure

132
Q

HIV Treatment

A

-PEP (post exposure prophylaxis)

133
Q

What if the exposure to blood is from someone whose infection status is unknown?

A
  • ask if they are infected
  • test their blood
  • if they do not allow, we assume they are infected
134
Q

How soon should treatment start after a blood exposure?

A

ASAP

135
Q

HIV Drug Risks

A
  • may have serious side affects when interacting with other medications
  • very important to tell person managing any medications you are taking
136
Q

Can pregnant/breast feeding women receive the Hep B vaccine or HBIG?

A

Yes, there is no harm to the fetus.

137
Q

Signs of Hepatitis

A

-liver is unable to process lyric acid (accumulates in blood)

138
Q

HIV Follow Up

A
  • ASAP

- report any flu symptoms (fever, muscle aches, tiredness, swollen glands, etc.)

139
Q

What are the precautions during follow up period of HBV?

A

-none after receiving treatment

140
Q

What are the precautions during follow up period for HCV?

A
  • none

- risk of infection is low

141
Q

What are the precautions during follow up period for HIV?

A

-for the first 6 to 12 weeks take all precautions to prevent transmission

142
Q

How many times do our hands touch our face an hour?

A

50

143
Q

What do sterile trays prevent?

A

-transmission of microorganisms to patients

144
Q

When are sterile trays to be opened?

A

-directly before exam

145
Q

When opening a sterile tray, which flap do we open last?

A

-the one closest to us

Term 1 (17 decks)

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