Medical Terminology (Test 3) Flashcards
extra-
-outside
endo-/intra-
-within
peri-
-outside
trans-
-across
inter-
-between
Echogenic
-capable of producing echoes
Anechoic
- echo free
- sonolucent
Echopenic
-few echoes
Isoechoic
-structures compared are of equal echogenicity
Hyperechoic
-image echoes are brighter than surrounding tissue or brighter than normal
Attenuation
-weakening or diminished echoes
Homogenous
- echoes across a structure are of equal intensity
- even, uniform or smooth in appearance
- uniform echoes
- echo level is the same throughout structure
Hypoechoic
-echoes are not as bright as the surrounding tissues or not as bright as normally seen
Heterogenous
- tissue or structure having several different echo characteristics
- uneven echogenicity
- non uniform echoes
- echo level varies in the structure
Acoustic Enhancement
-echogenic echoes posteriorly (hyperechoic)
Solid
- internal echoes
- no posterior enhancement or attenuation
- no solid components
- filled with echoes
Complex
-has cystic and solid components
Ultrasound Reports
- documentation of exam
- findings and impressions
- using accepted terminology improves communication and expedites appropriate patient care
- report features
Report Features
- echogenicity
- characteristics
- texture
- pattern
- location
- size/shape/number
Echo
- ‘brightness’
- directly related to the type and density of the tissue
Hyperechoic
- bright
- echo producing
Hypoechoic
- dark
- poor echo
Anechoic
- black
- non echo producing
Cystic
- no internal echoes
- rounded, smooth borders
- good through transmission of sound=posterior enhancement
- anechoic
- well defined
Tissue
-refers to tissue ‘graininess’
Fine
-tissue particles are small and close together
Coarse
-tissue particles are large and spaced out
Pattern
-refers to uniformity of tissue
Size
-measure abnormal masses with callipers
Shape
-round, lobulated or irregular
Number
-multiple or singular
Cardiovascular System
- heart (the pump)
- vessels (arteries, veins and capillaries)
Cardiologist
-a physician specializing in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the circulatory system, especially the heart
Hematologist
-a physician specializing in diseases of the blood
Phlebotomist/Venipuncturist
-a nurse or technician specially trained to draw blood or start IV (intravenous) fluids
ECG Technician
-a person who obtains the recording of the hearts electrical activity using an ECG machine (electrocardiogram)
ECG (electrocardiography)
-recording of the electrical activity of the heart
Echocardiography
-an US imaging of the heart muscle, valves and blood flow
Angiography
-radiography of vessels after a radiopaque dye is injected
cardiac
-pertaining to the heart
coronary circulation
-circulation of blood within a heart muscle
angi/o
-vessel
angioplasty
-repair of blood vessels
anticoagulant
-medicine that prevents blood clots (ex. aspirin)
antibiotic
-prescription (Rx) to fight infections
arteri/o
-artery
arteriogram
-tracing/recording of arteries after dye is injected
ather/o
-fatty plaque
atherosclerosis
-hardening of arteries due to plaque
hem or hemo
-blood
phleb/o
-vein
phlebitis
-inflammation of a vein
phlebotomy
-withdrawing blood from a vein
venogram
-xray recording of veins after dye is injected
thromb/o
-clot
thrombus
-blood clot
thrombophlebitis
-inflammation of a vein with a blood clot
Where do the IVC and SVC empty?
-Rt atrium of the heart
aorta
- large artery that exits the Lt ventricle
- supplies the body with oxygenated blood
Pulmonary Artery
- Lg artery exiting the Rt ventricle
- supplies lungs with deoxygenated blood that needs to be oxygenated
Pulmonary Veins
-return oxygenated blood from lungs to the Lt ventricle
Valves (4)
- tricuspid
- mitral
- aortic
- pulmonary
-keep the blood flowing in the proper direction through the heart
Myocardium
-muscular walls of the heart
Coronary Arteries
-supplies heart muscle
brady-
- slow
- ex. bradycardia (slow heart rate, <60 BPM)
tachy-
- rapid, fast
- ex. tachycardia (fast heart rate, >100BPM)
Dyspnea
- shortness of breath
- ex. tachypnea (abnormal increased respiration rate)
Hypertrophy
- excessive development
- ex. left ventricle hypertrophy (thickened muscular wall)
pathy-
- abnormal condition
- ex. cardiomyopathy (abnormal condition of heart muscle)
BP
- blood pressure
- force exerted by blood on the vessel wall during the cardiac cycle (120/80 is normal)
gram
- tracing, record
- ex. electrocardiogram (record of electrical activity in the heart)
hypertension
-high BP
hypotension
-low BP
normotension
-normal BP
arrythmia
-abnormal, irregular heart beat
-emia
-blood
anemia
-decrease in RBC’s or Hgb/Hb causing a deficiency of oxygen to the cells
-penia
-abnormal reduction
-osis
-abnormal condition
Leukopenia
-decrease in wbc’s
Leukocytosis
-increase in wbc’s as seen with infection
Leukemia
-excessive uncontrolled increase of immature wbc’s
lymph/o
-lymph tissue
cyte
-cell
lymphocyte
-lymphatic tissue cell
Atherosclerosis
- hardening of the arteries
- fatty deposits form plaque along the walls (harden the walls)
- blockages and complete occlusions can occur
- when blood vessels become less stretchable, blood pressure rises
- results in heart damage, kidney damage and strokes
Myocardial Infarction (MI)
- blockage of blood flow to the heart muscles
- death of muscle tissue
- heart attack
Coronary Artery Bypass Graft
- surgery
- bypassing of stenotic vessel with a superficial vein from the patient’s extremity
Endarterectomy
-scraping the plaque from the walls
Mitral Valve
- valve between the Lt atrium and ventricle
- if it is abnormal, the blood flow from the atrium to the ventricle will be impaired
Prolapse
-valve tears away and moves forward
Regurgitation
-valves don’t close properly causing leakage of blood back into the atrium during systole
Stenosis
-narrowing of the heart valve passageway restricting the amount of blood flow
Angio Pectoris
- pain in the chest
- not enough blood is getting to the heart muscle
- nitroglycerin tablets relieve the pain by increasing the blood flow to the muscle
Arrythmia
-abnormal heart rates and rhythms
Ischemia
-heart muscle not getting enough oxygenated blood to sustain it’s function
Angiography
-radiography of the vessels after the injection of radiopaque contrast material
BP
blood pressure
CHF
congestive heart failure
ECG/EKG
electrocardiogram
ICU
intensive care unit
IV
intravenous (fluid in the arm vein)
P
pulse (60-100 heart rate)
Pericarditis
-inflammation of the sac surrounding the heart
Bradycardia
-abnormally slow heart rate
What cells give blood it’s red colour?
-erythrocytes (RBC)
Phlebitis
-inflammation of a vein
Myocardial Infarct
-permanent damage to the heart due to a blocked artery
Hemangioma
- tumor of abnormal collection of blood vessels
- benign
Respiratory System
-takes oxygen in and expels carbon dioxide
Breathing
- works with the circulatory system to provide oxygen and to remove waste products of metabolism
- regulates pH of the blood
Pulmonologist
-a physician specializing in the disease of the lungs
Thoracic Surgeon
-specializes in thoracic surgery (organs within the thorax)
Respiratory Therapist
-specially trained technologist who administers inhalation therapy to patients with lung disease
bronch/o
-lung air passageways
Bronchoscopy
-looking into the bronchi
laryng/o
-larynx (voice box)
Laryngotomy
-cutting into the larynx
-plasty
-reconstruction
Rhinoplasty
-surgical reconstruction of the nose
pne/u or -pnea
-breath, air, lung
Dyspnea
-difficulty breathing
Apnea
-absense of breathing
pulm/o
lung
Pulmonary Artery
-artery pertaining to the lungs
-ptysis
-spitting, coughing
Hemoptysis
-spitting or coughing up blood
Rhin/o
nose
Rhinitis
-inflammation of the nose
trache/o
-trachea (windpipe)
Tracheotomy/Tracheostomy
-temporary and permanent openings of the trachea
Atelectasis
-a collapsed lung
Cystic Fibrosis
- inheritable disease that affects the lungs and other systems
- produces thick, sluggish mucous
- patients suffer from lung infections
Emphysema (COPD)
- chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- destruction of tiny air sacs (alveoli)
- long term smokers
Epistaxis
-nose bleed
Pneumonia
-inflammatory condition of the lung
Bronchitis
-inflammation of the bronchi
Pulmonary Embolism
-blood clot in the lung
Endotracheal Intubation
-an air tube is passed into the trachea by a physician or nurse, so oxygen can be directly supplied to the lungs
Bronchoscopy
-a device is used to see inside the airways and lungs
Laryngoscopy
-visual examination of the larynx
Pulmonary Angiography
- diagnostic procedure
- special xrays of the vessels of the lungs
COPD
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
PFT’s
Pulmonary Function Tests
SOB
shortness of breath
TB
tuberculosis
URI
upper respiratory infection
Tachypnea
-faster than normal respiratory rate
Nervous System
- brain, spinal cord, nerves, ganglia
- controlling, regulatory, communicating system
- centre of all mental activity (thought, learning, memory)
- carries messages to and from brain and spinal cord
neur/o
nerve
neuron
nerve cell
neuroma
nerve tumor
neuritis
nerve inflammation
neuropathy
disease of the nerves
mening/o
membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord
meningitis
inflammation of the membranes
myel/o
spinal cord
myelogram
xray of spinal canal using contrast material
-cele
- hernia
- abnormal protrusion of a structure out of the normal anatomical position
meningomyelocele
-protrusion of membranes and spinal cord
cerebell/o
cerebellum
cephal/o
head
cephalgia
headache
encephal/o
inside the head (brain)
encephalitis
inflammation of the brain
anencephalic
born without a brain/skull
dys-
- difficult
- painful
- abnormal
dyslexia
-difficulty reading
-pathy
-disease or abnormality
encephalopathy
-disease of the brain
neuropathy
disease of the nerves
-plasia
-development, formation, growth
aplasia
no development
hyperplasia
overdevelopment/growth
hypoplasia
underdevelopment/growth
-plegia
paralysis
hemiplegia
-paralysis of one side of the body
quadriplegia
paralysis of all 4 limbs
paraplegia
paralysis of both legs
aphasia
loss of speech
Where is the speech centre in the brain?
left side
Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)
-stroke
-blood vessel in the brain burst, causing internal bleeding
OR
-a clot (thrombus)
If someone suffers a stroke or a traumatic brain injury of the left side of the brain, what is usually affected?
- may be complete loss of speech
- problems finding the right word
- slow speech
- difficulty speaking
- paralysis
- loss of vision
TIA
Transient Ischemic Attack
- ischemia
- not enough blood (short period of insufficient blood supply to the brain)
- same signs/symptoms as a stroke
- resolves in 24 hours
- people who suffer from TIA’s are at risk for a stroke
MS
Multiple Sclerosis
- many hardenings
- unknown cause
- multiple hard plaques of degeneration of the insulating layer of nerve fibres in the CNS
- loss of insulation results in ‘short circuiting’ of nerve impulses
- patients may suffer paralysis, sensory disturbances or blindness
Neurologist
-a physician specializing in disease of the brain, spinal cord and nerves
Neurosurgeon
-specialist who performs surgery on the brain and spinal cord
MRI Brain Scan
- magnetic resonance imaging
- uses magnetic field and pulses of radio wave energy to produce images of the brain
EEG
- electroencephalogram
- produces a written recording of the brains electrical activity
What is EEG used to diagnose?
- cause of seizures
- disorders such a epilepsy, brain tumors and sleep research
PET Brain Scan
Position Emission Tomography
-uses trace amounts of radioactive material to map functional processes of the brain
Digestive System
- alimentary or GI tract
- mouth to anus
- liver, gallbladder and pancreas are accessory organs
- digestion, absorption and elimination
gastr/o
stomach
gastritis
inflammation of the stomach
gastroscope
instrument to look in the stomach
hepat/o
liver
hepatitis
inflammation of the liver
hepatoma
tumor of the liver
chol/e
gall, bile
cyst/o
bladder, sac
cholecyst/o
gallbladder
cholecystitis
inflammation of the GB
cholecystectomy
removal of GB
emes/o
vomit
emesis
vomitting
hyperemesis
excessive vomitting
lith/o
stone
cholelithiasis
gallstones
lapar/o
abdominal wall
laparotomy
cutting into the abdominal wall
col
colon (lg bowel)
colonoscopy
visual exam of the inside of the colon
enter
sm intestine
esophag/o
esophagus
pancreat/o
pancreas
duoden/o
duodenum
append/o
appendix
ile/o
ileum
rect/o
rectum
sigmoid/o
sigmoid colon
dysphagia
- difficulty swallowing
- may be related to GERD or tumor
diverticulosis
small pouches protruding from the wall of colon
diverticulitis
inflammation of a diverticulum due to trapped feces
esophageal varcies
-engorged veins in the walls of esophagus (cirrhosis complication)
Chrone’s Disease
chronic inflammatory disease primarily of the sm intestine
Cirrhosis
- degenerative disease of the liver
- seen in long term alcoholics
- named for gross appearance of the liver
- jaundice (due to bile metabolic by products)
- obstructive disease of biliary system
Jaundice
yellow
Portal Hypertension
-liver damage affecting blood flow of liver
GERD
- gastroesophageal reflux disease
- malfunction of the valve between the esophagus and the stomach allows stomach acid to regurgitate upward
- irritates esophagus lining
Peritonitis
inflammation of the lining of the abdominal cavity (peritoneum)
What happens if an inflamed appendix bursts?
can inflame the peritoneum with pus
Guaiac Test (Hemoccult)
-chemical test to identify blood in stool (feces)
Endoscopy
-procedure using a flexible fiberoptic instrument attached to a camera that can directly visualize the inside of the esophagus, stomach and intestines
Colonoscope
instrument used to visualize the inside of the colon
Upper GI Series
- series of xrays of the esophagus, stomach and sm intestine
- patient drinks a radiopaque barium solution that lines the gut lumen
- identify problems with swallowing, stomach ulcers, tumors
Low Series-Barium Enema
- series of xrays using an enema of barium, mixed with air that is introduced into the colon through a tube in the rectum
- mixture outlines the lumen and abnormalities
- used to identify tumors and diverticulosis of the colon
Radiologist
- specializes in xray images
- performs and interprets the GI series using a fluoroscope
Gastroenterologist
- specializes in disease of the digestive system
- these physicians do not do surgery but can refer a patient to a general surgeon if necessary
Proctologist
- specializes in diseases of the rectum and anus
- proctology is a surgical subspecialty
Endocrine System
- pineal gland
- pituitary gland
- hypothalamus
- thymus
- parathyroid gland
- thyroid gland
- adrenal glands
- pancreas
- kidneys
- ovaries
- testes
adreno-
combining form relating to the adrenal gland
pancreat-
combining form relating to the pancreas
pituitary
pertaining to the pituitary gland
thymo
combining form denoting the thymus gland
thyr-/thyro-
thyroid gland
Diabetes
-pancreas body does not produce enough of the hormone insulin or the body does not effectively use the insulin it produces
Gigantism and Acromegaly
-the body produces too much of the GH
GHD (growth hormone deficiency)
-too little of GH is produced
Osteoporosis
- fragile bones
- occurs in men and women
- 4x more common in women
- decrease in estrogen at menopause can cause it
- decrease in testosterone in men (as they age) can cause
PCOS
- polycystic ovary syndrome
- most common female endocrine disorder
- infrequent or irregular menstruation
- male hormone excess causes symptoms such as hirsutism (increased/unwanted hair growth)
- acne
- difficulty conceiving
Hyperthyroidism
too much thyroid hormone
Hypothyroidism
too little thyroid hormone
hyperparathyroidism
excess production of parathyroid hormone (PTH)
thyroiditis
inflammation of the thyroid gland
Endocrinologists
- physicians who diagnose diseases of glands
- treat conditions that are complex and involve many systems
Components of Lymphatic/Circulatory System
- lymph
- lymphatic vessels
- lymph nodes
- tonsils
- thymus
- spleen
- bone marrow
What does the lymphatic system do?
- transports fluid to the general circulation
- produces and stores cells that fight infection and disease
- channels that carry lymph are also part of this system
Thymus
- sm organ located behind breast bone
- T cells mature here
Lymph Nodes
- small
- bean shaped
- produce and store cells that fight infection and disease
- swell and feel sore when you have an infection
Bone Marrow
- yellow tissue in the centre of bones
- makes WBC’s
- becomes lymphocytes
Spleen
- largest lymphatic organ
- LUQ
- WBC’s that fight infection
lymph/aden/o/pathy
- disease/condition of the lymph glands
- increase in size of lymph node(s)
- usually result in a nearby infection
- can occur with cancer cell filtration
Can lymph nodes be felt?
-not unless they are swollen or enlarged
If lymph nodes are felt in the neck, what is that a sign of?
- sore throat
- throat infection
What is a possibility if lymphadenopathy is present in several areas of the body?
systemic disease
Lymphadenitis or Adenitis
- inflammation of the lymph node (infection in the node)
- bacterial
- swelling, tenderness, warmth and redness of overlying skin
Lymphoma
- group of cancers that arise from lymph nodes
- lymphocytes undergo changes and multiply out of control
- lymph node enlarges as cancer cells crowd out healthy cells and form tumors
splenomegaly
enlarged spleen
Infectious Mononucleosis (Epstein Barr Virus/EBV)
- viral infection
- associated with splenomegaly
Why should children and teens with an enlarged spleen avoid sports?
-if their spleen ruptures, they could experience life threatening blood loss
tonsilitis
inflammation of the tonsils
tonsils
collection of lymphoid tissue at the top of the throat
What causes tonsils to swell?
bacterial or viral infection
What do the tonsils do?
- filter bacteria and other microorganisms
- help the body fight infection
pharyngitis
- inflammation of the pharynx (throat)
- can spread to surrounding areas, causing pain and inflammation
Allergists/Immunologists
-physician trained to diagnose, treat and manage allergies, asthma and immunological disorders
Immunity
-the bodies ability to resist disease or threatening substances
Sensory Systems
- ears
- eyes
- skin
oculo-
combining form meaning the eye
Ocular
pertaining to the eye
-opia
vision
opthalmo-
combining form indicating relationship to the eye
Ophthalmology
study of the eye
Mascular Degeneration
- associated with aging
- damages sharp and central vision
Cataract
clouding of the eye’s lens
AMD
age related muscular degeneration
Diabetic Retinopathy
- common complication of diabetes
- progressive damage to blood vessels of retina
Glaucoma
- damage to optic nerve (rising pressure inside eye)
- vision loss/blindness
Ophthalmologist
- medical specialist in ophthalmology
- treats disease of the eye medically and surgically
acou-
hearing
audi-
hearing
audio-
hearing
aur-
ear
auri-
ear
auro-
ear
auricular
pertaining to the ear
oto-
combining form denoting the ear
Ruptured Eardrum
- eardrum can be torn by loud noises, changes in air pressure or foreign substances (cotton swabs)
- sm hole usually heals in a few weeks
Mastoiditis
infection of the mastoid bone (behind ear)
Earache
- pain in the ear
- can have many causes (serious or not)
Middle Ear Inflammation
- infection of portion behind the eardrum
- otitis media
Swimmer’s Ear
- infection of outer ear
- otitis externa
Tinnitus
- age or noise exposure
- ringing in one or both ears
Auditory Test
-examine the ear using sounds of varying volume and frequency
Ear Test
- first test of ear infection
- physician uses an otoscope to look into the ear canal to visualize the eardrum
Audiologist
-specialist in hearing and balance
Integumentary System
- skin, hair, nails, sweat glands and sebaceous glands
- natural ‘coat’
- protection
derm-
skin
derma-
skin
dermat-
skin
dermo-
skin
dermatitis
inflammation of skin
onych-/onycho-
fingernail
Dermatologist
takes care of diseases and cosmetic problems of skin, scalp, hair and nails
Cellulitis
bacterial skin infection
Eczema
-group of skin disorders that cause inflammation
Documenting Findings
- echogenicity
- texture and pattern
- position/location
- size, shape and number
- WNL check box
Echogenicity
- hyper
- hypo
- iso
Characteristics
- anaechoic
- simple
- solid
- complex
- acoustic enhancement
Texture/Pattern
- homo
- hetero/inhomo
Location
- infra
- inter
- endo/intra
- supra
- sub
- peri
- trans
- extra
Size/Shape/Number
- smooth
- irregular
- lobulated contour
Male Reproductive System
- testes
- epididymis
- seminal vesicle
- ejaculatory ducts
- prostate gland
- penis
- urethra
andr/o
male
androgenic
stimulating maleness as in hormones (testosterone)
androgynous
characteristics of male and female appearance
orchid/otes/o
teste or testicle (male gonad)
orchitis
inflammation of teste
orchidectomy
removal of teste
testosterone
male sex hormone
prostat/o
prostate gland
prostatitis
inflammation of prostate gland
prostatectomy
removal of prostate gland
vas/o
vessel or duct
vas deferens
duct carrying semen from testes
vasectomy
cutting the vas deferens
-rrhaphy
to suture
herniorrhaphy
surgical correction of inguinal hernia
PSA
- prostate specific antigen
- protein for prostate cell secretion
- detected with lab test
What can a rising PSA be a sign of?
- prostate cancer
- BPH
What is performed to r/o prostate cancer?
prostate biopsy
What does ‘testis’ mean in latin?
witness
What is BPH?
- swelling and increase of cells in prostate gland
- difficulty urinating
What does BPH stand for?
benign prostatic hypertrophy/hyperplasia
When is BPH most common?
men after age 60 (50%)
Cryptorchidism
- means hidden testicle
- testicles don’t descend into scrotum
What can cryptochidism lead to if not corrected with surgery before puberty?
- sterility
- increased risk of testicular cancer
Hydrocele
- fluid filled sac partially or completely surrounding the testis
- swelling in scrotum
- causes discomfort
- can be surgically corrected
Varicocele
- dilated and twisted veins of the testis
- swelling on one side of the testis
- feels like a ‘bag of worms’
- can be surgically corrected
- reduces sperm count
TURP
Transurethral Resection of the Prostate Gland
- surgical cure for BPH
- instrument inserted into penile urethra to cut away enlarged prostate that is in the way of urinary flow
Female Reproductive System
- ovaries
- uterus
- fallopian tubes
- cervix
- vagina
- external genitalia
men/o
menstruation
menarche
first
dysmenorrhea
painful menstration
-rrhea
flow, discharge
amenorrhea
without menstruation
-rrhagia
excessive menstrual flow
menorrhagia
heavy menstruation
oophor/o
ovary
ooph
egg
oophorectomy
removal of ovary
hyster/o
uterus
hysterectomy
removal of uterus
salping/o
salpinx
uterine/fallopian tube
salpingitis
inflammation of the fallopian tube
hematosalpinx
blood in uterine tube
cerv
neck
cervix
neck of the uterus
- pareunia
- coitus
intercourse
dyspareunia
painful intercourse
precoital, postcoital
before and after intercourse
mamm/o
mast/o
breast
mammogram
breast imaging (xray)
mastectomy
removal of breast
mastitis
inflammation of breast
Endometriosis
- colonization of uterine lining
- blood exits through the fallopian tubes and into peritoneal cavity
- clots of endometrial tissue attach to ovaries, bowel, bladder, etc.
- bleeding into peritoneum causes abdominal pain
PID
- pelvic inflammatory disease
- bacteria can enter through vagina to uterus and fallopian tubes
- abdominal pain
- can be caused from STI
- can lead to infertility or ectopic pregnancy
Prolapsed Uterus
- uterus falls into vagina
- in severe cases, the uterus can protrude out of vaginal opening (weakened CT)
- surgical repair is required
What are the risk factors of a prolapsed uterus?
- difficult births
- lg babies
- obesity
- chronic coughs/constipation
- low estrogen after menopause
Colposcopy
-using a magnifying instrument to visually inside the vagina and uterus
D and C
- dilatation and curettage
- dilating the cervix and passing instruments that enable scraping of superficial layers of endometrium
- may be an early abortion
- may follow a normal pregnancy/birth to remove residual tissue
- can be performed on patients with constant heavy bleeding
Episiotomy
-cutting between vagina and anus to prevent tearing during childbirth
Hysterectomy/o/salping/o/gram
- xray of uterus and tubes
- dye is introduced via catheter (through vagina and cervix)
- test for openness (patency) of tubes
- blocked tubes will not fill with dye, due to scarring (infertility)
Saline Infusion sono/hystero/salpingo/graphy
-US test to show patency of fallopian tubes using saline fluid
Obstetrician
- midwife
- physician specializing in the diagnosis and management of pregnancy and delivering babies
Gynecologist
- physician specializing in diseases of the female reproductive system and related surgeries
- OB/GYN
gravida
pregnancy
nulligravida
never pregnant
primigravida
first time pregnant
multigravida
many pregnancies
para
live births
nullipara
no live births
multipara
many live births
fetal
developing baby
What does ‘G3P2’ mean?
- 3 pregnancies, 2 live births
- 3 gravida, 2 para
part/o
toc/o
labor/birth/delivery
prepatrum
before birth
postpartum
after birth
dystocia
difficult delivery
natal
birth
neonatal
new birth (first 4 weeks)
postnatal
after birth
placenta previa
-complication of pregnancy
-latin for ‘leading the way’
-placenta implanted over the cervical region of the uterus
-blocks birth canal
occurs in less than 1% of pregnancies
-lots of bleeding
abrupt placenta
- complication of pregnancy
- latin for ‘breaking off’
- premature separation of normal implanted placenta before full term
- occurs in 1% of pregnancies
- has 20 to 40% fetal mortality rate and contributes to maternal mortality
Eclampsia
- toxemia of pregnancy
- serious/life threatening
- hypertension (high BP), convulsions and coma
Preeclampsia
- less severe form of eclampsia
- can be managed if treated early
Ectopic Pregnancy
- greek for ‘out of place’
- pregnancy anywhere outside the uterus
- tubal pregnancy (fallopian tube) is most common
- abd cavity is least common
- 2% of pregnancies
- surgical emergency
- tube may rupture
- can cause infertility
