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Term 1 > A & P (Ch. 12-16) > Flashcards

A & P (Ch. 12-16) Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the axial skeleton?

A
  • skull
  • hyoid
  • spine
  • thorax
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2
Q

What makes up the appendicular skeleton?

A
  • upper extremities
  • shoulder girdle
  • lower extremities
  • hip girdle
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3
Q

How many bones make up the skull?

A

28

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4
Q

How many cranial bones are there?

A

-8 in total

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5
Q

How many facial bones are there?

A

-14 in total

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6
Q

How many ear bones are there?

A

-6 in total

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7
Q

Fetal Skull

A
  • unique anatomical features that aren’t seen in adult skull

- 4 soft spots (fontanels), which allow the skull to be flexible

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8
Q

Hyoid Bone

A
  • ‘U’ shaped bone located just above the larynx & below the mandible
  • suspended from the styloid processes of the temporal bone
  • only bone in the body that doesn’t articulate with any other bones
  • tongue movement & swallowing
  • attached to muscles of the tongue & floor of the mouth
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9
Q

How many vertebrae are there?

A
  • 24 total
  • 7 cervical
  • 12 thoracic
  • 5 lumbar
  • sacrum (fused ligaments)
  • coccyx (tailbone)
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10
Q

What is the role of the vertebrae?

A
  • strength & flexibility to the spine

- movement of the spine

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11
Q

Characteristics of Vertebrae

A
  • all have similar features (except C1)
  • all have a foramen
  • C2 has an upward projection (dens) to allow rotation of the head
  • C7 has a long, blunt spinous process
  • vertebrae articulate with each other
  • thoracic vertebrae articulate with the ribs
  • as a whole, the vertebral column articulates with the head, ribs & iliac bones
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12
Q

What is the thoracic cavity made of?

A
  • vertebral column
  • sternum
  • ribs
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13
Q

Thorax- Sternum

A
  • ‘dagger’ shaped
  • middle of chest
  • 3 parts: manubrium, body, xiphoid process
  • manubrium articulates with the clavicle & 1st rib
  • next 9 ribs join to its body directly or indirectly via costal cartilage
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14
Q

Thorax- Ribs (12 pairs)

A
  • each pair attach posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae
  • all except the lower 2 pairs also attach anteriorly to the sternum by costal cartilage
  • 8th, 9th & 10th pairs attach to the cartilage of the 7th ribs (false ribs)
  • 11th & 12th pairs don’t attach to any costal cartilage (floating ribs)
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15
Q

Upper Extremities

A
  • pectoral/shoulder girdle
  • humerus (arm- from shoulder to elbow)
  • radius & ulna (arm- from elbow to wrist)
  • carpal (8) & metacarpals (5) (wrist & palm)
  • phalanges (14) (fingers): 3 phalanges per finger, 2 on thumb
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16
Q

Upper Girdle (Shoulder Girdle)

A
  • made up of scapula (shoulder blade)
  • clavicle (collar bone)
  • connects upper extremity to axial skeleton
  • only point of connection= sternoclavicular joint
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17
Q

Humerus

A
  • long bone of arm
  • 2nd largest bone in body
  • held in place at the scapula by rotator cuff
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18
Q

Radius & Ulna

A
  • forearm (between elbow & wrist)

- anatomical position (radius-lateral & ulna-medial)

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19
Q

Elbow Joint

A

-bony process of ulna (olecranon) fits into ‘big crater’ (olecranon fossa) on posterior of humerus

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20
Q

Lower Extremities

A
  • pelvic girdle (hip)
  • femur (thigh bone)
  • patella (kneecap)
  • tibia (shinbone)
  • fibula (slender bone in the lower leg)
  • tarsal (7) & metatarsal (5) (heel & base of foot)
  • phalanges (14) (toes)
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21
Q

Pelvic Girdle

A
  • 2 pelvic (coxal) bones: ilium, ischium, pubis
  • sacrum
  • strong base to support torso & connect lower extremities to axial skeleton
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22
Q

Lower Extremities

A
  • femur
  • patella
  • fibula
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23
Q

Femur

A
  • thigh bone
  • longest in the body
  • hip to knee
  • head joins hip at acetabulum
  • distal end joins with tibia & fibula at knee
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24
Q

Tibia

A
  • shin bone

- sharp edge along front of lower leg

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25
Q

Fibula

A
  • very delicate
  • doesn’t bear weight
  • lower leg (lateral)
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26
Q

Tarsals (7)

A
  • heel, back of foot & ankle

- calcaneous (heel bone) is the largest one

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27
Q

Metatarsals (5)

A

-toes attach to them

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28
Q

Phalanges (14)

A
  • toe bones
  • compact
  • provide strong & ‘springy’ base for body
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29
Q

Male Skeleton

A
  • larger
  • shape of pelvis: deep & narrow
  • pelvic outlet is not as wide as females
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30
Q

Female Skeleton

A
  • smaller
  • shape of pelvis: broad & shallow
  • pelvic outlet is broad & shallow in females (wider for giving birth)
  • pubic angle is wider (angle between pubic bones)
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31
Q

What does reduced bone density cause?

A
  • fractures more likely
  • changes in posture
  • changes in height
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32
Q

What is an articulation?

A
  • a joint
  • point of contact between bones
  • allow movement
  • can be classified according to structure or function
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33
Q

Which is the only bone that does not connect to at least one other bone at a ‘joint’?

A

-hyoid

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34
Q

Classification by Structure & Function (3 types)

A

1) fibrous
2) cartilaginous
3) synovial

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35
Q

Fibrous (Synarthroses) Subtypes

A
  • syndesmoses
  • sutures
  • gomphoses
36
Q

Syndesmoses

A

-ligaments connect the bones (ex. distal radioulnar joint)

37
Q

Sutures

A
  • only found in skull

- interlocking ‘teeth like’ projections connect bones

38
Q

Gomphoses

A

-joints between teeth roots & jaw bones

39
Q

Cartilaginous (Amphiarthroses) Subtypes

A
  • synchondroses

- symphyses

40
Q

Synchondroses

A

-hyaline cartilage between bones

41
Q

Symphyses

A
  • a pad or disk of fibrocartilage connects the bones (ex. pubis symphysis; between vertebrae)
  • limited movement
42
Q

Synovial (diarthroses) Subtype

A
  • freely movable
  • most numerous type of joint in the body
  • most complex type of joint in the body
  • most joints of the appendicular skeleton are synovial joints
43
Q

Structure of Joints

A
  • joint capsule
  • synovial membrane
  • articular cartilage
  • joint cavity
  • menisci
  • ligaments
  • bursae
44
Q

Joint Capsule

A
  • sleeve like casing around ends of the 2 joining bones
  • made of tough, strong, fibrous connective tissue
  • lined with synovial membrane
  • firmly attached to shaft of each bone at periosteum (actually an extension of the periosteum)
  • provides very secure attachment while allowing movement at joint
45
Q

Synovial Membrane

A
  • ‘lining’ of joint capsule
  • secretes synovial fluid which lubricates & nourishes joint
  • facilitates movement
46
Q

Articular Cartilage

A
  • thin layer of hyaline cartilage
  • rubbery/smooth
  • covers ends of bones at joints
  • decreases friction
  • absorbs jolts
47
Q

Joint Cavity

A

-small space between articulating surfaces of the 2 bones of the joint

48
Q

Menisci (articulating disk)

A
  • pads of fibrocartilage between articulating bones of some diarthrotic joints
  • usually divide joint cavity into 2 separate spaces
49
Q

Ligaments

A
  • bands made of tough, fibrous, connective tissue
  • originate from periosteum
  • attach bones together
50
Q

Bursae

A

-synovial fluid filled sacs that cushion some ‘boney’ joints to cushion joint & facilitate tendon movement

51
Q

Uniaxial Joints

A

-permit movement around ONE axis & only in ONE plane

1) hinge
- allows flexion & extension
- ex. elbows, knees, fingers

2) pivot
- allows rotation
- ex. cervical (neck) vertebrae

52
Q

Biaxial Joints

A

-permit movement around 2 perpendicular axes & 2 perpendicular planes

1) saddle
- only one pair
- excellent ROM
- ex. opposing thumbs

2) condyloid
- flexion/extension
- adduction/abductor
- ex. wrist, fingers

53
Q

Multiaxial Joints

A

-permit movement around 3 or more axes & 3 or more planes

1) ball & socket
- allows widest ROM
- ex. shoulder & hip

2) gliding
- allows gliding motion
- ex. between vertebrae

54
Q

How is ROM assessed & determined during a joint injury?

A

-a goniometer

55
Q

All synovial joints allow 1 or more of these movements…

A

1) angular (flexion, extension, abduction, adduction)
2) circular (rotating, circumduction, supination, pronation)
3) gliding (gliding with no angular or circular movement)
4) special (inversion, eversion)

56
Q

Flexion

A

-movement that decreases the angle between two bones at their joint (bending)

57
Q

Extension

A

-movement that increases the angle between two bones at their joint (straightening)

58
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

-elevation of the dorsum or top of the foot

59
Q

Plantarflexion

A

-bottom of the foot is directed downward

60
Q

Abduction

A

-movement of a body part AWAY from the midline

61
Q

Adduction

A

-movement of a body part TOWARD the midline

62
Q

Rotation

A

-movement around a longitudinal axis (ex. shaking head ‘no’)

63
Q

Circumduction

A

-movement of a limb or extremity so that the distal end traces a circle, while the proximal end is fixed (still)

64
Q

Supination

A

-palms face anterior

65
Q

Pronation

A

-palms face posterior

66
Q

Gliding Movements

A
  • simplest movement
  • articular surface of one bone moves over the articular surface of another bone
  • occurs between carpals & tarsals, and between spinal vertebrae
67
Q

Inversion

A

-bottom of foot faces toward midline of body

68
Q

Eversion

A

-bottom of foot faces toward the side of the body

69
Q

Protaction

A

-moves a body part forward

70
Q

Refraction

A

-moves a body part back

71
Q

Elevation

A

-moves a body part up

72
Q

Depression

A

-lowers a body part

73
Q

How many skeletal muscles are in the body?

A

over 600

74
Q

How much of your body weight is skeletal muscle?

A

-40% to 50%

75
Q

Muscles fill in the ______ & ______ of the body.

A
  • form

- contour

76
Q

Endomysium

A

-delicate CT membrane that covers skeletal muscle fibres (muscle fibres=muscle cells)

77
Q

Perimysium

A

-tough CT that binds groups of skeletal muscle fibres (fascicles) together

78
Q

Epimysium

A

-coarse sheath that covers muscle as a whole

79
Q

Synathroses Joints

A

-no movement

80
Q

Amphiarthroses Joints

A

-slight movement

81
Q

Diarthroses Joints

A

-free movement

82
Q

Upper Extremity Muscles

A

-act on the shoulder girdle & move the arm

  • trapezius
  • pectoralis minor
  • pectoralis major
  • latissimus dorsi
  • deltoid
  • biceps brachii
  • brachialis
  • brachioradialis
  • triceps brachii
83
Q

Which muscles move the thigh & leg?

A
  • illiopsoas (major & minor)
  • gluteus maximus
  • adductor group
84
Q

Which muscles move the lower leg?

A
  • quadriceps group

- hamstring group

85
Q

Which muscles move the foot?

A

-gastrocnemius

86
Q

What are the 3 primary functions of skeletal muscles?

A

1) movement
2) posture/muscle tone
3) heat production

87
Q

How is posture maintained?

A

muscles exert a continual pull on bones in the opposite direction from gravity

  • nervous system is responsible for the existence of muscle tone & also for regulation & coordination of the amount of pull excepted by individual muscles
  • respiratory, digestive, excretory & endocrine systems all contribute to maintain posture

Term 1 (17 decks)

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