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Term 1 > Anatomy & Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are muscles responsible for?

A
  • movement
  • heat production
  • posture
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2
Q

What are the characteristics of skeletal muscle tissue?

A
  • excitability: stimulated
  • contractility: contract/shorten
  • extensibility: stretch/extend (muscles return to ‘resting’ length)
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3
Q

3 Types of Muscle Tissue

A

1) skeletal
2) cardiac
3) smooth

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4
Q

What is another name for skeletal muscle?

A
  • striated

- voluntary

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5
Q

How much of body weight is skeletal muscle?

A

40%-50%

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6
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A
  • attached to bone
  • microscopic striations
  • voluntary contractions
  • multiple nucleus’ (on periphery of cell)
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7
Q

4 Parts of a Skeletal Muscle Cell

A

1) cells = fibres (threadlike)
2) plasma membrane = sarcolemma
3) cytoplasm = sarcoplasm
4) endoplasmic reticulum = sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), calcium release and storage

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8
Q

What do muscle fibres contain?

A
  • many mitochondria, nuclei and myofibrils

- T Tubules

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9
Q

T Tubules

A
  • inward extensions of the sarcolemma

- allow nerve impulses to move deeper into the fibre

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10
Q

Myofibrils

A

-numerous fine fibres packed close together in the sarcomere

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11
Q

What are myofibrils made of?

A

-myofilaments (fine, threadlike structures)

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12
Q

How many types of protein make up myofilaments?

A

4

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13
Q

Myosin

A

-makes up thick myofilaments

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14
Q

Actin

A

-makes up thin myofilaments

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15
Q

Sarcomere

A

-repeating segments of actin and myosin

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16
Q

What is the basic functional unit of muscle fibres?

A

sarcomere

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17
Q

How are individual sarcomeres separated?

A

-z lines (disks)

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18
Q

Neuromuscular Junction

A

-microscopic ‘gap’ called the synapse, between the end of the motor neurone and the sacrlemma

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19
Q

When will a skeletal muscle stay at rest until?

A

-it is stimulated by a nerve impulse, which arrives via a motor neurons

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20
Q

The nerve impulse travels along the motor neurone until it reaches the…

A

neuromuscular junction

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21
Q

How are neurotransmitters released?

A

nerve impulses are transmitted across the synapse

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22
Q

Where do neurotransmitters and receptors bind?

A

sarcolemma

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23
Q

What happens when the neurotransmitters bind with the receptors at the sarcolemma?

A

trigger the SR to release Ca++ into the sarcoplasm

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24
Q

What plays a role in the binding of myosin and actin?

A

the Ca++ released by the SR

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25
Q

What happens between myosin and actin during contraction?

A
  • form ‘cross bridges’

- act as levers to pull myofilaments past each other

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26
Q

What happens as a muscle contracts?

A

-myofilaments slide past eachother

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27
Q

What does contraction require?

A
  • calcium (cross bridge)

- ATP (for energy)

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28
Q

How do you stop contraction?

A

-SR actively removes Ca++

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29
Q

Aerobic

A
  • occurs when oxygen levels are normal
  • supplies energy for long periods of time
  • example: walking
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30
Q

Anaerobic

A
  • occurs when oxygen levels are low
  • fast process
  • supplies energy for a few mins of maximal exercise
  • example: 100m sprint
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31
Q

What does anaerobic activity result in?

A

-production of lactic acid and lack of oxygen (since oxygen is required to convert lactic acid back into glucose)

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32
Q

What produces lactic acid?

A
  • contraction when there is not enough oxygen

- results in muscle soreness

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33
Q

Why do we breathe heavily after exercise?

A

-to make up for oxygen debt

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34
Q

What does fatigue lead to?

A
  • reduced strength
  • loss of muscle’s ability to contract
  • depletes cellular ATP store
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35
Q

Where does energy for contraction come from?

A

-breaking ATP bonds

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36
Q

Motor Neuron

A

-specialized nerve fibre that transmits an impulse to a muscle, causing contraction

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37
Q

Neuromuscular Junction

A

-specialized point of contact between a nerve ending and a muscle fibre

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38
Q

Motor Unit

A

a motor neuron + the muscle cell it innervates

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39
Q

How does the number of fibres in a motor unit affect it?

A
  • fewer fibres: more precise

- more fibres: more powerful

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40
Q

Neurotransmitters

A
  • released by the motor neurone in response to a nerve impulse
  • start actions inside the muscle fibre that initiate contraction
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41
Q

5 Types of Muscle Contractions

A
  • twitch
  • tetanic
  • tonic
  • isotonic
  • isometric
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42
Q

Myography

A

-method of graphing the changing tension of muscle as it contracts

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43
Q

Twitch Contractions

A
  • quick, jerky response to stimulus
  • ‘lab phenomena’ (not related to normal muscle activity)
  • in isolated muscle fibres
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44
Q

Tetanic Contraction

A
  • sustained and steady
  • caused by a series of stimuli bombarding a muscle in rapid succession
  • this series of stimuli ‘join forces’ to produce a sustained/prolonged contraction (tetanus)
  • calcium dependant
  • example: lock jaw
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45
Q

Tonic Contraction

A
  • continual and partial

- at any time, a few muscle fibres are contracting

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46
Q

How is muscle tone maintained?

A

negative feedback

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47
Q

Flaccid

A

muscles have less tone than normal

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48
Q

Spastic

A

muscles have more tone than normal

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49
Q

What does the strength and time of skeletal muscle contraction depend on?

A
  • metabolic condition
  • number of fibres contracting
  • number of motor units involved
  • intensity
  • frequency
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50
Q

What is a muscles maximum strength dependant on?

A

-initial length of its fibres (the longer, the more they contract/shorten)

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51
Q

What happens to a skeletal muscle if the sarcomeres are compressed?

A

-reduces the muscles ability to compress

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52
Q

What happens if sarcomeres are overstretched?

A

-actin and myosin are too far apart to bind

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53
Q

When does the strongest muscle contraction occur?

A

-when the muscle is stretched to its optimal length

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54
Q

Isotonic Contractions

A
  • produces movement at a joint
  • muscle changes length
  • tension stays the same
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55
Q

Concenteric Contraction

A
  • muscle shortens as it contracts

- insertion end of muscle moves toward the origin

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56
Q

Eccenetric Contraction

A
  • muscle lengthens while contracting
  • produces tension
  • insertion moves away from point of origin
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57
Q

Most types of body movements are…

A

isotonic contractions

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58
Q

Isometric Contractions

A
  • tension within muscle increases, but muscle doesn’t shorten (no movement)
  • example: pushing against a wall
  • muscle length is the same contracted or relaxed
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59
Q

What are repeated isometric contractions cause?

A

stronger muscles

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60
Q

Effects of Exercise on Skeletal Muscles

A
  • improves muscle tone
  • improves posture
  • better heart and lung function
  • reduces fatigue
  • develops muscle tissue
  • maintain healthy weight
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61
Q

What causes atrophy?

A

-long periods of time without activity

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62
Q

What causes hypertrophy?

A

-regular exercise

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63
Q

What do exercises such as weight lifting, squats and planking (strength training) do to skeletal muscles?

A
  • increases number of myofilaments in each muscle fibre
  • increases total mass of muscle
  • does NOT increase number of muscle fibres
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64
Q

What do endurance exercises (aerobic training) do for skeletal muscles?

A
  • allows more efficient delivery of oxygen and nutrients to a muscle (increased blood flow)
  • increase the number of mitochondria in muscle
  • does NOT result in muscle hypertrophy
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65
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A
  • composes bulk of heart
  • loaded with mitochondria
  • doesn’t run low on mitochondria
  • no fatigue
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66
Q

Intercalated Disks

A
  • dark bands that join branches of cells

- enables heart to contract

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67
Q

Are cardiac muscles voluntary of involuntary?

A

involuntary

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68
Q

Do cardiac muscles have more than one nucleus?

A

Yes, many nuclei are centrally located.

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69
Q

Smooth Muscle

A
  • myofibrils not organized into sarcomeres
  • walls of hollow visceral structures (digestive tract, blood vessels, ureters)
  • single unit and multi unit
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70
Q

Smooth muscles are also called…

A
  • non striated
  • involuntary
  • visceral
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71
Q

Do smooth muscles have more than one nucleus?

A

No, they have one, centrally located nucleus.

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72
Q

What does muscle function depend on?

A
  • bones and joints

- respiratory, circulatory, nervous, and skeletal systems

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73
Q

What is the nervous system made up of?

A
  • brain
  • spinal cord
  • nerves: cranial and spinal
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74
Q

What 2 parts is the nervous system divided into?

A
  • CNS

- PNS

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75
Q

CNS

A
  • brain and spinal cord
  • ‘centrally located’
  • structural and functional centre of the entire nervous system
  • control centre: interprets incoming (sensory) info and sends out a response
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76
Q

PNS

A
  • nerves that extend to ‘peripheral’ parts of the body (from the brain and spinal cord)
  • communication network between CNS and the rest of the body
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77
Q

Afferent Division

A
  • INCOMING sensory pathways

- sensory info from visceral effectors to CNS

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78
Q

Efferent Division

A
  • OUTGOING motor pathways

- motor info from CNS to visceral effectors

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79
Q

Somatic

A

-communication between CNS and skeletal muscles

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80
Q

Autonomic

A

-communication between CNS and ‘visceral effectors’ (smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, glands, adipose, etc)

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81
Q

Sympathetic

A
  • fight or flight

- stress response activities

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82
Q

Parasympathetic

A
  • rest and repair

- normal resting activities

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83
Q

What are the 2 subdivisions of the PNS?

A
  • automatic NS

- somatic NS

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84
Q

Automatic Nervous System (ANS)

A
  • involuntary
  • visceral motor nerves
  • impulses from CNS to cardiac muscles, smooth muscles and glands
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85
Q

Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

A
  • voluntary
  • somatic motor nerves
  • impulses from CNS to skeletal muscle
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86
Q

What are the 2 types of cells in the NS?

A
  • glia/neuroglia (supporting)

- neurons (nerve cells)

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87
Q

Glia

A
  • provide support and protection for NS
  • regulate function and structure of neurons
  • do NOT transmit nerve impulses
  • 5x more abundant than neurons
88
Q

What are the 5 major types of glia/neuroglia?

A

1) astrocytes (CNS)
2) microglia (CNS)
3) ependymal cells (CNS)
4) oligodendrocytes (CNS)
5) schwann cells (PNS)

89
Q

Astrocytes

A
  • bigger than glia
  • transfer nutrients from blood to neurons
  • part of the BBB
90
Q

What does the BBB do?

A
  • separates blood from brain tissue

- protects brain from harmful substances that may be in blood

91
Q

Microglia

A
  • smaller than astrocytes
  • first/main form of immune defence for brain and spinal cord
  • usually stationary, but can move
  • act as phagocytes
92
Q

Macrophages

A
  • phagocytes
  • decrease inflammation
  • destroy harmful substance to prevent damage to CNS tissue
93
Q

Ependymal Cells

A
  • resemble epithelial cells
  • form thin sheets that line fluid filled cavities in CNS
  • produce fluid
  • aid in circulation of fluid
94
Q

Oligodendrocytes/oligodendroglia

A
  • extends branches to the axon of neurons to hold them together
  • can wrap around more than 50 axons
  • form the myelin sheath
95
Q

Myelin Sheath

A
  • fatty substance that electrically insulates axons

- essential for function of nervous system

96
Q

Schwann Cells

A
  • support nerve fibres
  • similar to oligonderocytes of CNS
  • wrap around the axon of the neuron
97
Q

Myelin

A
  • fatty substance around axons of neuron (CNS and PNS)

- insulator

98
Q

What are unmyelinated spaces called?

A
  • nodes of Ranvier
  • electrical activity
  • allows for rapid transmission of nerve impulse
99
Q

What forms myelin in the CNS?

A

oligodendroglia

100
Q

What forms myelin in the PNS?

A

Schwann cells

101
Q

Saltatory Conduction

A

-rapid, effective transmission of a nerve impulse

102
Q

Neruons

A
  • structural and functional units of NS

- initiate and conduct impulses that make NS functions possible

103
Q

What are the 3 main parts of a neuron?

A
  • dentrites
  • cell body (contains organelles)
  • axon
104
Q

Dendrites

A
  • branching projections

- conduct impulses to cell body

105
Q

Cell Body

A

-main part
-contains nucleus and organelles
found in CNS

106
Q

Axon

A
  • long, single protection from cell body
  • sometimes myelinated
  • distal tips terminate in a ‘synaptic knob’
107
Q

What are the 3 types of neurons?

A
  • sensory neurons/afferent neurons
  • motor neurons/efferent neurons
  • interneurons/ central neurons/connecting neurons
108
Q

Sensory/Afferent Neurons

A
  • sense stimuli

- impulses from receptors all over the body, and send to brain and spinal cord

109
Q

Motor or Efferent Neurons

A

-impulses away from brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands

110
Q

Interneurons (aka. central or connecting neurons)

A

-impulses from sensory neurons to motor neurons

111
Q

What is another name for nerve impulses?

A

-action potential

112
Q

What is a reflex arc?

A

-specialized neurone pathway that results in rapid involuntary or autonomic response to stimulus

113
Q

What are the 2 types of reflex responses?

A
  • contraction by a muscle

- secretion by a gland

114
Q

Does a particular stimulus always cause the same reflex?

A

Yes.

115
Q

What are 5 components to a reflex arc?

A

1) receptor-detects change & generates nerve impulse
2) sensory/afferent neuron-transmits impulse to CNS
3) CNS-integrating centre with one or more synapses (where interneurons are located)
4) motor/efferent neuron-transmits impulses from CNs to effector
5) effector-muscle or gland that performs the action

116
Q

What are the 2 types of reflex arcs?

A
  • 2 neuron arcs

- 3 neuron arcs

117
Q

2 neuron arcs

A
  • simplest reflex arc
  • consist of sensory neurons synapsing in the spinal cord with motor neurons
  • no interneuron
118
Q

3 neuron arcs

A
  • sensory neurons, motor neurons, interneurons
  • associated with more complex responses, such as response to injury/pain (withdrawal reflex)
  • provide automatic reactions that must occur quickly (survival)
119
Q

2 neuron arcs

A
  • sensory neurons, motor neurons
  • simple, ‘unlearned’ reflexes
  • used to make sure NS is working properly (pupil dilation)
120
Q

Where are interneurons located?

A

-grey matter of brain or spinal cord

121
Q

Nerve

A
  • bundles of peripheral nerve fibres held together by layers of connective tissue
  • covered by myelin sheath
  • appear white
122
Q

Mixed Nerves

A
  • contain sensory and motor neurons
  • sensory nerves are mostly sensory neurons
  • motor nerves are mostly motor neurons
123
Q

White Matter

A

-tissue composed of myelinated axons

124
Q

Grey Matter

A

-tissue composed primarily of cell bodies and unmyelinated fibres

125
Q

Nerve Coverings

A

-individual axons (nerve fibres), fascicles and nerves are surrounded by thin layers of fibrous connective tissue that have specific names

126
Q

What are the 3 nerve coverings?

A

1) endoneurium
2) perineurium
3) epineurium

127
Q

Endoneurium

A
  • endo=within/inside

- surrounds individual nerve fibres/axons

128
Q

Perineurium

A
  • peri=around

- surrounds individual fascicles (bundle of fibres/axons) of nerves

129
Q

Epineurium

A
  • epi=upon

- surrounds numerous fascicles and blood vessels to form a complete nerve

130
Q

Tracts

A
  • bundle of nerve fibres/axons in CNS

- no CT covering

131
Q

White Matter

A
  • PNS: myelinated nerves

- CNS: myelinated tracts

132
Q

Grey Matter

A
  • unmyelinated cell bodies and nerve fibres
  • PNS: ganglia
  • CNS: nuclei
133
Q

Single axons are also called…

A

nerve fibres

134
Q

A bundle of axons in the PNS is called a…

A

fascicle

135
Q

A bundle of fascicles in the PNS is called a…

A

nerve

136
Q

A bundle of axons in the CNS is called a…

A

tract

137
Q

Nerve tissues made up of primarily myelinated fibres is called…

A

white matter

138
Q

Nerve tissue made up primarily of unmyelinated fibres is called

A

grey matter

139
Q

Why is nerve damage permanent?

A
  • mature nervous are incapable of cell division

- neurons have limited capacity to repair themselves

140
Q

When might nerve fibres repair themselves?

A

-mild damage
-cell body and neurilemma are intact
no scarring

141
Q

What is a nerve impulse?

A

a self-propagating wave of electrical disturbance that travels along the surface of a neuron’s plasma membrane

142
Q

Membrane Potential

A

-difference in electrical charge across a membrane (positive on outside, negative on inside)

143
Q

A membrane that exhibits a membrane potential is said to be ______.

A

polarized

144
Q

Resting Membrane Potentials

A
  • is not conducting electrical signals
  • excess of positive ions on outside
  • plasma membrane contains channels (called sodium-potassium pumps) that allow Na+ and K+ across it (in opposite directions and at different rates)
  • movement maintains electrical different on plasma membrane
145
Q

Local Potential

A
  • fluctuation in resting potential in plasma membrane
  • occurs in response to stimuli (excitation)
  • excitation triggers opening of ‘stimulus gates channels’ in plasma membrane allows more Na+ to enter neuron (charge in now more negative on outside)
  • more Na+ means the size of membrane potential is reduced (depolarization)
  • initiates action potential
146
Q

What marks the beginning of a nerve impulse/action potential?

A

inward movement of Na+, leaving a temporary, slight excess of negative ions on the outside of the membrane

147
Q

Saltatory Conduction

A

-a nerve impulse jumping over myelin covered areas

148
Q

Synapse

A

-microscopic junction between neurons

149
Q

Electrical Synapse

A

-occur where cells joined by a gap junction allows potential to continue along postsynaptic membrane

150
Q

Chemical Synapse

A

-occur where presynaptic cells release chemical transmitters (neurotransmitters) across a tiny gap to the postsynaptic cell

151
Q

What are the 2 kinds of synapse?

A
  • chemical

- electrical

152
Q

What 3 structures is the synapse composed of?

A
  • synaptic knob
  • synaptic cleft
  • plasma membrane of postsynaptic neuron
153
Q

what does a synapse ensure?

A

that there is only one way transmission of nerve impulses

154
Q

What does a plasma membrane of a postsynaptic neuron contain?

A

receptor for neurotransmitters

155
Q

Synaptic Knob

A
  • tiny bulge of a terminal branch of a presynaptic neuron’s axon (aka axon terminal)
  • contains vesicles full of neurotransmitters
156
Q

Synaptic Cleft

A

-microscopic space between synaptic know and plasma membrane of postsynaptic neuron (at dendrites)

157
Q

How many compounds are known to be neurotransmitters?

A

over 50

158
Q

What do compounds that are neurotransmitters do?

A

assist, stimulate (excitatory) or inhibit (inhibitory) postsynaptic neurons

159
Q

What are the major compounds known to be neurotransmitters?

A
  • acetycholine (ACh)
  • catecholamines
  • endorphins and enkephalins
160
Q

Acetycholine

A

-neurotransmitter of autonomic nervous system

161
Q

Catecholamines

A
  • noradrenaline/norepinephrine, adrenaline/epinephrine, dopamine, serotonin
  • sleep, mood, pleasure recognition, motor function
162
Q

Endorphins and Enkephalins

A
  • morphine like

- natural pain killers

163
Q

Organs of the Nervous System

A
  • brain
  • spinal cord
  • nerves: cranial and spinal
  • sensory organs: eyes, ears, specialized sensory organs
  • free nerve endings in skin
164
Q

What are the 2 parts of the CNS?

A
  • brain

- spinal cord

165
Q

What protects the CNS?

A
  • skeletal system
  • integumentary system
  • cranial bone and vertebrae
  • meninges
166
Q

Meninges

A
  • tube like covering of spinal cord
  • lines vertebral foramen
  • extend across brain and enclose it
167
Q

What are the 3 membranous layers o meninges?

A

1) dura- outer layer, strong, white fibre, lines vertebral canal, inner periosteum of cranial bones
2) arachnoid-middle layer, cushioning, CSF in spaces
3) pia mater- innermost layer, surface of brain and spinal cord, forms delicate hilum terminale

168
Q

Epidural Space

A
  • immediately outside of dura

- inside vertebrae or skull

169
Q

Subdural Space

A
  • between dura and arachnoid

- contains serous fluid

170
Q

Subarachnoid Space

A
  • between arachnoid and pis

- contains CSF

171
Q

Functions of CSF

A
  • protects brain and spinal cord
  • supplies nutrients to tissue of CNS
  • acts as the CNS lymphatic system: removes waste, provides immunilogical protection to CNS tissue
172
Q

Where is CSF found?

A
  • subarachnoid space

- within canals and cavities

173
Q

What are the 4 fluid filled spaces in the brain called?

A

ventricles

174
Q

How is CSF formed?

A
  • continually
  • forms fluid/plasma filtering out of blood at capillary networks projecting from pia into the lateral 3rd and 4th ventricles (choroid plexuses)
  • this fluid then enters the ventricles of the brain and is called CSF
175
Q

Arachnoid Villi

A

-absorbs CSF through ventricles and subarachnoid space back into the blood

176
Q

How much CSF is there and how often is it replaced?

A
  • 150mL

- replaced ever 3 to 4 hrs

177
Q

What is hydrocephalus?

A

-blockage and accumulation of CSF

178
Q

How long is the spinal cord?

A

17-18 inches

179
Q

What part of the CNS is most susceptible to injury?

A

spinal cavity

180
Q

Where does the spinal cavity extend from?

A

foramen magnum (L1)

181
Q

Where are the 2 bulges of the spinal cord?

A
  • cervical region

- lumbar region

182
Q

Dorsal Root of Spinal Cord

A
  • bundles of fibres that carry sensory info into spinal cord

- contains dorsal root ganglia (grouping of unmyelinated cell bodies of the sensory neurons)

183
Q

Ventral Root

A

-bundles of nerve fibres that carry motor info out of spinal cord

184
Q

Dorsal and ventral roots join to form…

A

spinal nerves

185
Q

Funiculi

A

3 areas of spinal cord

  • anterior
  • posterior
  • lateral
186
Q

_____ matter surrounds _____ matter.

A
  • white

- grey

187
Q

What do columns consist of?

A

-bundles of axons divides into spinal tracts

188
Q

Sensory/Ascending Tracts

A

-impulses from sensory neurons/receptor UP to brain

189
Q

Motor/Descending Tracts

A

-impulses from brain DOWN to motor neurons/effectors

190
Q

What does a spinal cord injury result in?

A
  • anethesia

- paralysis

191
Q

What composes all tracts

A

-bundles of axons

192
Q

Structure of Tracts

A

all axons of any tract start and finish in same structure

193
Q

Function of Tracts

A

all axons that compose one tract serve one general function

194
Q

Brain

A
  • one of the largest organs
  • 100 billion neurons (produced around birth)
  • synapse are made and broken throughout life
195
Q

Divisions of the Brain

A
  • brainstem: medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain
  • cerebellum
  • diencephalon: hypothalamus, thalamus
  • cerebrum
196
Q

Brain Structure

A
  • medulla oblongata
  • pons
  • midbrain (mesencephalon)
197
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A
  • lowest part

- extension of spinal cord

198
Q

Pons

A

-connects medulla oblongata with cerebrum (cerebral cortex)

199
Q

Midbrain (mesencephalon)

A
  • near centre of brain

- cerebral penduncles conduct impulses between midbrain and cerebrum

200
Q

Reticular Formation

A

bits of white and grey matter in the medulla

201
Q

Function of Grey Matter

A
  • autonomic reflex centres
  • vital centres
  • example: heartbeat, respiration, blood vessel
202
Q

Sensory Tracts

A

-conduct impulses to higher parts of brain

203
Q

Motor Tracts

A

-conduct impulses from higher parts of brain to spinal cord

204
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • 2nd largest part of brain
  • more neurons than any other par of NS
  • connected to brainstem
  • cortex is grey matter
  • interior is white matter
  • controls muscle contractions to produce coordinated movement (balance, move smoothly, posture)
  • compares motor commands of cerebrum with sensory info from muscle proprioreceptors
205
Q

Diencephalon

A
  • high traffic area
  • between cerebrum and midbrain
  • made of hypothalamus and thalamus
206
Q

Structure of Hypothalamus

A
  • posterior pituitary gland
  • pituitary stalk
  • grey matter
  • one of the smallest parts
207
Q

Structure of Thalamus

A
  • dumbbell shaped
  • mass of grey matter in each cerebral hemisphere
  • mostely dendrites and cell bodies of neurons that have axons extending upward into sensory areas of cerebrum
208
Q

Function of Thalamus

A
  • recieves sensory info (except NOT smell)
  • directs impulses to brain
  • emotion
  • alertness
209
Q

Function of Hypothalamus

A
  • small
  • ‘heart of consiousness’
  • links body and mind
  • major centre for controlling the ANS (involuntary actions)
  • connects nervous and endocrine systems (‘master translator’)
  • hormone secretion
  • appetite
  • body temp
  • water balance
  • sleep
  • wakefulness
  • pleasure
  • anger
  • sexual arousal
  • pain
210
Q

Infundibulum

A

-stalk leading from posterior pituitary gland

211
Q

Cerebrum Structure

A
  • largest and uppermost part of brain
  • oute part (cerebral cortex) has many ridges (gyri) and grooves (sulci)
  • divided into hemispheres (connected by a wide, flat, bundle of nerves called corpus callosum)
212
Q

What is the cerebral cortex composed of?

A
  • 6 layers of grey matter

- mainly dendrites and cell bodies of neurons

213
Q

What are the lobes of the cerebral cortex?

A
  • frontal (motor)
  • parietal (sensory)
  • temporal (hearing)
  • occipital (vision)
214
Q

Cerebrum Function

A
  • regulation of voluntary motor control related to posture, walking, and other repetitive movements
  • mental processing (consciousness, awareness, thinking, memory, sensations, emotions)
  • porture
  • language (spoken and written)
215
Q

Cerebral White Matter

A

nerve fibres arranged in bundles called tracts

216
Q

Cerebral Nuclei (basal ganglia)

A

-islands of grey matter located deep inside the white matter of each hemisphere

217
Q

Which part of the brain is commonly damaged by stroke?

A

-cerebrum

Term 1 (17 decks)

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