Cross Sectional Anatomy (Extremities) Flashcards
Osseous Components of the Shoulder
- scapula
- clavicle
- humeral head
Osseous Components of the Arm/Brachium
-humerus
Osseous Components of the Elbow
- humerus
- radius
- ulna
Osseous Components of the Forearm
- radius
- ulna
Osseous Components of the Hand
- carpals
- metacarpals
- phalanges
Muscles of the Trunk to Scapula
- trapezius
- rhomboids
- levator scapulae
- pectoralis minor
- serratus anterior
Muscle of the Trunk to Humerus
- pectoralis major
- latissimus dorsi
Muscles of Scapula to Humerus
- deltoid
- supraspinatous
- subscapularis
- infraspinatous
- teres minor
- teres major
- coracobrachialis
Muscles of Rotator Cuff
(SITS)
- supraspinatous
- infraspinatous
- teres minor
- subscapularis
Fascial Compartments of Extremities
-in TRV, segments of limbs are divided into multiple sections
How are the fascial compartments of extremities formed?
- by tough connective tissue septums
- also attach to the bone
- wrap around different muscle groups to keep in place
What does each fascial compartments of extremities have?
- nerve supply
- blood supply
Do muscles grouped together usually perform the same function?
Yes.
What are compartments surrounded by peripherally?
- deep fascia
- skin
What divides the compartments of the brachium?
-humerus
What are the anterior and posterior compartments of the brachium separated by?
-intermuscular septum/fascia
Anterior Flexors of Brachium
- biceps brachii (3 heads)
- brachialis
- coracobrachialis (superior)
Posterior Extenders of Brachium
Triceps (3 heads):
- medial head
- lateral head
- long head
Where is the intertubercular (bicipital) groove?
-on head of humerus
What is located in the intertubercular (bicipital) groove?
-long head of biceps brachii muscle
What is an area of the arm that is often affected by tears/inflammation in elderly and people who play sports?
-intertubercular (bicipital) groove
Where is the corabobrachialis?
-only on the superior aspect of the humerus
What is the antecubital fossa?
-triangular area on anterior side of elbow joint
What does the antecubital fossa contain?
-vessels and nerves from arm to forearm
- median nerve
- brachial artery
- brachial vein
- tendon of biceps brachii
- radial nerve
What is frequently measured at the antecubital fossa?
-BP
What veins are frequently used for venipuncture?
- median cephalic and basilic veins
- in antecubital fossa
Osseous Components of the Forearm
- olecranon
- radial head
- radial tuberosity
Olecranon
- point of elbow
- funny bone
What allows the wrist to supinate/pronate?
-radial head
What is the attachment of the biceps tendon?
-radial tuberosity
What separated the anterior and posterior compartments of the forearm?
- radius/ulna
- intermuscular membrane
- interosseous membrane
What do the compartments of the forearm act on?
-hand, wrist, fingers
Anterior Compartment of the Forearm
-flexor and pronator muscles
Posterior Compartment of the Forearm
-extensor and supination muscles
Carpal Tunnel
- groove or tunnel bound with ligaments
- filled with flexor tendons and median nerve
- compression may lead to carpal tunnel syndrome
Veins of the Arm
- brachiocephalic vein
- subclavian vein
- cephalic vein
- axillary vein
- brachial veins
- basilic veins
- ulnar vein
- radial vein
Which compartment is the biceps brachii muscle in?
-anterior
Which compartment is the triceps brachii in?
-posterior
Basilic Vein
-superficial vein on medial aspect of arm
Cephalic Vein
-superficial vein on lateral aspect of arm
What connects the radius (lateral) to the ulna (medial)?
-interosseous membrane
Where is the median nerve located?
-within carpal tunnel
Are flexors anterior or posterior?
-anterior
Are extensors anterior or posterior?
-posterior
Where is the supraspinatus muscle?
-above scapular spine
Where is the infraspinatus muscle?
-below scapular spine
Where is the subscapularis muscle?
-on body of scapula
Where is the long head of the biceps brachii muscle?
-bicipital groove
Osseous Components of the Thigh
1) femur
- greater/lesser trochanters
- medial/later condyles and epicondyles
2) patella
What is the superior boundary of the gluteal region?
-iliac crest
What is the inferior boundary of the gluteal region?
- lower margin of gluteus Maximus muscle
- marked by a crease below gluteal fold
What is the gluteal region continuous with superiorly?
-lower trunk
What is the gluteal region continuous with inferiorly?
-posterior surface of thigh
Gluteus Maximus
- largest
- most superficial
- powerful extensor of the thigh
Muscles of Gluteal Region
- gluteus maximus
- gluteus medius
- gluteus minimus
- obturator externus
- obturator internus
- piriformis
- gemellus superior and inferior
- quadratus femoris
Anterior Compartment of the Thigh
1) sartorius
2) quadriceps femoris
- rectus femoris
- vastus lateralis
- vastus intermedius (deep to RF)
- vastus medialis
What do the muscles int he anterior compartment of the thigh do?
- extends leg
- flexes thigh
What is the tendon that is common for all 4 quadriceps femoris muscles continuous with, and where does it insert?
- continuous with patellar ligament
- inserts on the tibial tuberosity
Medial Compartment of the Thigh
- pectineus
- adductor longus
- adductor brevis
- adductor magnus
- gracilis
What does the medial compartment of the thigh do?
-adducts the thigh
Posterior Compartment of the Thigh
Hamstring Muscles:
- biceps femoris (most lateral)
- semitendinosus
- semimembranosus (wider, flatter and deeper than semitendinosus)
What does the posterior compartment of the thigh do?
-flexes leg at the knee
Where is the femoral triangle?
-upper, medial part of anterior muscle compartment
What is the superior margin (base) of the femoral triangle formed by?
-ingunial ligament
What is the medial border of the femoral triangle?
-lateral border of adducts longs
What is the lateral border of the femoral triangle?
-medial border of sartorius
What is the adductor canal also known as?
- Hunter’s Canal
- subsartorial canal
What does the adductor canal link?
-apex of femoral triangle to the popliteal fossa
Adductor Canal
- narrow conical tunnel
- on medial aspect of thigh
- passage for femoral artery and vein as they descend into popliteal fossa
Popliteal Fossa
- diamond shapes
- fat filled
- behind knee
Where do the vessels from the thigh pass through to become the popliteal artery and vein?
-popliteal fossa
What is the upper margin of the political fossa?
- tendons
- hamstrings
What is the inferior margin of the popliteal fossa?
-2 heads of the gastrocnemius muscle
Knee Joint Ligaments
- anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
- posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)
- medial collateral ligament (MCL)
- lateral collateral ligament (LCL)
Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL)
-posterior aspect of lateral condyle of the femur superiorly to anteromedial portion of intercondylar eminence of the tibia inferiorly
Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL)
-posterolateral aspect of medial condyle of the femur superiorly to the medial condyle and body of the tibia inferiorly
Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL)
-medial epicondyle of the femur superiorly to the medial condyle and body of the tibia inferiorly
Lateral Collateral Ligament (LCL)
-lateral epicondyle of the femur superiorly to the fibular head inferiorly
Tendons
-muscle to bone
Ligaments
-bone to bone
Quadriceps Tendon
-from quadriceps muscles to patella
Patellar Ligament
-from patella to tibial tuberosity
Meniscus
- C shapes cartilaginous discs in between the fetus and tibia
- support joint (shock absorber)
- help with balance
What do muscles and tendons help the knee with?
- support
- movement
If muscles and tendons are weakened, what happens to the joint?
-also weakened
Muscles of Knee Joint
- quadriceps femoris
- hamstrings
- sartorius
- gracillis
- gastrocnemius
Anterior Compartment of the Lower Leg
- tibialis anterior
- extensor hallucis longus
- extensor digitorum longus
- peroneous teritus
What does the tibialis anterior move?
-dorsiflex foot
What does the extensors hallucis longus move?
-extends great toe
What does the extensor digitorum longus move?
-extends lateral 4 toes
What does the peroneous teritus move?
-dorsiflex foot
Lateral Compartment of the Lower Leg
- fibularis longus (superior)
- fibularis brevis (inferior)
What does the lateral compartment of the lower leg do?
-evert and plantar flex the foot
Posterior Compartment of Lower Leg (superficial layer)
- gastrocnemius
- soleus
- plantaris
What does the posterior compartment of the lower leg (superficial layer) move?
-planar flex the foot
-flex the knee
(gastrocnemius only)
Posterior Compartment of the Lower Leg (deep layer)
- tibialis posterior
- flexor digitorium longus
- flexor hallucis longus
- popliteus
What does the tibialis posterior move?
-plantar flex/invert foot
What does the flexor digitorum longus move?
-flex lateral 4 toes
What does the flexor hallucinations longus move?
-flex great toes
What does the popliteus move?
-medial rotate leg
Femoral Artery
- main artery of lower extremity
- extends lateral to the femoral vein through the femoral triangle to Hunter’s Canal
- becomes popliteal artery
Popliteal Artery
- palpable in popliteal fossa
- bifurcates into anterior and posterior tibial arteries
Peroneal Artery
-branch of posterior tibial artery
Arterial Components of Lower Extremities
- femoral artery
- popliteal artery
- anterior and posterior tibial arteries
- peroneal artery
Venous Components of the Lower Extremities
- anterior and posterior tibial veins
- greater saphenous vein
- lesser saphenous vein
- femoral vein
Greater Saphenous Vein
- superficial
- begina at dorsal of foot
- empties into femoral vein at the saphenofemoral junction
- longest vein in the body
Lesser Saphenous Vein
-continuous with femoral vein
Femoral Vein
-accompanies the femoral artery throughout the thigh
