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Term 1 > A & P (Ch. 42-46) > Flashcards

A & P (Ch. 42-46) Flashcards

1
Q

Structure of Urinary System

A
  • kidneys (2)
  • ureters (2)
  • bladder
  • urethra
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2
Q

Are the kidneys intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal?

A

-retroperitoneal

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3
Q

Which kidney is higher?

A

-left

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4
Q

Which kidney is larger?

A

-left

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5
Q

Renal Fascia

A

-anchors kidneys to surrounding structures

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6
Q

Renal Fat Pad

A

-cushion of fat surrounding each kidney

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7
Q

Hilum

A

-concave notch in an organ where vessels and other structures enter

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8
Q

Renal Cortex

A

-outer portion

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9
Q

Renal Medulla

A

-inner portion

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10
Q

Renal Pyramids

A

-triangular divisions of medulla

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11
Q

Renal Papilla

A
  • narrow, innermost end of pyramid

- releases urine through multiple ducts

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12
Q

Renal Columns

A

-where cortical tissue dips into medulla between pyramids

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13
Q

Calyces (major and minor)

A
  • cuplike structure
  • collects urine from renal papilla
  • minor calyces flow into major calyces
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14
Q

Renal Pelvis

A

-expansion of upper end of ureter

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15
Q

What do renal arteries branch into before entering the kidney?

A

-segmental arteries

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16
Q

What do the segmental arteries branch into?

A

-lobar arteries

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17
Q

What do lobar arteries branch into?

A
  • interlobar arteries

- extend towards cortex

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18
Q

Which arteries extend towards the renal cortex and form the arcuate arteries?

A

-interlobar arteries

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19
Q

What do the arcuate arteries branch into?

A

-interlobular arteries

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20
Q

What is the microscopic unit of the kidneys?

A

-nephron

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21
Q

What are the afferent arterioles that carry blood to the nephrons?

A

-afferent arterioles

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22
Q

How long are the ureters?

A

30cm

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23
Q

Where do the ureters run from?

A

-renal pelvis to bladder (trigone)

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24
Q

3 Layers of Ureters

A

1) mucus lining
2) muscular wall (peristalsis)
3) fibrous outer layer

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25
Q

Wall of Urinary Bladder

A
  • smooth muscle

- fibres in all directions

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26
Q

Rugae

A

-folds in the mucus membrane of stomach

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27
Q

Trigone

A
  • 2 ureters

- 1 urethra

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28
Q

Where is the bladder in females?

A

-anterior to uterus

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29
Q

Where is the bladder in males?

A

-rests on prostate

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30
Q

Function of Bladder

A
  • reservoir for urine

- expels urine (aided by urethra)

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31
Q

Where does the urethra run from?

A

-floor of bladder to urinary meatus

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32
Q

What does the mucous membrane of the urethra allow for?

A

-UTI’s to move up

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33
Q

How long is the female urethra?

A

3cm

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34
Q

Male Urethra

A
  • 20cm
  • also part of reproductive system
  • passes through prostate gland
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35
Q

Micturition

A

-aka: urination, voiding, emptying the bladder

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36
Q

At what volume does urination usually occur?

A

300 to 400 ml

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37
Q

How much urine can the adult bladder hold?

A

500 to 1000 ml

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38
Q

Urinary Retention

A

-urine produced in kidneys, but not voided from bladder

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39
Q

Urinary Suppression

A

-no urine produced in kidneys, but bladder is normal

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40
Q

Incontinuence

A
  • urine voided involuntarily
  • may be caused by spinal injury, stroke or age related
  • can be treated
  • may cause cystitis
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41
Q

Cystitis

A
  • bladder infection
  • amounts voided are small
  • extreme urgency/frequency
  • painful urination
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42
Q

Intestinal Cystitis

A
  • overactive bladder
  • not due to infection
  • extreme urgency/frequency
  • amounts voided are small
  • can be treated
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43
Q

Nephron=

A

renal corpuscle + renal tubule

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44
Q

What does the nephron do?

A

-filters blood

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45
Q

How many nephrons are in each kidney?

A

-greater than 1 million

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46
Q

2 Main Parts of a Nephron

A
  • renal corpuscle

- renal tubule

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47
Q

What is the 1st part of the nephron?

A

-renal corpuscle

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48
Q

Bowman’s Capsule

A
  • cup shaped mouth of nephron

- surrounds glomerulus

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49
Q

Glomerulus

A
  • network of very fine blood capillaries

- high BP in glomerural capillaries required to filter wastes of blood

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50
Q

Walls of Nephron

A

-simple cuboidal and simple squamous epithelium

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51
Q

Where does a nephron run from?

A

-renal corpuscle to collecting tubule

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52
Q

What regulates tubule function and growth?

A

-cilia

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53
Q

Renal Tubule=

A 
proximal convoluted tubule
\+
loop of henle
\+
distal convoluted tubule
\+
collecting tubule
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54
Q

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

A
  • 1st segment off of bowman’s capsule

- twisty tube

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55
Q

Henle Loop

A
  • thin distending limb with a hairpin turn, then ascending limb
  • affects concentration of urine
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56
Q

Distal Convoluted Tubule

A
  • last segment
  • twisty tube
  • contracts juxtaglomerural apparatus
  • joins collecting tubule
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57
Q

Collecting Tubule

A

-straight extension of the renal tubule of several nephrons (minor calyx)

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58
Q

Which nephron components are in the medulla?

A
  • loop of henle

- collecting tubule

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59
Q

Which nephron components are in the cortex?

A
  • renal corpuscle
  • proximal convoluted tubule
  • distal convolutes tubule
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60
Q

Flow of Urine from Nephron to Urethra

A
  • collecting tubules
  • pyramids
  • calyx
  • renal pelvis
  • ureter
  • bladder
  • urethra
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61
Q

3 Step Process of the Formation of Urine

A

1) filtration
2) reabsorption
3) secretion

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62
Q

What is the 1st step of the formation of urine?

A

-filtration

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63
Q

Where does the filtration of urine happen?

A
  • renal corpuscle

- continually happening

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64
Q

What is the normal glomerural filtration rate?

A

125ml/min

180L glomerural filtrate/day

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65
Q

What is the 2nd step in the filtration of urine?

A

-reabsorption

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66
Q

Reabsorption

A

-movement of substances out of filtrate/urine to blood

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67
Q

How does reabsorption occur?

A

-passive and active transport

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68
Q

Which direction does absorption of urine happen?

A

-renal tubules to peritubular capillaries

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69
Q

What does reabsorption prevent?

A

-loss of substances that the body needs

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70
Q

What substances are reabsorbed via active and passive transport?

A
  • water
  • glucose
  • amino acids
  • urea Na+
  • Cl-
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71
Q

Where does reabsorption occur?

A
  • proximal convoluted tubule (mostly)

- some in the renal tubules

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72
Q

How is water from the 180L/day of glomerural filtrate reabsorbed into the blood?

A

-osmosis from proximal tubules

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73
Q

What is the 3rd step of the formation of urine?

A

-secretion

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74
Q

What is secretion?

A
  • opposite of reabsorption

- movement of substances from blood into peritubular capillaries (urine forming in distal and collecting tubules)

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75
Q

How are H+ and K+ secreted?

A

-active transport

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76
Q

How is ammonia secreted?

A

-diffusion

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77
Q

The secretion of ___ is critical for pH (acid/alkaline) balance.

A

H+

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78
Q

What does the regulation of urine volume depend on?

A

-the amount of water and dissolved substances (salt) reabsorbed by convoluted tubules

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79
Q

What influences the regulation of urine volume?

A
  • antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
  • aldosterone
  • atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH)
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80
Q

What does ADH influence?

A
  • water absorption
  • retains water (reduces water loss)
  • decreases urine volume
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81
Q

Where is ADH produced?

A

-hypothalamus

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82
Q

What secretes ADH?

A

-posterior pituitary

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83
Q

What is aldosterone secreted by?

A

-adrenal cortex

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84
Q

Where is ANH (atrial natriuretic hormone) secreted?

A

-by atrial wall

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85
Q

What does ANH stimulate?

A
  • tubules to secrete more sodium into urine
  • water follows
  • increased urine formation
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86
Q

ANH

A

-salt and water LOSING hormone

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87
Q

Aldosterone

A

-salt and water RETAINING hormone

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88
Q

What % of urine is water?

A

95%

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89
Q

How many litres of urine are excreted each day (24hrs)?

A

1-2 L

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90
Q

What colour should urine be?

A
  • amber yellow

- clear (not cloudy)

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91
Q

What is the normal pH or urine?

A

6 (changes with diet)

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92
Q

Normal Characteristics of Urine

A
  • amount
  • colour/clarity
  • pH
  • specific gravity
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93
Q

What is the normal specific gravity (chemical particles) in urine?

A

1.005 to 1.030

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94
Q

What does a measurement outside of the normal specific gravity of urine indicate?

A
  • dehydration
  • diabetes
  • heart or kidney failure
  • infection
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95
Q

Anuria

A

-absense of urine

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96
Q

Oliguria

A

-small amounts of urine

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97
Q

Polyuria

A

-lg amounts of urine

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98
Q

What does functioning of the reproductive system ensure?

A

-survival of the genetic characteristics of a species

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99
Q

Male and female parented contribute ___ of their genetic material to create offspring.

A

-half

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100
Q

What is the function of the male reproductive system?

A

-to produce, transfer and introduce mature sperm into the female reproductive tract where fertilization can occur

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101
Q

2 Classifications of Male Reproductive Organs

A

1) essential organs

2) accessory organs

102
Q

Essential Organs

A

-produce gametes (sex cells)

103
Q

Accessory Organs

A

-support reproductive process

104
Q

Essential Male Reproductive Organs

A

-testes

105
Q

Accessory Male Reproductive Organs

A 
Reproductive Ducts
-epididymis
-vas deferens
-ejaculatory duct
urethra

Accessory Glands

  • seminal vesicles
  • bulbourethral glands, prostate

Supporting Structures

  • scrotum
  • penis
  • spermatic cords
106
Q

Shape and Location of Perineum

A
  • diamond shaped area between thighs

- extends anteriorly from pubic symphysis to coccyx posteriorly

107
Q

What is the lateral boundary of the perineum?

A

-ischial tuberosity

108
Q

What is the perineum divided into?

A
  • urogenital triangle

- anal triangle

109
Q

How long are the testes?

A

4 to 5 cm

110
Q

What are the testes located in?

A

-scrotum

111
Q

Size and Shape of Testes

A

-small, ovoid glands

112
Q

What are the testes suspended by?

A

-in scrotum by scrotal tissue and spermatic cords (which carry blood vessels to testis)

113
Q

What are the testes encased by?

A

-tunica albuginea (dense fibrous capsule)

114
Q

What does the tunica albuginea divide into?

A
  • lobules (sections that penetrate the testes)

- 200 or more

115
Q

What do lobules contain?

A
  • interstitual cells (leading cells)

- 1 to 3 seminiferous tubules

116
Q

How long would seminiferous tubules be in elongated?

A

-2 ft

117
Q

What does the testes consist of?

A
  • seminiferous tubules
  • interstitual (leydig) cells
  • spermatogenic cells
  • sustenacular/nurse/Sertoli cells
118
Q

Spermatogenic Cells

A

-produce sperm

119
Q

Interstitual (leydig) Cells

A

-endocrine cells between the seminiferous tubules

120
Q

Sustentacular/Nurse/Sertoli Cells

A

-support and regulate sperm producing functions of the testes

121
Q

2 Main Functions of the Testes

A

1) spermatogenesis

2) secretion of hormones by interstitial cells

122
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

-formation of mature male gametes (spermatozoa) by the seminiferous tubules

123
Q

What is spermatogenesis stimulated by?

A
  • FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) from anterior pituitary gland
  • also GnRH and LH
124
Q

Hormones Secreted by Interstitial Cells (testes)

A
  • testosterone
  • inhibin
  • estrogen
125
Q

Testosterone

A
  • major androgen (maleness hormone)

- steroid hormone

126
Q

What is testosterone produced by?

A

-interstitial cells

127
Q

What is testosterone regulated by?

A

-LH from anterior pituitary gland

128
Q

Function of Testosterone

A
  • multiple funcitons
  • most important: promoting development/maintenance of accessory organs and primary and secondary male sexual characteristics
129
Q

Inhibit

A
  • inhibits release of FSH by anterior pituitary gland

- allowing testis to have some control over spermatogenesis

130
Q

Estrogen

A
  • small amounts secreted by interstitial cells, liver, etc.

- role in males is uncertain (may influence sperm)

131
Q

Structure of Testes

A

-head (covered by acrosome or acrosomal cap), neck, mid piece and tail

132
Q

Function of Testes

A

-sperm nucleus unites with egg nucleus to form first cell of new offspring

133
Q

How long are the epididymis’?

A

-6 m (but tightly coiled)

134
Q

What is the epididymis enclosed by?

A

-fibrous casing

135
Q

Where is the epididymis located?

A

-top and side of each testis

136
Q

Divisions of Epididymis

A
  • head
  • body
  • tail
137
Q

Functions of Epididymis

A
  • ducts for seminal fluid (semen)
  • secretes small parts of semen
  • sperm become capable of motility while they are passing through epididymis
  • maturation area for sperm
138
Q

How long does sperm stay in the epididymis to mature?

A

1 to 3 weeks

139
Q

Vas Deferens

A
  • thick, muscular walled tube
  • extends from epididymis tail
  • ascends from scrotum, through inguinal canal (spermatic cord), into abd cavity where it extends over the top and down the posterior surface of bladder
140
Q

Ampulla of Vas Deferens

A
  • enlarged terminal portion

- joins ducts of seminal vesicles

141
Q

What connects the epididymis with the ejaculatory duct?

A

-vas deferens

142
Q

Function of Vas Deferens

A
  • excretory duct for semen (muscular layers help propel sperm through the male duct system)
  • storage area for sperm
143
Q

What duct is severed during a vasectomy?

A

-vas deferens

144
Q

Where do ejaculatory ducts pass through?

A
  • prostate gland

- terminating in urethra

145
Q

Ejaculatory Ducts

A

-short tubes (1cm)

146
Q

What forms the ejaculatory ducts?

A

-union of the vas deferens with duct from the seminal vesicle

147
Q

Structure of Seminal Vesicles

A

-high convoluted tubules

148
Q

How long are the seminal vesicles?

A

5 to 7 cm

149
Q

Where are the seminal vesicles?

A

-posterior surface of bladder

150
Q

Function of Seminal Vesicles

A

-secrete alkaline, viscous, nutrient rich part of semen (60% of semen volume)

151
Q

Shape of Prostate Gland

A

-donut

152
Q

Location of Prostate Gland

A

-encircles urethra just below bladder

153
Q

Function of Prostate Gland

A

-adds slightly acidic, water/milky looking secretion to seminal fluid (30% of semen volume)

154
Q

Bulbourethral Glands

A
  • small, pea shaped

- have ducts leading into urethra

155
Q

What do the bulbourethral glands secrete?

A

-alkaline fluid (part of semen)

156
Q

Where are the bulbourethral glands?

A

-below prostate gland

157
Q

What divides the scrotum?

A

-septum

158
Q

Scrotum

A

-skin covered pouch suspended from perineal region where the testes descend to near birth

159
Q

What is in the scrotum?

A
  • testes
  • epididymis
  • lower part of spermatic cord
160
Q

Function of Scrotum

A

-to ensure testes are maintained at a slightly lower temp than the normal body temp (3 degrees lower) for sperm production

161
Q

Cremaster Muscles

A

-elevate scrotal pouch if necessary

162
Q

Structure of Penis

A

-3 cylindrical masses of erectile tissue (1 contains urethra)

163
Q

Function of Penis

A
  • contains urethral (dural tract for urinary and reproductive systems)
  • copulatory organ during sexual intercourse
164
Q

Internal Spermatic Cords

A

-fibrous cylinders in inguinal canals

165
Q

What are the internal spermatic cords enclosed by?

A

-seminal ducts, blood vessels, emphatics and nerves

166
Q

How many sperm does each mm of seminal fluid contain?

A

-millions

167
Q

Where does seminal fluid pass?

A
  • testes
  • epididymis
  • vas deferens
  • ejaculatory duct
  • urethra
168
Q

Functional Sterility

A

-sperm count of less than 25 million/ml of semen

169
Q

When does male fertility begin?

A
  • puberty

- extends into old age

170
Q

Immune Infertility

A

-antibodies made against their own sperm

171
Q

What does male fertility relate to?

A
  • number
  • size
  • shape
  • motility of sperm
172
Q

When do reproductive functions begin?

A

-puberty

173
Q

When does development of organs begin?

A

-before birth

174
Q

When do the immature testes descend into scrotum?

A

-before or shortly after birth

175
Q

Puberty

A

-high levels of hormones stimulate final stages of development

176
Q

Late Adulthood

A

-gradual decline in hormone production may decrease sexual appetite and fertility

177
Q

Function of Female Reproductive System

A
  • produce offspring/ensure continuity of genetic code
  • produce eggs (female gametes) which have the potential to unite with a male gamete to form the 1st cell of offspring
  • provide nutrition and protection to the offspring for several years after conception
178
Q

Essential Female Reproductive Organs

A
  • ovaries

- gametes (ova produced by ovaries)

179
Q

Accessory Female Reproductive Organs

A
  • ducts/duct structures from ovaries (exterior)

- external genitals (vulva)

180
Q

Additional Female Sex Glands

A

-mammary glands

181
Q

Perineum

A
  • skin covered region between the vaginal orifice and the rectum
  • may be torn during childbirth
182
Q

Ovaries

A
  • nodular glands located on each side of the uterus, below and behind the uterine tubes
  • endocrine organs that secrete female sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone)
183
Q

Ectopic Pregnancy

A

-development of the fetus in a place other than the uterus

184
Q

What is the surface of ovaries covered by?

A

-germinal epithelium

185
Q

What do ovarian follicles contain?

A

-developing female sex cells

186
Q

Ovum

A

-an oocyte released from the ovary

187
Q

What produces ova?

A

-female gametes

188
Q

Oogenesis

A

-process that results in formation of a mature egg

189
Q

Uterus

A
  • pear shaped

- fundus, body, cervix

190
Q

Where is the uterus?

A
  • pelvic cavity

- between urinary bladder and rectum

191
Q

What may alter the uterus?

A
  • age
  • pregnancy
  • distension of related pelvic viscera
192
Q

Where does the uterus descend to between birth and puberty?

A

-lower abd to true pelvis

193
Q

When does the uterus begin to decrease in size?

A

-menopause

194
Q

Uterus Position

A
  • flexed over bladder

- points down and backward (joining vagina at Rt angle)

195
Q

What holds the uterus in place?

A
  • ligaments

- still allow some movement

196
Q

Prolapsed Uterus

A

-weakening of the supporting ligaments of the uterus allows the uterus to tilt backward and slide down the vagina

197
Q

3 Layers of Uterus Wall

A

1) endometrium (inner)
2) myometrium (middle)
3) perimetrium (outer)

198
Q

Endometrium

A
  • 3 layered mucous membrane
  • 2 slough off during menstruation and after delivery
  • rich blood supply
199
Q

Myometrium

A
  • thick, middle layer
  • smooth muscle
  • 3 layers: longitudinal, circular, oblique
200
Q

Perimetrium

A
  • outer serosa
  • part of parietal peritoneum
  • incomplete
  • covers only part of uterine body
  • doesn’t cover cervix
201
Q

What part of the reproductive tract facilitates sperm ascending toward the uterine tubes?

A

-uterus

202
Q

If conception doesn’t occur, how many layers of endometrium are shed during menstruation?

A
  • 2 or 3

- allows endometrium to renew itself (menstrual cycle)

203
Q

How is an embryo supplied with nutrients?

A
  • placenta

- exchange of materials between mother’s blood and the fetal blood (keeps 2 circulations separate)

204
Q

What helps during labour to push offspring out of mother’s body?

A

-myometrial contractions

205
Q

What are other names for the fallopian tubes?

A
  • uterine tubes

- oviducts

206
Q

What do uterine tubes consist of?

A
  • mucous
  • smooth muscle
  • serous lining
207
Q

What is the mucosal lining of the uterine tubes continuous with?

A

-peritoneum lining the pelvic cavity

208
Q

How would the tubal mucous be infected by an organism introduced into the vagina?

A

-it is continuous with that of the vagina and uterus

209
Q

What could inflammation of uterine tubes lead to?

A

-scarring that leads to closure of lumen

210
Q

What do uterine tubes serve as?

A
  • transport channels for ova

- fertilization

211
Q

Where is the vagina located?

A

-between rectum, urethra and bladder

212
Q

Vagina

A
  • tubular
  • collapsable organ
  • capable of distension
  • smooth muscles
  • lines with mucous membrane
213
Q

Hymen

A

-mucous membrane that forms a border around the vagina in young premenstrual girls

214
Q

Function of Vagina

A
  • lining lubricates and stimulates penis during intercourse
  • receptacle for semen
  • transports tissue and blood shed during menstruation to the exterior
215
Q

What is the lower portion of the birth canal?

A

-vagina

216
Q

Female External Genitals

A
  • mons pubis
  • labia majora
  • labia minora
  • clitoris
  • urinary meatus
  • vaginal orifice
  • greater vestibular glands
217
Q

What protects the clitoris and vestibule?

A
  • mons pubis

- labia

218
Q

What do the sensory receptors of the clitoris do?

A

-send info to the sexual response area of the brain

219
Q

Urinary Meatus

A

-external opening of urethra

220
Q

What is the boundary between the internal and external genitals?

A

-vaginal orifice

221
Q

Greater Vestibular Glands (bartholin glands)

A
  • 1 on each side of vaginal orifice
  • secrete mucus to lubricate the vagina
  • can get infected
222
Q

Female Reproductive Cycle

A
  • ovarian
  • endometrial/menstrual
  • myometrial
  • gonadotropic
223
Q

4 Phases of Endometrial/Menstrual Cycle

A
  • menses
  • postmenstrual phase
  • ovulation
  • premenstrual phase
224
Q

2 Primary Functions of Ovarian Cycle

A

1) produce ova at regular intervals

2) regulate the endometrial cycle through estrogen and progesterone

225
Q

What are the 4 phases of the endometrial/menstrual cycle based on?

A

-28 day cycle

226
Q

Menses Phase of Menstrual Cycle

A
  • occurs around day 1 to 5 of new cycle
  • outer 2 layers of endometrium slough off
  • 30 to 100ml of discharge (most during first 3 days)
227
Q

Postmenstrual Phase of Menstrual Cycle

A
  • between the end of menses and ovulation (day 6 to 13)
  • developing follicles secrete lg amounts of estrogen
  • endometrial cells proliferate
228
Q

Ovulation Phase of Menstrual Cycle

A
  • day 14

- mature follicle ruptures and releases ovum

229
Q

Premenstrual Phase of Menstrual Cycle

A
  • between ovulation and onset of menses (day 15 to 28)

- corpus luteum secretes mostly progesterone

230
Q

Function of Endometrial Cycle

A

-makes uterus suitable for implantation of new offspring

231
Q

What makes women fertile for only a few days each month?

A
  • cyclical nature of reproductive system

- the fact that fertilization occurs within 24 hrs of ovulation

232
Q

Myometrial Cycle

A
  • myometrium contracts mildly and with increasing frequency during the 2 weeks leading up to ovulation
  • contractions decrease/stop to avoid the risk of expelling a potentially fertilized and implanted egg
233
Q

Gonadotropic Cycle

A
  • occurs throughout the female reproductive cycle
  • refers to the cyclical secretion of FSH and LH (gonadotropin) from the anterior pituitary gland (influences the female reproductive cycles)
234
Q

What controls cyclical changes of the female reproductive cycles?

A
  • hormones

- changes in estrogen and progesterone

235
Q

What do low levels of FSH and LH cause?

A

-regression of the corpus luteum

236
Q

What happens if pregnancy doesn’t occur?

A
  • decrease in estrogen and progesterone

- triggers endometrial sloughing of the menstrual phase

237
Q

What is the control of cyclical changes in gonadotropin secretion caused by?

A
  • positive and negative feedback mechanisms

- involves: estrogen, progesterone and secretion of releasing hormones by the hypothalamus

238
Q

Infertility

A

-faulure to conceive after 1 year of regular unprotected intercourse

239
Q

When does the menstrual cycle begin and end?

A
  • begins at puberty
  • continues for about 3 decades (except during pregnancy)
  • ends during menopause (40 to 55 years of age)
240
Q

Where are the breasts located?

A

-over pectoral muscles

241
Q

What is breast development controlled by?

A
  • estrogen

- progesterone

242
Q

What is the size of breasts determines by?

A

-fat around glandular tissue

243
Q

What part of breast’s produce milk?

A
  • alveoli of mammary gland

- system of lactiferous ducts carries it to nipple

244
Q

What are the several breast lobes separated by?

A

-septa of CT

245
Q

What do breast lobes consist of?

A
  • several lobules composed of CT

- embedded with pouches of milk secreting cells (alveoli)

246
Q

What does the lactiferous duct of each lobe converge toward?

A

-nipple

247
Q

What helps support the breast?

A

-suspensory ligaments

248
Q

What is the function of the mammary gland?

A

-lactation

249
Q

Mechanisms of Lactaction

A
  • ovarian hormone makes the breasts structurally ready to produce milk
  • shedding of placenta results in a decrease of estrogen (stimulates prolactin)
  • prolactin stimulates lactation
250
Q

What is an additional hormone that also supports lactation?

A

-oxytocin

Term 1 (17 decks)

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