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LECOM Microbiology MS1 > Non-Fermenters and Gram Negative Cocci (Exam 1) > Flashcards

Non-Fermenters and Gram Negative Cocci (Exam 1) Flashcards

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1
Q

How will pseudomonas aeruginosa appear on gram stain

A

gram negative rod

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2
Q

What are the growth requirements for pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

temperature 4-42C

Aerobic

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3
Q

Where is pseudomonas aeruginosa found

A

ubiquitos

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4
Q

What is significant about Pseudomonas aeruginosa capsule

A

alignate capsule

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5
Q

What does the alignate capsule of pseudomonas aeruginosa form

A

biofilm

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6
Q

What is the lactose fermentation of pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

negative

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7
Q

What is the glucose fermentation of pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

glucose negative

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8
Q

What is the most common infection in cystic fibrosis patients

A

pseudomonas aeruginosa

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9
Q

Describe the mechanisms for motility in pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

flagella and pili

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10
Q

What is the oxidase result of pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

positive

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11
Q

How are pseudomonas aeruginosa infections acquired

A

opportunistic or nosocomial infections

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12
Q

What is the characteristic color of pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

green

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13
Q

What is the characteristic smell of pseudomonas

A

artificial grape scent

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14
Q

How will enterics oxidase test

A

positive

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15
Q

What are common presentations of pseudomonas aeruginosa infections

A

pneumonia
folliculitis
swimmers ear
corneal infections

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16
Q

Who gets pneumonia pseudomonas aeruginosa infections

A

venitlators and CF patients

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17
Q

How do you get pseudomonas aeruginosa folliculitiis

A

hot tubs

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18
Q

How do you get pseudomonas aeruginos ear inffections

A

spending a lot of time in water that is contaminated

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19
Q

How do you get corneal infections of pseudomonas aeruginos

A

contact causes microscopic scratches in the cornea which allows microbes to enter

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20
Q

What type of toxin is seen in pseudomonas

A

exotoxin A

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21
Q

What is the MOA of the pseudomonas toxin

A

Ribosyl transferase; Ribosylates EF2 to inhibit protein synthesis which will then kill the cell

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22
Q

What are siderophores

A

proteins secreted by pathogens that bind iron more tightly that host cells and bring them back to the organism

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23
Q

What enzyme helps pseudomonas move throughout the blood stream

A

elastase

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24
Q

What is the funciton of elastase

A

degrades elastin and collagen

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25
Q

What does degredation of elastin and collagen result in

A

inactivates IgG
inactivates several complement components
inhibits neutrophil function

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26
Q

What type of capsule is seen in pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

alignate

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27
Q

What is the function of having an aliginate capsule

A

contributes to biofilm formation

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28
Q

How will phenotypes of pseudomonas aeruginosa change in vivo and in vitro

A

fresh isolates are mucoidy

within 2 subcultures it will lose the alginate and becomes dry culture

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29
Q

Why does the pseudomonas aeruginosa lose alginate capsule in vivo

A

to conserve energy and it doesn’t need to survive on the blood agar

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30
Q

Why are CF patients more susceptible to pseudomonas infections in the lungs

A

CFTR ion channel is not working properly in CF patients

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31
Q

What results in not having a properly functioning CFTR ion channel

A

mucus becomes very thick, making it harder for cilia to move mucus

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32
Q

What happens because cilia cannot ove the mucus

A

infections are trapped in the lung

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33
Q

What is the treatment for CF patients

A

lung transplant

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34
Q

What populations are at risk of pulmonary infections from pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

cystic fibrosis
ventilator associated pneumonia
those on broad spectrum antibiotics

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35
Q

What population is susceptible to pseudomonas aeruginosa wound infections

A

impaired immune system, moist surface
burn wounds
surgical wounds
diabetic wounds

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36
Q

What is the main contributor to the antibiotic resistance of pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

cystic fibrosis patients will have chronic infections that will contribute to antibiotic resistance

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37
Q

What causes the damage to the lungs in cystic fibrosis patients by P. aeruginosa

A

immune response causes the damage

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38
Q

What are common non-pneumonia infections associated with P. aeruginosa

A

swimmers ear
folliculitis
eye infections
UTIs

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39
Q

What organism is associated with folliculitis from swimming pools or hot tubs

A

P aeruginosa

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40
Q

What is bacteremia

A

bacteria in the blood

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41
Q

What patients are at risk of getting P aeruginosa associated bacteremia

A

neutropenic patients
diabetics
burned patients
hematologic malignancies

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42
Q

What is the characteristic lesion of bacteremia associated with P aeruginosa

A

ecthyma gangrenosum

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43
Q

Describe the characteristic lesion of P. aeruginosa

A

center is necrotic due to elastase encircling blood vessels and making them necrosic

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44
Q

How will Burkholderia cepacia gram stain

A

gram negative rod

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45
Q

What type of infections will burkholderia cepacia cause

A

opportunistic and nosocomial infections

lung infections
UTI

46
Q

What patients are at more risk for lung infections associated with burkholderia cepacia

A

patients with CF

chronic granulomatous disease

47
Q

What infection is commonly seen in associateion with pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

Burkholderia cepacia

48
Q

Where is bukholderia pseudomallei found

A

Soil, water, vegetation

49
Q

What geography is burkholderia pseudomallei found

A

aoutheast asia, india, africa, australia

50
Q

What population is at risk of burkholderia pseudomallei

A

alcoholics
diabetics
chronic renal or lung disease

51
Q

What disease is associated with Burkholderia pseudomallei

A

melioidosis

52
Q

How will melioidosis present

A

percutaneous infection

pulmonary infection

53
Q

What are the symptoms of percutaneous melioidosis

A

suppurative, fever, malaise, lymphadenitis

resolves or potentially sepsis

54
Q

What are the symptoms of pulmonary meliodosis

A

mild bronchitis to necrotizing pneumonia

55
Q

How will acinetobacter baumanni appear on gram stain

A

gram negative short fat rod “coccobacilli”

56
Q

Where is acinetobacter baumanni found

A

ubiquitous: nature and hospital

normal oropharyngeal flora of small % of healthy individuals

57
Q

What is the oxygen sensitivity of acinetobacter baumanni

A

aerobic

58
Q

What is the oxidase test of acinetobacter baumanni

A

negative

59
Q

What type of infections are associated with acinetobacter baumanni

A 
nosocomial
opportunistic
respiratory tract 
UTI
Wounds
Septicemia
60
Q

What populations are at risk of getting infections of acinetobacter baumanni

A

ventilators
recent surgery
long term antibiotics

61
Q

How will moraxella catarrhalis appear on gram stain

A

gram negative diplococci

62
Q

What is the oxygen sensitivity of moraxella catarrhalis

A

aerobic

63
Q

What infections are associated with moraxella catarrhalis

A

bronchitis
pneumonia
sinusitis
otitis media

64
Q

What is penicillin sensitivity of moraxella catarrhalis

A

resistant to penicillin

65
Q

Why is moraxella catarrhalis resistent to penicillin

A

produces beta lactamases

66
Q

Where are moraxella catarrhalis found normally

A

normal flora of the URT; causes infections when it gets into the lungs

67
Q

How will neisseria appear on gram stain

A

gram negative diplococci

68
Q

What are the O2 requirements of neisseria

A

aerobic

69
Q

What is the CO2 sensitive of neisseria

A

capnophilic: 5% CO2

70
Q

What are the two strains of neisseria that are important

A

gonnorhea

meningitidis

71
Q

How do you differentiate between N. gonorrhoeae and meningitidis

A

N. meningitidis metabolize maltose

72
Q

N. gonorrhoeae and meningitidis both use what

A

glucose

73
Q

What allows N. meningitidis to be antiphagocytic

A

capsule

74
Q

What are the virulence factors of neisseria

A 
Capsule: only meningitidi
IgA1 protease
LOS: lipooligosaccharide
Pili
Opa proteins
Outer membrane proteins
75
Q

What type of porins are seen on neiseria

A

PorA and Por B= N. m

Por B on N. g.

76
Q

What is the function of porins on neiseria

A

promotes invasion of epithelial cells

77
Q

What is the function of Opa proteins in neisseria

A

adherence and invasion

78
Q

Does neisseria have LPS

A

no

79
Q

What does neisseria have in place of LPS

A

LOS, no O antigen

80
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Neisseria

A

attaches to mucosal cells and invades, multiplies within mucosal cells and moves into subepithelial space
LOS stimulates TNF alpha symptoms

81
Q

What is the prevalence of gonorrhea

A

high prevalence, low mortality

82
Q

What are the reservoirs for gonorrhea

A

humans

83
Q

What population is at risk for gonorrhea

A

higher in african americans

15-24 year olds

84
Q

How is gonorrhea transmitted

A

sexual contact

85
Q

What are the symptoms of gonorrhea in men

A

urethra

dysuria, frequency, purulent discharge from penis

86
Q

What are the symptoms of gonorrhea in women

A

green and yellow discharge, dysuria

87
Q

What are the long term complications of gonorrhea in men

A

epididymitis

prostatitis

88
Q

What are the long term complications of gonorrhea in women

A

PID
sterility
Fitz Hugh Curtis syndrome

89
Q

What is Fitz hugh curtis syndrome

A

infection of the capsule that surrounds the liver

90
Q

What is gonococcemia

A

disseminated infection with gonococcus

91
Q

What are the symptoms of gonococcemia

A

fever
migratory joint pain
suppurative arthritis: wrists, knees, ankles
pustular rash on extremities

92
Q

How will gonorrhea present in infants

A

opthalmia neonaturm; damage to corneas and blindness

93
Q

How is opthalmia neonatum treated

A

erythromycin eye drops

94
Q

How is N. gonorrhoeae diagnosed

A

gram stain of exudate

culture on Thayer-Martin agar

95
Q

What does N. gonorrhoeae look like on blood agar

A

does not grow

96
Q

What is Thayer Martin agar

A

chocolate agar with antibiotics that will prevent growth of other organisms

97
Q

What grows on Thayer Martin agar

A

Neisseria

98
Q

How is N. meningitidis transmitted

A

respiratory droplets

99
Q

What season is N. meningitidis more common

A

winter

100
Q

What are the high risk groups for N. meningitidis

A

infants
army recruits
college students
complement deficiency

101
Q

What are the symptoms of N. meningitidis

A

sudden onset of severe headache, fever, neck stiffness, irritability, photphobia, malaise, nausea and vomiting

102
Q

What are the long term complications of N. meningitidis

A

hearing loss
mental retardation
recurrent convulsions

103
Q

How is N. meningitis diagnosed

A

gram stain of CSF or blood

Thayer martin agar

104
Q

What type of neisseria can be grown on blood agar

A

n. meningitidis

105
Q

What is meningococcemia

A

presence of meningococcal organisms in the blood

106
Q

What are symptoms of meningococcemia

A

fever, chills, arthralgia, muscle pain, petechial rash

107
Q

What is petechial rash

A

pinpoint dots from where the vasculature is leaking

108
Q

How is meningococcemia diagnosed

A

diplococci can be recovered from petechial biopsy; gram stain and culture

109
Q

What occurs to the petechial rash with time

A

coalesce and appear as blisters

110
Q

What is the main complication of meningococcemia

A

Waterhouse-friderichsen syndrome

111
Q

How does waterhouse-friderichsen syndrome present

A

bilateral hemorrhage of adrenal glands; DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation)
coma
death

112
Q

What are the vaccines against meningits

A

meningococcal conjugate vaccine

serotype B recombinant vaccine

LECOM Microbiology MS1 (22 decks)

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