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LECOM Microbiology MS1 > Innate Immunity (Exam 1) > Flashcards

Innate Immunity (Exam 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What two things does innate immunity use to eliminate viruses

A

interferons and NK cells

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2
Q

How does innate immunity eliminate microbes

A

inflammation

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3
Q

What are the two branches of the immune system

A

adaptive

innate

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4
Q

What is innate immunity

A

native, natural

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5
Q

What is adaptive immunity

A

acquired, specific

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6
Q

What are the mechanisms of innate immunity

A

physical barriers
physiological barriers
cellular responses

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7
Q

What is an example of physical barrier innate immunity

A

skin

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8
Q

What is an example of physiological barrier innate immunity

A

stomach acid

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9
Q

What is an example of cellular response innate immunity

A

phagocytosis and inflammation

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10
Q

What are the components of acquired immunity

A

B and T cells

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11
Q

How are innate and adaptive immune responses connected

A

both use cytokines that help the opposite system

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12
Q

What are anatomical and chemical barriers of adaptive immunity

A

lymph nodes
spleen
MALT

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13
Q

What are anatomical and chemical barriers of innate immunity

A 
skin
mucosa
chemicals
pH
Temperature
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14
Q

What are blood proteins of innate immunity

A

complement

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15
Q

What are blood proteins of adaptive immunity

A

antibodies

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16
Q

What are the cells of innate immunity

A

phagocytes

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17
Q

What are the cells of adaptive immunity

A

lymphocytes

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18
Q

What are the phagocytic cells

A

neutrophils
macrophages/monocytes
dendritic cells

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19
Q

What phagocyte offers a prolonged defense

A

monocytes and macrophages

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20
Q

What causes neutrophils to die

A

contacting a pathogen

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21
Q

What are the two major types of monocytes and macrophages

A

M1

M2

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22
Q

What is the M1 macrophage function

A

plays a role in inflammation

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23
Q

What is the M2 macrophage function

A

tissue repair and control of inflammation

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24
Q

What molecule induces M2 macrophages

A

IL-4 and IL-13

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25
When will monocytes differentiate into macrophages
once they leave the blood and enter the tissue
26
WHat are the two major functions of dendritic cells
initiate inflammatory response and the adaptive immune response antigen processing and presentation
27
What type of phagocytes are involved in acute inflammation
neutraphils
28
What type of phagocytes are involved in chronic inflammation
macrophages
29
What is the brief process of phagocytosis
``` extension of pseudopodia formation of phagosome fusion with lysosome to form phagosome digestion exocytosis ```
30
What receptors can LPS bind to
CD14 or TLR-4
31
Where are toll receptors found
macrophages and neutrophils
32
What do Toll like receptors recognize
sequences among different pathogens
33
Where is CD14 found
macrophages and neutrophils
34
What does CD14 bind
LPS
35
What do Pattern recognition receptors recognize
pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)
36
What are examples of the toll receptors
CD14 and TLR-4
37
What are examples of pattern recognition receptors
Toll receptors NOD receptors RIG receptors CR3 and CR4 complement receptors
38
What is the downstream effect of NLRP-3
NOD like receptor that initiates inflammation through an inflammasome Generates IL-1 beta
39
What is the pathogen target of TLR-4
LPS
40
Where are higher numbered TLR found
intracellular | recognize viral components
41
What is the purpose of opsonization
enhances phagocytosis by binding to a pathoge and directly delivering it to a phagocytic cell
42
What are the 2 opsonisn
IgG and C3b
43
What receptor do IgG and C3b bind to in order to activate opsonization
CD16
44
Where is CD16 found
on the membrane of phagocytes
45
What will be seen in an individual with an Ig deficiency
only innate complement pathways are working recurrent bacterial infections that are severe due to lack of opsonization
46
What will be seen in an individual with a deficiency in oxygen-dependent killing
severe immunodeficiency
47
What type of killing is most powerful
oxygen-dependent killing
48
What are the 3 phagocytic killing mechanisms
oxygen-dependent oxygen-independent engulfment
49
How is NO generated in phagocytic and non-phagocytic cells
inducible nitric oxide synthetase (iNOS)
50
What are the different mechanisms of oxygen independent killing
Capthepsin G Lactoferrin Lysozyme Defensins
51
What does capthepsin G use to kill cells
neutral proteas
52
What does Lactoferring use to kill cells
iron
53
What is the function of Lysozyme
breaks down peptidoglycan
54
What is the function of defensins
punches holes in cells
55
What is the effectiveness of oxygen independent killing
not very effective
56
Where will oxygen independent killing occur
lysosome
57
WHere will oxygen dependent killing occur
phagosome
58
What is the function of NADPH oxidase in oxygen dependent killing
takes molecular oxygen and converts it to superoxide radicals (Hydrogen peroxide)
59
What is the importance of the radicals created by NADPH
radicals are unstable and will degrade to kill a pathogen within the phagolysosome
60
Where will H2O2 be produced in oxygen dependent killing
NADPH oxidase or by a bacteria once it enters phagosome
61
What is the function of myeloperoxidase
takes hydrogen peroxide and converts it to bleach
62
When is myeloperoxidase used
if NADPH oxidase isn't working
63
What causes chronic granulomatous disease
deficiency in NADPH oxidase, x chromosome
64
What are the results of chronic granulomatous disease
frequent infections with catalase positive bacteria and fungi (these organisms can break down H2O2)
65
Why will an individual with CGD not have recurrent catalase negative infections
catalase negative organisms will produce H2O2 which can be converted into bleach
66
How will a myeloperoxidase deficiency present
mild or asymptomatic as NADPH oxidase will kill organisms
67
What assembles an inflammasome
NLRP-3, an adaptor, and inactive caspase
68
What occurs to the caspase as a result of the inflammasome
activates the caspase
69
What does the activation of the caspase result in
expression of active caspase (converts from Pro-IL1 to active form to initiate inflammation)
70
What is produced by an inflmmasome
IL-1 and IL-18
71
What are IL-1 and IL-18
potent inflammatory cytokines
72
What will occur in a gain of function mutation of an inflammasome
``` inflammatory diseases (gout, atherosclerosis, type 2 dm) ```
73
What will be the effect of mutation in signaling molecules affecting TLRs
recurrent severe bacterial infections (pneumonia)
74
What will be the effect of NOD-2 mutations
IBD
75
A patient presents with recurrent infections of mycobacterium. What is likely mutated in this patient's innate immune system
IL-12 and IFN gamma receptor deficiencies
76
Activation of what induces inflammation
macrophages
77
What is diapedesis
cells leaving blood and entering tissue
78
How will activation of macrophages lead to inflammation
production of cytokines recruitement of neutrophils phagocytosis
79
What is acute inflamamtion
inflammation in which cells are going to a specific site
80
What are the steps of inflammation
``` recruitment of WBC rolling adhesion tight binding diapedesis migration ```
81
What molecules are involved in rolling adhesion
selectins and muscins
82
On vascular epithelium, what are the selectins
P-selectin | E-selectin
83
On neutrophils what is the muscins
sialyl lewis carbohydrates
84
What molecules are involved in tight binding
integrins ICAM-1 CD18
85
What will occur during transendothelial migration
molecules such as histamine will increase space in junction of tissue allowing neutrophils to cross, causes fluid to leak into tissue causing swelling and vasodilation
86
What causes an infected area to become warm and red
histamine, prostaglandins, leukotrienes causing vasodilation
87
What is absent in leukocyte adhesion deficiency and what does this prevent
CD18 is absent prevents leukocytes from migrating from blood into tissues
88
What are signs of leukocyte adhesion deficiency
Ophalitis recurrent chornic bacterial infections no abscess or pus formation excess neutrophils in the blood
89
What is omphalitis
swelling of umbilical cord stump
90
What might be deficient in a newborn with omphalitis
CD18
91
What are the pro-inflammatory cytokines
IL-1, IL-6, TNF alpha
92
What is the function of IL-8
chemotaxis of neutrophils | results in the tight binding of CD18 integrin to vascular epithelium
93
Where is IL-8 released from
macrophages
94
What is the function prostaglandins and leukotrienes
increase vasodilation and vascular permeability
95
Where are prostaglandins and leukotrienes released from
mast cells
96
What is the function of C5a in acute inflammatory response
chemoctactic molecule that recruits cells from vasculature into the tissue
97
What are the pro-inflammatory cytokines
IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha
98
What are the effects of the pro-inflammatory cytokines systemically on the liver
activation of complement opsonization
99
What are the effects of the pro-inflammatory cytokines systemically on the bone marrow endothelium
neutrophil mobilization for phagocytosis
100
What are the effects of the pro-inflammatory cytokines systemically on the hypothalamus
increased body temperature
101
What are the effects of the pro-inflammatory cytokines systemically on the fat, muscle
protein and energy mobilization to generate increased body temperature
102
What are the effects of the pro-inflammatory cytokines systemically on the dendritic cells
TNF-alpha stimulates migration to lymph nodes and maturation
103
What is the function of leukotriene B4
chemotaxis
104
What is the function of C5a and C3a
anaphylatoxins that will cause degranulation of a mast cell and increase vasodilation and vascular permeability
105
How are complement reactive proteins used clinically
marker of inflammation, increased in MI
106
What releases complement reactive proteins
liver
107
What is a left shift
increased numbers of imamture neutrophils in the blood, bone marrow cannot keep up with body's demands
108
What is an example of a systemic inflammatory response
fever
109
Where are IFN alpha and beta produced
alpha: leukocytes beta: fibroblasts
110
What interferons are made in direct response to viral infections
IFN alpha and beta
111
What is the major innate response to viruses
release of interferon | surrounding cells take up the interferon and shut down protein synthesis
112
After the virus is gone, what occurs to cells that temporally shut down protein syntehsis
resume protein synthesis
113
Why does interferon degrade mRNA
inhibits protein synthesis to prevent viral replication
114
What are the functions of IFN
resistence to viral replication increase MHC class I expression and antigen presentation in all cells Activate NK cells
115
What is the function of NK cells
kill viral infected and transformed cells
116
What markers are found on NK cells
CD16 and CD56
117
What are the two ways in which NK cells work to kill
degranulation | apoptosis
118
What do the NK cells secrete to cause degranulation
perforin
119
How does apoptosis occur
FasL on NK binds to Fas on target cell and induces target cell to commit suicide
120
What is the differentiating factor between NK cells and cytotoxic cells
cytotoxic cells recognize the antigen through class 1 MHC
121
What cells will be targeted by NK cells
cells with decreased MHC class 1 expression
122
What are the two classes of receptors on NK cells
inhibitory | activating
123
What are the inhibitory receptors on NK cells
KIR
124
What are the activating receptors on NK cells
KAR
125
What is the function of KR receptors
recognize MHC alpha chains
126
What receptor will override the other n NK cells
Inhibitory overrides activation receptor
127
Where will a stress molecule bind to a NK cell
KAR
128
RBCs are anucleate and do not express class 1 MHC. Why aren't they targeted by NKs
don't bind to KAR thus they are left alone
129
What type of cells will express class 1 MHC
nucleated cells that aren't infected or cancerous
130
Outline the collaboration of macrophages and NK cells
interferone gamma from NK cells stimualtes macrophages macrophages produce IL12 that stimulates NK cells
131
What are the proinflammatory cytokines
IL-1 IL-6 TNF alpha IL-8
132
What secretes the proinflammatory cytokines
macrohages
133
What is the chemokine
IL-8

LECOM Microbiology MS1 (22 decks)

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