Gram Positive Rods (Exam 1) Flashcards
1
Q
List the aerobic spore forming gram positive rods
A
bacillis anthracis
bacillis cereus
2
Q
List the anaerobic spore forming gram positive rods
A
clostridium spp
3
Q
List the non-spore forming gram positive rods
A
Listeria
corynebacterium
4
Q
What type of shape does listeria have
A
uniform
5
Q
What type of shape does corynebacterium have
A
irregular cornyform
6
Q
What type of disease does bacillus anthracic give rise to
A
anthrax
7
Q
What type of disease does bacillus cereus give rise to
A
gastroenteritis
8
Q
What organism displays a box car like arrangement
A
bacillus anthracis
9
Q
How will bacillus anthracis appear on gram stain
A
gram positive rods, boxy car with spores in chains
10
Q
Describe the O2 requirements for anthrax and its motility
A
non-motile
aerobic: needs O2 to survive
11
Q
If bacillus anthracis does not have o2 what occurs
A
it makes a spore
12
Q
Where is anthrax found
A
ubiquitous, air, water, soil, vegetation
13
Q
What are virulence factors produced by bacillus anthracis
A
capsule
anthrax toxin
endospore
14
Q
What type of capsule is seen on bacillus anthrax
A
poly-D glutamic capsule: amino acid/protein capsule
15
Q
What type of charge does the bacillus anthrax capsule have
A
negative charge
16
Q
What is the function of bacillus anthrax capsule
A
inhibits host phagocytosis and host immune response
17
Q
What encodes the capsule of anthrax
A
pxO1 plasmid
18
Q
What encodes the anthrax toxin
A
pXO1
19
Q
How many components compose the anthrax toxin
A
three
20
Q
What are the three components of the anthrax toxin
A
Protective antigen (PA) Edema factor (EF) Lethal factor (LF)
21
Q
What are the different ways the anthrax toxin can combine
A
EF+PA= edema toxin LF+PA= lethal toxin
22
Q
WHat is te physiological effect of edema toxin from anthrax
A
activates adenylate cyclase. increases cAMP causing edema
23
Q
What is the physiological effect of the lethal toxin of anthrax
A
Zinc dependent protease cleaves MAP kinase causing cell death
24
Q
What are the different types of anthrax
A
cutaneous
inhalation
gastrointestinal
25
How is anthrax transmitted
most commonly infects wild and domestic hoofed animals
spread through direct contact with bacteria and spores
26
Is anthrax human to human transfer
no
27
What is the most common form of anthrax
cutaneous
28
How will cutaneous anthrax present
enters through skin, first cause edema (edema toxin) then a black pustule eschar (lethal toxin)
29
How is pulmonary anthrax transmitted
inhalation of spores from contaminated soil, dried or processed skins, and hides, or infected animals
30
Do spores have a taste or smell
no
31
How many anthrax spores do you need for infection
2500
32
How will pulmonary anthrax present
initial influenza symptoms: fever, myalgia, cough malais
rapid progression into respiratory distress, fever, shock, and death
33
What organism is associated with mediastinal widening
bacillus anthrax (inhalation)
34
Describe the course of infection of inhalation anthrax
Into the lungs. Macrophages ingest the spores and go to mediastinal lymph nodes
Spores germiante into active bacilli and produce toxins that lyse the macrophages and release bacilli into bloodstream
More toxins produced
35
What are possible ways to get GI anthrax
ingesting undercooked meat from anthrax infected animals
drink unchlorinated water harboring anthrax spores
36
How will GI anthrax present
abdominal distress, fever, septicemia, death
37
What population is at risk of developing anthrax
workers who process hides, hair, wool, bone, and bone products
ranchers
veterinarians
bioterrorism
38
How is anthrax diagnosed
Culture on blood agar
gram stain
PCR for anthrax toxin genes
39
How does anthrax cultured on blood agar help identify
characteristic colony morphology: large, dry, colonies with irregular edges
40
What are two forms of bacillus cereus
Emetic
| Diarrhea
41
What is the incubation and duration time of emetic bacillus cereus
<6 hours incubation
| 8-10 hours duration
42
What is the incubation and duration time of diarrhea bacillus cereus
>6 hours incubation
| 20-36 hours duration
43
What toxin is responsible for the emetic form of Bacillus cereus
heat stable enterotoxin
44
What toxin is responsible for the diarrhea Bacillus cerus
heat labile enterotoxin
45
How does the heat labile enterotoxin lead to diarrhea
increases cAMP, leads to profuse watery diarrhea
46
What foods are associated with emetic bacillus cereus
rice
47
What foods are associated with diarrhea bacillus
meats and veggies
48
How will bacillus cereus lead to ocular infections
transmission via trauma to the eye with an object contaminated with soil
49
What toxins are involved in ocular infections of bacillus cereus
necrotic toxin
cereolysin
phospholipase C
50
How will listeria monocytogenes appear on gram stain
gram positive rods
51
What is the oxygen requirement of listeria monocytogenes
facultative anaerobe, intracellular
52
Describe the motility of listeria monocytogenes
highly motile
53
What are the two ways that listeria is highly motile
flagella and actin tails
54
How does flagella aid in listeria movement
extracellular, allows end over end tumbling motility
55
How does actin tails aid in listeria movement
intracellular
56
Where are listeria monocytogenes found
Normally found in soil, vegetation, water, and intestinal tract of many animals
57
What is the preferred temperature for Listeria growth
1-45C
58
Describe how listeriosis will present in pregnant women
flu like illness
59
How does a pregnant women get listeria
ingestion
60
What is a concern for pregnant women who get listeria
crosses the placenta
61
Describe how listeriosis will present in a fetus
still born
62
How did a fetus contract listeria
crossed the placenta
63
How does listeriosis present in a newborn
neonatal meningitis
64
How did a newborn contract listeria
during birth
65
How will listeriosis present in immunocompromised/elderly adults
meningitis
66
How did immunocompromised and elderly adults get listeria
ingestion
67
How is listeriosis transmitted
ingestion of contaminated food
68
What foods are common for listeria
```
milk
soft cheeses
cold cuts
hotdogs
raw veggies
coleslaw
```
69
What is the incubation of listeriosis
11-70 days, average 31
70
What does the long incubation for listeriosis causes
hard to trace a source
71
What is the pathogenesis of listeria
```
Invades M cells
escapes the phagosomes
multiplies
uses actin tail for motility
infects adjacent cells to avoid the immune system
```
72
What are the ways in which listeria causes disease
adheres and invades
escapes phagosome
uses actin tail for motility
73
How do listeria adhere and invade
Internalins
74
What are the internalins of listeria
InlA and InlB
75
What do internalins do in listeria
interact with glycoprotein receptors on host cell surface
76
How do listeria escape phagosome specifically
Listeriolysin O (LLO)
77
What does Listeriolysin O do
lyse the phagosome after endocytosis
78
How does listeria use actin
ActA protein
79
What does ActA protein do
form the actin tail
80
How is listeria diagnosed
culture
cold enrichment
weakly b hemolytic with s. aureus
CAMP test
81
What organism is a CAMP test used to diagnose
Listeria
82
What occurs during a CAMP test
listeria is beta hemolytic when in the presence of S. aureaus; arrowhead shapes
83
What organism can cold enrichment be used to identify
listeria
84
What does listeria do in cold enrichment
grows at colder temps than other organisms
85
How will cornybacterium diptheria appear on gram stain
gram positive rods with irregular club like shape
86
What is the reservoir for cornybacterium diptheria
humans
87
What are the two types of diphtheria infections
respiratory
| cutaneous
88
How is respiratory diptheria infections transmitted
respiratory aerosols
89
How is cutaneous diphtheria infections transmitted
skin contact
90
What is the main virulence factor of corynebacterium diptheria
diptheria toxin
91
What is the diptheria toxin
phage mediated, produced at site of infection and dissemianthe through the blood
92
Where are receptors for diphtheria toxin
on heart and nerve cells
93
What is the mode of action of the diptheria toxin
ADP ribosyl transferase
| Inactivates elongation factor 2 to inhibit protein synthesis
94
What organism is associated with a thick gray pseudomembrane in the pharynx
respiratory diptheria
95
What causes the damage in respiratory diptheria
exotoxin
96
How will respiratory diptheria present
malais, sore throat, fever, exudative pharyngitis
97
What is incubation period for respiratory diptheria
2-4 days
98
What are potential complications of respiratory diptheria
myocarditis
| neurotoxicity
99
What will happen if you scrape the pseudomembrane of diptheria
it will bleed
100
Why will the pseudomembrane of diptheria bleed
combination of bacteria, WBC, and necrotic tissue
101
How will cutaneous diptheria present
chronic non healing ulcer
102
How does one get cutaneous diptheria
skin contact, gains entry to subcutaneous tissue through break in skin
103
How is cornybacterium diptheria diagnoses
cysteine tellurite blood agar
104
How does cornybacterium diptheria appear on cysteine tellurite blood agar
grayish black colonise (tellurite)
brown halos surrounding (cysteine)
105
What is the vaccination for diptheria
DTap
| Tdap
