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LECOM Microbiology MS1 > Gram Negative Rods (Exam 1) > Flashcards

Gram Negative Rods (Exam 1) Flashcards

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1
Q

Where are enterobacteriaceae found

A

ubiquitous: soil, water, vegetation, intestinal tract of humans and animals

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2
Q

What are the air requirements of enterics

A

facultative anaerobes: can survive with or without O2

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3
Q

List the gram stain results for enterobacteria

A

Gram negative

rods

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4
Q

What is the oxidase result of enerobacteriaea

A

Negative

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5
Q

What is the catalase of enterics

A

positive

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6
Q

Do enterobacteriae ferment glucose

A

yes

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7
Q

What type of agar is used to grow enterics

A

MacConkey agar

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8
Q

What type of transmission is shown by enterics

A

human to human

animal to human

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9
Q

What are the common virulence factors of enterics

A

capsule
Flagella
Endotoxin

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10
Q

What are the antigens of the capsule for enterics

A

K antigen

Vi antigen in salmonella

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11
Q

What are the antigens of the flagella

A

H antigen

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12
Q

What type of secretion system do enterobacteria use

A

Type III

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13
Q

How are bacteria typed

A

H antigen

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14
Q

How are endotoxins typed

A

O antigen

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15
Q

Where is LPS contained gram negatives

A

outer membrane

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16
Q

What is MacConkey agar selective for

A

gram-negative rods

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17
Q

What is MacConkey agar differential for

A

lactose fermenters

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18
Q

How does MacConkey show when it differentiates

A

purple growing colonies: lactose +

beige colonies: lactose -

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19
Q

What is EMB agar selective for

A

gram-negative rods; lactose fermenters

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20
Q

How will EMB colony growth appear

A

dark colonies

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21
Q

How will E. coli appear on EMB

A

metallic green

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22
Q

What specific organisms grow on MacConkey

A 
E. coli
Salmonella
Shigella
Yersinia
Klebsiella
Proteus
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23
Q

What specific organisms are lactose +

A

E. coli and Klebsiella

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24
Q

What specific organisms are lactose -

A

Salmonella, shigella, Yersinia, Proteus

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25
Q

What organism can be used as an indicator of fecal contamination of water supplies

A

E. coli

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26
Q

What enteric is associated with traveler’s diarrhea

A

ETEC

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27
Q

What does ETEC stand for

A

Enterotoxin E. coli

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28
Q

What are the two toxins produced by ETEC

A

LT1

STa

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29
Q

What is LT1

A

heat labile enterotoxin

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30
Q

What is STa

A

heat stabile enterotoxin

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31
Q

What is the mechanism of LT1

A

increases cAMP

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32
Q

What is the mechanism of STa

A

increases cGMP

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33
Q

How ETEC transmitted

A

consumption of fecal contaminated food/water

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34
Q

What is the incubation period for ETEC

A

24-72 hours

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35
Q

What is the duration of ETEC

A

3-5 days

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36
Q

What are the symptoms of ETEC

A

explosive watery diarrhea
abdominal cramps
Fever +/-
nausea/vomiting

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37
Q

How does EIEC cause illness

A

invaded GI epithelium

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38
Q

Does EIEC use an enterotoxin

A

no

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39
Q

What is the incubation period for EIEC

A

10-18 hours

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40
Q

What is the durration of EIEC

A

3-5 days

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41
Q

What are the symptoms of EIEC

A

watery diarrhea
fever
abdominal cramps
bloody diarrhea

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42
Q

What is unique to the diarrhea of EIEC

A

starts watery diarrhea then turns to bloody diarrhea

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43
Q

What population is most effected by EPEC

A

Infants

those in developing countries

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44
Q

How are infants most susceptible during EPEC

A

dehydration; can be fatal

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45
Q

What does EPEC stand for

A

enteropathogenic e. coli

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46
Q

How does EPEC cause disease

A

attachment using pili, destruction of microvilli, cell death

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47
Q

What feature does EPEC cause with disease

A

lesions in the GI tract

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48
Q

What are the symptoms of EPEC

A

watery diarrhea, fever, vomiting

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49
Q

What population will be affected by enteroaggregative E. coli

A

infants and travelers

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50
Q

What are the symptoms of EAggEC

A

persisten watery diarrhea for >14 days

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51
Q

What is unique about the diarrhea of EAggEC

A

persisten for > 14 days

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52
Q

How does EAggEC cause disease

A

cells for aggregates that secrete mucus and form a biofilm

enterotoxins can increase in fluids leading to watery diarrhea

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53
Q

What toxins are released by EAggEC

A

EAST and PET toxins

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54
Q

What do EAST and PET toxins lead to

A

increased fluid secretion and watery diarrhea

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55
Q

What type of E. coli will produce a Shiga-like toxin

A

STEC

EHEC

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56
Q

What does EHEC stand for

A

enterohemorrhagic

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57
Q

What is the serotype of EHEC

A

O157:H7

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58
Q

The O part of a serotype is what

A

O antigen

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59
Q

The H part of a serotype is what

A

flagellar antigen

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60
Q

Where is EHEC normally found

A

normally in GI tract of cattle, goats, sheep

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61
Q

How is EHEC spread

A

fecal-oral (children at petting zoos)

62
Q

What is the infective dose of EHEC

A

10-100 organisms

63
Q

What type of toxin is produced by EHEC

A

shiga-like toxins

64
Q

Where are the genes for shiga-like toxins found

A

phage

65
Q

What is the mode of action of the toxin produced by EHEC

A

binds to 28SrRNA and disrupts protein synthesis

66
Q

Where are the receptors for shiga toxin found

A

intestinal cells and kidney cells

67
Q

How might EHEC affect the kidneys

A

toxin spread throughout the blood stream and binds to the kidney, the bacteria stay in the gut

68
Q

What are the incubation period of EHEC

A

3-4 days

69
Q

How long does EHEC last

A

3-7 days

70
Q

What are the symptoms of EHEC

A

watery diarrhea progresses to gross bloody diarrhea
severe stomach cramps
low grade fever
vomiting

71
Q

What is unique about the diarrhea of EHEC

A

starts as watery diarrhea but becomes grossly bloody

72
Q

What are the two syndromes associated with EHEC

A

Hemorrhagic colitis

hemolytic uremic syndrome

73
Q

What is hemorrhagic colitis

A

bloody diarrhea

74
Q

How will hemolytic uremic syndrome associated with EHEC present

A

hemolytic anemia
renal failure
thrombocytopenia

75
Q

Who is most at risk for developing HUS

A

children and elderly

76
Q

What percent of O157:H7 cases progress to HUS

A

5-10%

77
Q

What is the treatment for hemolytic uremic syndrome associated with EHEC

A

fluids, supportive care, dialysis

78
Q

What antibiotics should be used in HUS

A

none, it will exacerbate the disease

79
Q

What agar can be used to diagnoses EHEC

A

SMAC

80
Q

What is SMAC

A

sorbitol MacConkey agar

81
Q

95% of E. coli cultured on SMAC are what

A

lactose +

sorbitol +

82
Q

O157:H7 cultured on SMAC are what

A

lactose +

sorbitol -

83
Q

What are the laboratory diagnostic methods for EHEC

A

serotyping using O157 and H7 antiserums

direct detection of shiga-like toxin (verotoxin)

direct PCR to detect presence of SLT genes

84
Q

What is the leading cause of UTI

A

E. coli, endogenous infection

85
Q

How does E. coli cause UTIs

A

uses pili to ascend into bladder

86
Q

What is one of the major causes of neonatal meningitis

A

E. coli

87
Q

How does E. coli lead to septicemia

A

starts in GI tract or urinary tract and spreads

88
Q

What are the two species of Salmonella

A

S. enterica

S bongori

89
Q

What will be the lactose fermentation results of salmonella

A

Lactose neg

90
Q

What is the H2S results of salmonella

A

H2S positive

91
Q

What are the 2 common diseases caused by Salmonella enterica

A

Typhoid fever

Enteric infections

92
Q

What strain of Salmonella enterica causes typhoid fever

A

S. typhi

93
Q

What strain of Salmonella enterica causes tyenteric infections with diarrhea

A

S enteritidis

94
Q

What animals/reservoir are salmonella enterica associated with

A

humans and warm blood animals

95
Q

What animals/reservoir is salmonella bongori associated with

A

cold-blooded animals

96
Q

How is salmonella typhi transmitted

A

fecal oral route

97
Q

Where does ingested salmonella typhi spread inside the body

A

small intestine to macrophages, lymphoid tissue, liver, and gall bladder

98
Q

How can the gall bladder play a role in salmonella typhi carriers

A

bacteria grow in gall bladder and reach instestine thorugh bile duct

99
Q

How long can someone shed salmonella in their feces

A

1 year

100
Q

What are the symptoms of typhoid fever

A 
fever
headache
abdominal pain
constipation
anorexia
malais
101
Q

What is found in 25% of the typhoid fever cases

A

rose spots (rash) on abdomen

102
Q

What symptoms are unique to typhoid fever

A

constipation

rose spots on abdomen

103
Q

What population is predisposed to salmonella infections

A

Sickle cell anemia

104
Q

What can salmonella cause in sickle cell patients

A

osteomyelitis

105
Q

What is salmonellosis causes by

A

S. enteridis

106
Q

What is S. enteridis

A

non-typhi serotype of salmonella

107
Q

What is the transmission of salmonellosis

A

fecal oral

108
Q

What is the incubation for salmonellosis

A

6-48 hours

109
Q

What are the symptoms of salmonellosis

A

diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, fever, abdominal cramps

110
Q

What does a salmonella infection rely on

A

ability to attach and invade columnar epithelial cells and M cells

111
Q

Where does salmonella infection divide in epithelial or M cells

A

phagocytic vesicles

112
Q

What occurs after duplicating in macrophages

A

it kills macrophages and spreads to nearby cells

113
Q

What are the four shigella species that are human pathogens

A

Shigella dysenteriae
Shigella boydii
Shigella flexneri
Shigella sonnei

114
Q

Which shigella spp is common in the US

A

shigella sonnei

115
Q

Which shigella spp is most severe disease

A

Shigella dysenteriae

116
Q

What is the reservoir for shigella

A

humans only, no animals

117
Q

What are the lactose of Shigella

A

nonfermenters

118
Q

What is the H2S of Shigella

A

negative

119
Q

What is another name for shigellosis

A

bacillary dysentery

120
Q

How is shigella transmitted

A

fecal oral route

121
Q

What is the infection dose for shigella

A

low; 10 organisms

122
Q

What population is most at risk for contracting shigella

A

children, daycare centers, schools

123
Q

What is the incubation for shigella

A

1-4 days

124
Q

What is the duration of shigella

A

2-3 days

125
Q

What are the symptoms of shigella

A

watery diarrhea
abdominal cramps
fever
bloody diarrhea with mucus

126
Q

What is the treatment for shigella

A

supportive therapy; prevent dehydration

127
Q

When will antibiotics be used in shigella infections

A

immunocompromised individuals

128
Q

what does shigella use to propel from cell to cell

A

actin

129
Q

What are the virulence factors of shigella

A

invasion proteins

130
Q

What are the invasion proteins of shigella

A

IpaA, IpaB, IpaC, IpaD

131
Q

Where are invasion proteins of shigella located

A

large plasmid

132
Q

How are shigella invasion proteins passed on

A

secreted by type III secretion system

133
Q

What is the toxin secreted by shigella

A

Shiga toxin

134
Q

What is the mode of action for the Shiga toxin

A

cleaves 28SrRNA to inhibit protein synthesis

135
Q

What is the lactose result of Klebsiella

A

fermenter

136
Q

What is the Indole of Klebsiella result

A

negative

137
Q

Which bacterium is indole positive

A

e. coli

138
Q

What organisms is associated with a currant jelly sputum

A

Klebsiella pneumoniae

139
Q

How will klebsiella pneumoniae present

A

thick bloody sputum

140
Q

What are the risk factors for getting klebsiella pneumoniae

A

elderly males

immunocompromised

141
Q

What disease is caused by klebsiella granumoatous

A

granuloma inguinale

142
Q

How will granuloma inguinale present

A

painless ulcer on genitalia

143
Q

How is granuloma inguinal transmitted

A

sexual contact

144
Q

What disease is associated with proteius

A

UTI

145
Q

What are the two proteus strains

A

proteus mirabilis

proteus vulgaris

146
Q

What type of organism will display swarming motility

A

proteus

147
Q

What is the main virulence factor of proteus

A

urease

148
Q

What does urease do

A

convert urea into ammonia and CO2

149
Q

What does urease end up causes

A

increase in urine pH

150
Q

What does an increase in urine pH cause

A

formation of kidney stone

151
Q

What type of calculus is formed by proteus

A

staghorn calculi

LECOM Microbiology MS1 (22 decks)

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