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LECOM Microbiology MS1 > Micro--Master Deck > Flashcards

Micro--Master Deck Flashcards

1
Q

S. aureus Gram typing and shape

A

gramp positive

cocci clusters

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2
Q

S. aurease catalase, coagulase, Mannitol Salt agar, hemolytic characteristics

A

Catalase +
Coagulase +
Yellow
Hemolytic: beta

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3
Q

S. aureas. Is it resistant to beta-lactam

A

Yes

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4
Q

What oxygen requirement does S. aureaus have

A

Facultative anaerobe

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5
Q

What gene (from enterococci) does S. aureus have

A

vanA

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6
Q

What bug is SSSS from

A

S. aureus

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7
Q

What is the virulence factor involved in SSSS?mechanism?

A

exfoliative toxins

serine proteases split desmosomes

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8
Q

What population at risk with SSSS

A

neonates and young children (vaginal birth)

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9
Q

What are the s/s of SSSS? (x5)

A 
perioral erythema
fluid-filled cutaneous blisters, not-suppurative
sloughing of skin
no scarring
death from secondary bacterial infection
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10
Q

What bug causes bullous impetigo

A

S. aureus

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11
Q

Virulence factor involved in bullous impetigo? mechanism?

A

Suppurative exfoliative toxin; serine proteases split desmosomes

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12
Q

What population is at risk with bullous impetigo? Transmission?

A

direct contact with blisters

young children and infants

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13
Q

What are s/s of bullous impetigo

A

fluid filled cutaneous blisters that CONTAIN ORGANISM

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14
Q

What is a bug that causes Gastroenteritis

A

S. aureus

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15
Q

Virulence factor involved in gastroenteritis? Mechanism

A

enterotoxin: a superantigen–causes mast cell emesis, heat and acid resistant

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16
Q

Population at risk with gastroenteritis. mode of transmission

A

toxin containing foods; reheating kills the bacteria but not the toxin

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17
Q

What are s/s of gastroenteritis

A

severe vomiting
abdominal pain
diarrhea

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18
Q

What 2 bugs cause TSS.

A

S. aureus

S. pyogenes

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19
Q

What two characteristics of S. aureus make it have a low affinity for beta-lactams

A

MRSA

mecA gene

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20
Q

Virulence factor involved in TSS via S. aureus? Mechanism? What can it cause.

A

Superantigen. heat and proteolysis resistant, penetrates mucosa

causes Cytokine storm

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21
Q

Transmission? at risk population with TSS via S. aureus

A

hyperabsorbant tampons

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22
Q

S/S of TSS via S. aureus x4-7

A 
fever
hypotension
diffuse macular erythematous rash
skin desquamates (+palms and soles)
hypovolemic shock
multi-system organ failure
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23
Q

Catalase + bug causing impetigo?

Catalase - bug causing impetigo?

A

S. aureus

Strep pyogenes

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24
Q

Virulence factor involved in impetigo via S. aureus

A

suppurative organism is present

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25
transmission and population at risk of impetigo
direct contact | young children
26
S/S of impetigo x3
superficial infection small macule--on face and limbs honey crusted lesions
27
Bug causing folliculitis
S. aureus
28
Virulence factor involved in folliculitis
suppurative organism present
29
What is folliculitis
pyogenic infection in the follicle
30
S/S of folliculitis
raised and red hair follicle WITH PUS
31
What bug causes furuncles
S. aureus
32
Virulence factor causing furuncles
suppurative organism present
33
Transmission of furuncles
direct contact
34
S/S of furuncles
large painful raised nodules under dead and necrotic tissue
35
Bug causing carbuncles
S. aureus
36
Virulence factor causing carbuncles
suppurative organism present
37
Transmission/ cause of carbuncles
extension of furuncles INTO SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE
38
S/S of carbuncles x3
fever chills bacteremia (systemic)
39
Gram stain and shape of S. epidermidis
Gram positive cocci clusters
40
Diagnostic characteristics of S. epidermidis | Catalase, coagulase, MSA
Catalase + Coagulase - MSA pink
41
What antibiotic is s. epidermidis sensitive to
Novobiocin
42
2 main diseases caused by s. epidermidis
UTI | endocarditis
43
Virulence factor involved in s. epidermidis endocarditis/UTI
Opportunistic nosocmial ADHESINS PROTEINS
44
Routes of transmission for endocarditis/UTI from s. epidermidis
IV line, catheter- UTI ESP in OLDER/HOSPITALIZED PT
45
S/S of endocarditis x5
``` fever chills malaise fatigue heart murmur ```
46
S/S of UTI x3 s saprophyticus or s. epidermidis
dysuria pyuria erythema around catheter site, organisms in urine
47
Gram stain and shape of S. saprophyticus
gram positive cocci clusters
48
Catalase and coagulase tests for s saprophyticus
Catalase + | Coagulase -
49
What antibiotic is S. saprophyticus resistant to
novobiocin
50
What disease is caused by s. saprophyticus
UTI
51
Virulence factor involved in S. saprophyticus UTI
opportunistic
52
Transmission/pop at risk in a s. saprophyticus UTI
young recently sexually active females
53
10 diseases caused by s. aureus
``` SSSS bullous impetigo impetigo TSS Gastroenteritis folliculitis furuncle carbuncle UTI endocarditis ```
54
What bug is the virulence factor Protein A assoc with? Mechanism
s aureus--binds Fc receptor of IgG, forms immune complexes, prevents clearance
55
Gram stain and shape of S. pyogenes
Gram positive, cocci chains
56
Lab characteristics of S. pyogenes? catalase? Lancefield group? Hemolysis? PYR
Catalase - Lancefield: group A Hemolysis: beta PYR +
57
What antibiotic is S. pyogenes sensitive to
Bacitracin
58
8 diseases/skin infections caused by s. pyogenes
``` impetigo pharyngitis scarlet fever rheumatic fever cellulitis erysipelas necrotizing fasciitis (strep,. gangrene) TSS ```
59
Pharyngitis is causes by what bug
S. pyogenes
60
Virulence factor causing pharyngitis? Mechanism
M protein | degrades C3b and binds Fc receptor
61
Transmission/pop at risk with pharyngitis
Respiratory droplets | Crowding (winter); children and young adults
62
S/S of pharyngitis x5
``` sore throat fever malaise headache POSTERIOR PHARYNX ERYTHEMA WITH EXUDATE ```
63
How is pharyngitis dx
rapid strep test
64
What bug causes scarlet fever
S. pyogenes
65
Virulence factor causing scarlet fever? Mechanism
SPE: heat labile, SUPERANTIGEN mediates pyrogenicity
66
Transmission/POP at risk with scarlet fever
Respiratory droplets | 1-2 days post pharyngitis, children and young adults
67
S/S of scarlet fever x2
Sandpaper rash on chest/extremities but NOT on palms/soles strawberry tongue
68
bug causing Rheumatic fever (RF)
S. pyogenes
69
Virulence factor involved in causing RF? Mechanism
M protein cross reactivity, molecular mimicry
70
Transmission/pop at risk of RF
Respiratory droplets | Days after scarlet fever, children and young adults
71
s/s of RF x4
heart valve damage endocarditis polyarthritis TYPE 2 HYPERSENSITIVITY
72
Bug causing erysipelas
S. pyogenes
73
Transmission of erysipelas
direct contact, through break in the skin
74
S/S of erysipelas x4
``` acute skin infection pain inflammation lymphadenopathy Systemic s/s (fever, chills, leukocytosis) ```
75
Bug causing cellulitis
S. pyogenes
76
S/S of S. pyogenes cellulitis
subcutaneous tissue infection inflammation systemic signs
77
Bug causeing strep gangrene/ necrotizing fasciitis
S. pyogenes
78
Virulence factor from S. pyogenes causing strep gangrene
SPE
79
S/S of strep gangrene
starts as cellulitis (red)--> purple--> blue --> gangrene--> systemic toxicity --> MODs --> death
80
Virulence factor from S. pyogenes causing TSS
SPE
81
Pop at risk/transmission in TSS via s. pyogenes
NOT due to tampons, IS COMMON in pt intensive care
82
s/s of TSS via s. pyogenes x5 what is it not associated with
``` soft tissue inflammation pain at infection site systemic symptoms shock organ failure strep gangrene ``` NOT assoc with pharyngitis
83
What is the MOST COMMON beta hemolytic bug isolated in strep cultures
S. pyogenes
84
What bug can cause acute glomerulonephritis
S. pyogenes
85
Virulence factor causing acute glomerulonephritis via s. pyogenes
Ab against M types--MOLECULAR MIMICRY
86
What disease and bug are associated with TYPE 3 HYPERSENSITIVITY reactions
S. pyogenes; acute glomerulonephritis
87
Gram stain, shape and lancefield group of strep agalactiae
Gram positive cocci chains Group B
88
Lab characteristics of S. agalactiae for catalase | hemolysis CAMP
catalase - hemolysis beta CAMP +
89
What antibiotic is S. agalactiae resistant to
bacitracin
90
What 5 diseases caused by s. agalactiae
``` NEONATAL MENINGITIS bacteremia pneumonia bone/joint/tissue infections in elderly UTI in pregnant women ```
91
Virulence factor/mechanism causing S. agalactiae diseases
capsule, C5a peptidase
92
Gram stain and shape of S. mutans, S. sanguinis. S gallolyticus
positive | cocci chains
93
S. mutans, S. sanguinis. S. gallolyticus have what lab characteristics: catalase and hemolysis
catalase - | hemolysis alpha
94
Disease caused by s. mutans x2
cavities | endocarditis
95
Bug is the number one cause of subacute endocarditis
s. mutans
96
Diseases caused by s. sanguinis x2
bacteremia | endocarditis
97
Diseases caused by s. gallolyticus x3
bacteremia endocarditis colon cancer
98
Gram stain and shape of s pneumoniae
positive | diplo-cocci
99
Catalase and hemolysis characteristics of S. pneumoniae
catalse - | hemolysis alpha
100
Is s. pneumoniae bile sensitive
yes
101
What antibiotic is s. pneumoniae sensitive to
optochin
102
4 diseases caused by s. pneumoniae
typical pneumonia sinusitis/otitis media meningitis bacteremia
103
Virulence factor and its mechanism of S. pneumoniae causing disease
capsule, secretory IgA protease --> PNEUMOLYSIN
104
Transmission of typical pneumonia from s. pneumoniae
respiratory droplets
105
3 bugs are within the viridans streptococci group
s. mutans s. sanguinis s. gallolyticus
106
What bug is the most common cause of COMMUNITY ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA
s. pneumoniae
107
Transmission of sinusitis/otitis media from s. pneumoniae? at risk pop?
respiratory droplets | elderly and children
108
Transmission of meningitis and at risk pop from s. pneumoniae
respiratory droplets | elderly and children
109
Transmission of bacteremia from s. pneumoniae
respiratory droplets
110
S/s of sinusitis and otitis media from s. pneumonia
inner ear infection, sinus infection, headache
111
S/S of typical pneumonia from s. pneumoniae
chills, fever, PRODUCTIVE cough, RUST COLORED SPUTUM, many PMNs, lobar pneumonia
112
S/S of meningitis from S. pneumoniae x4
chills, fever, malaise, stiff neck
113
Gram stain and shape of enterococcus faecalis and enterococcus facium
positive | cocci pairs/chains
114
Catalase, lancefield group, PYR for faecalis and e facium
Catalase - Lancefield Group D PYR +
115
What oxygen requirements do e faecalis and e facium have
facultative anaerobe
116
Do e faecalis and e facium grow on BA and Chocolate agar
yes
117
E. faecalis and e. facium growth appearance on bile esculin
black colonies
118
Are e. faecalis and e. facium resistant to bile
yes
119
What antibiotic are e. faecalis and e. facium resistant to
optochin
120
4 diseases caused by e. faecalis and e. facium
UTI peritonitis endocarditis intra-abdominal abscess and wound infections
121
Virulence factors or e. faecalis and e. facium
commensal--> NO TOXINS do have: surface adhesins, cytolysin, gelatinase, chemoattractants
122
How can e. faecalis and e. facium be differentiated from strep in terms of agar/media/growth capabilities
can grow in HIGH salt environments
123
What 3 things are e. faecalis and e. facium resistant to
aminoglycosides beta lactams vancomycin
124
What does it mean if a s. aureus strain is a VRSA
vancomycin resistant s. aureus
125
Is e. faecalis or e. facium found more frequently in normal gut flora
e. faecalis
126
S/s of peritonitis from e. faecalis and e. facium
abdominal swelling tenderness secondary to iatrogenic injury during abdominal surgery
127
Gram stain and shape of all e coli
gram negative rods
128
Catalase, oxidase, indole, MacConkey, and EMB results for e. coli
``` catalase + oxidase - indole + MacConkey: pink EMB: metallic green ```
129
Are e. coli strains lactose fermenters
yes
130
STEC growth characteristics on Sorbitol-MacConkey
growth, colorless--> non sorbitol fermenters
131
Do ALL E. coli ferment glucose
yes
132
Which e. coli will present with SLT genes after PCR reaction
EHEC
133
other 2 names for EHEC
STEC; E. coli O157:H7
134
5 strains of e. coli that are related to gastroenteritis
``` ETEC EHEC EPEC EAggEC EIEC ```
135
Which E. coli is known as Traveler's diarrhea
ETEC
136
What does ETEC stand for
enterotoxigenic e. coli
137
What two toxins are produced by ETEC? Mechanisms
LT1 (heat labile) and STa (heat stable) | both increase cAMP
138
how is ETEC transmitted
fecal oral
139
What is the onset and duration of s/s from ETEC
24-72hrs 3-5 days
140
s/s associated with ETEC
EXPLOSIVE WATERY DIARRHEA, abdominal cramps, sometimes N/V
141
What does EIEC stand for
enteroinvasive e. coli
142
Virulence factors produced by EIEC? Mechanism
Invading epithelium of GI tract; no enterotoxins
143
Onset and duration of EIEC
10-18h | 3-5 d
144
s/s of EIEC
Watery diarrhea that becomes BLOODY (with leukocytes), fever, abdominal cramps
145
What does EPEC stand for
enteropathogenic e. coli
146
Diseases caused by e. coli
gastroenteritis neonatal meningitis septicemeia UTI
147
What structure/factor is causing a UTI from e. coli
pili adherence
148
What EPEC virulence factor is causing disease? mechanism?
Pili adherence--> destruction of microvilli leads to cell death
149
s/s of EPEC
WATERY diarrhea, fatal dehydration, lesions in GI tract, fever, vomiting
150
What pop is especially at risk of death from dehydration due to EPEC
infants in developing countries
151
What does EAggEC stand for
enteroaggregative e. coli
152
Virulence factor and mechanism for EAggEC
aggregative adherence Fimbriae: cell aggregation, EAST and PET toxins increase fluid secretion and cause watery diarrhea
153
s/s of EAggEC and duration of symptoms
WATERY diarrhea LASTING >14 days
154
pop at risk with EAggEC
infants and toddlers, rare in US
155
Virulence factors present on EHEC? Mechanism
O antigen: LPS H antigen : flagella Stx1 and Stx2 (SLTs) encoded on phage 1A-5B subunit toxin binds to 28rRNA to disrupt protein synthesis
156
Where are receptors for EHEC Stx1 and Stx2 found? How does this present
intestinal cells: diarrhea | kidney cells: kidney damage
157
What are some previously known causes of EHEC outbreaks
``` Jack in the box alfalfa sprouts unpasteurized milk/juice PETTING ZOOS lettus/spinach/fresh produce ```
158
Incubation time and duration of EHEC
3-4 d | 3-7d
159
s/s of EHEC
WATERY diarrhea that becomes BLOODY, severe stomach cramps, low grade/no fever, vomiting (uncommon)
160
2 major syndromes caused by EHEC
hemorrhagic colitis | hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)
161
At risk pop for hemolytic uremic syndrome
children and elderly
162
s/s for HUS caused by EHEC
thrombocytopenia hemolytic anemia renal failure death occurs in 3-5% of pt
163
Treatment options for HUS
supportive care, dialysis | NO ANTIBIOTICS
164
Why do you not want to treat HUS with antibiotics
drugs stress the bacteria out and cause them to pump even more toxin --> exacerbates the disease
165
s/s of hemorrhagic colitis from EHEC
BLOODY diarrhea
166
What 5 species of bugs are considered to be enterobacteriaceae
``` E. coli Salmonella Shigella Klebsiella Proteus ```
167
Common virulence factors found on enterobacteriaceae
K antigen-capsule Vi antigen: salmonella capsule O antigen: endotoxin Type 3 secretion system: toxin delivery method
168
What type of infection is a UTI from E. coli
Endogenous
169
Gram stain and shape of salmonella enterica
gram neg rod
170
MacCOnkey and H2S characteristics for salmonella
growth: clear, non-lactose fermenting H2S +
171
Major disease caused by Salmonella typhi
typhoid fever
172
Major disease caused by S. enteritidis
enteric infection with diarrheas
173
How is s. typhi transmitted
fecal oral
174
What is major risk factor for s. typhi
SICKLE CELL and traveling
175
What is mechanism/spread pattern of s. typhi once it enters the body
small intestine--> macrophages to lymphoid tissue, liver, gallbladder where it hangs out for LONG time before the carrier becomes symptomatic
176
S/S of typhoid feverl
fever, abdominal pain, malaise, headache, anorexia, ROSE SPOTS ON ABD (25% of pts), CONSTIPATION
177
What secondary disease can typhoid fever result in
osteomyleitis (in non-sickle cell patients)
178
VIrulence factor/mechanism of s. typhi
COLONIZATION causes damage by INVASION of M CELLS and epithelial cells; divides in phagocytic vesicles and DOES NOT ESCAPE to cytoplasm of the host cell
179
What disease does s. enteritidis cause
salmonellosis (enteric infection, non-typhi serotype)
180
How is salmonellosis transmitted? Food that could put someone at risk
fecal oral route | undercooked chicken, or RAW EGGS/Peter Pan pb
181
Incubation period of salmonellosis? s/s?
6-48hrs | nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fever, abd cramps
182
Gram stain and shape of shigella
negative rod
183
MacConkey and H2S characteristics for shigella
growth (clear, non lactose fermenting) | H2S neg
184
Which strain of shigella causes the most severe disease? Which strain is the most common in the US
shigella dysenteriae S. Sonnei
185
Diseases caused by shigella
shigellosis (bacillary dysentery)
186
Virulence factors of shigella? mechanisms?
INVASION PROTEINS (IpaA-D) : cause invasion of M CELLS and epithelial cells, lysis of phagosome, and release of bacteria into; HIJACKS ACTIN cytoplasm SHIGA TOXIN: binds 28SrRNA, disrupts protein synthesis, receptor on kidney and intestinal cells
187
What two bugs cause HUS
EHEC | Shigella
188
Incubation and duration of shigellosis
1-4d | 2-3d
189
s/s of bacillary dysentery
WATERY DIARRHEA that becomes BLOODY with mucus/leukocytes/ abd cramps, fever
190
Transmission of shigella? pop at risk?
fecal oral | children, daycare centers, schools
191
What is the infective dose of STEC
10-100 organisms
192
What is infective dose of shigella
10 organisms
193
Gram stain and shape of Klebsiella
negative rod
194
MacConkey and indole characteristic for Klebsiella
growth (pink, lactose fermenter), | indole -
195
Diseases caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae
pneumonia and UTI
196
Virulence factor associated with K. pneumoniae
CAPSULE; adheres to lung tissue and urinary tract
197
Risk factors for pneumonia caused by k pneumoniae
``` elderly males alcoholics COPD immunocompromised and hospitlized patients VENT pts ```
198
s/s of pneumonia caused by k. pneumoniae
Thick/bloody sputum; CURRANT JELLY appearance, PRODUCTIVE cough
199
Disease caused by k. granulomatous
granuloma inguinale (aka donovanosis)
200
Risk factors for granuloma inguinale
TRAVELING, not common in US, sexually transmtted
201
Incubation of granuloma inguinale? s/s?
weeks to months, PAINLESS subcutaneous nodule/ulcer on genitalia
202
Gram stain and shape of proteus mirabilis and proteus vulgaris
gram neg rod
203
Lab characteristic for proteus mirabilis and proteus vulgaris
swarming motility appearance of growth on plates
204
Disease caused by proteus mirabilis and proteus vulgaris
UTI
205
Virulence factor for proteus mirabilis and proteus vulgaris? mechanism?
UREASE: breaks down urea into ammonia and CO2; increase urine pH FLAGELLA: swarming PILI: attachment
206
s/s of UTI from proteus mirabilis and proteus vulgaris
kidney stones, STAGHORN CALCULI

LECOM Microbiology MS1 (22 decks)

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