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LECOM Microbiology MS1 > Micro--Master Deck > Flashcards

Micro--Master Deck Flashcards

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1
Q

S. aureus Gram typing and shape

A

gramp positive

cocci clusters

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2
Q

S. aurease catalase, coagulase, Mannitol Salt agar, hemolytic characteristics

A

Catalase +
Coagulase +
Yellow
Hemolytic: beta

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3
Q

S. aureas. Is it resistant to beta-lactam

A

Yes

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4
Q

What oxygen requirement does S. aureaus have

A

Facultative anaerobe

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5
Q

What gene (from enterococci) does S. aureus have

A

vanA

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6
Q

What bug is SSSS from

A

S. aureus

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7
Q

What is the virulence factor involved in SSSS?mechanism?

A

exfoliative toxins

serine proteases split desmosomes

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8
Q

What population at risk with SSSS

A

neonates and young children (vaginal birth)

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9
Q

What are the s/s of SSSS? (x5)

A 
perioral erythema
fluid-filled cutaneous blisters, not-suppurative
sloughing of skin
no scarring
death from secondary bacterial infection
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10
Q

What bug causes bullous impetigo

A

S. aureus

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11
Q

Virulence factor involved in bullous impetigo? mechanism?

A

Suppurative exfoliative toxin; serine proteases split desmosomes

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12
Q

What population is at risk with bullous impetigo? Transmission?

A

direct contact with blisters

young children and infants

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13
Q

What are s/s of bullous impetigo

A

fluid filled cutaneous blisters that CONTAIN ORGANISM

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14
Q

What is a bug that causes Gastroenteritis

A

S. aureus

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15
Q

Virulence factor involved in gastroenteritis? Mechanism

A

enterotoxin: a superantigen–causes mast cell emesis, heat and acid resistant

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16
Q

Population at risk with gastroenteritis. mode of transmission

A

toxin containing foods; reheating kills the bacteria but not the toxin

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17
Q

What are s/s of gastroenteritis

A

severe vomiting
abdominal pain
diarrhea

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18
Q

What 2 bugs cause TSS.

A

S. aureus

S. pyogenes

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19
Q

What two characteristics of S. aureus make it have a low affinity for beta-lactams

A

MRSA

mecA gene

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20
Q

Virulence factor involved in TSS via S. aureus? Mechanism? What can it cause.

A

Superantigen. heat and proteolysis resistant, penetrates mucosa

causes Cytokine storm

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21
Q

Transmission? at risk population with TSS via S. aureus

A

hyperabsorbant tampons

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22
Q

S/S of TSS via S. aureus x4-7

A 
fever
hypotension
diffuse macular erythematous rash
skin desquamates (+palms and soles)
hypovolemic shock
multi-system organ failure
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23
Q

Catalase + bug causing impetigo?

Catalase - bug causing impetigo?

A

S. aureus

Strep pyogenes

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24
Q

Virulence factor involved in impetigo via S. aureus

A

suppurative organism is present

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25
Q

transmission and population at risk of impetigo

A

direct contact

young children

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26
Q

S/S of impetigo x3

A

superficial infection
small macule–on face and limbs
honey crusted lesions

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27
Q

Bug causing folliculitis

A

S. aureus

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28
Q

Virulence factor involved in folliculitis

A

suppurative organism present

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29
Q

What is folliculitis

A

pyogenic infection in the follicle

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30
Q

S/S of folliculitis

A

raised and red hair follicle WITH PUS

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31
Q

What bug causes furuncles

A

S. aureus

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32
Q

Virulence factor causing furuncles

A

suppurative organism present

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33
Q

Transmission of furuncles

A

direct contact

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34
Q

S/S of furuncles

A

large painful raised nodules under dead and necrotic tissue

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35
Q

Bug causing carbuncles

A

S. aureus

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36
Q

Virulence factor causing carbuncles

A

suppurative organism present

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37
Q

Transmission/ cause of carbuncles

A

extension of furuncles INTO SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE

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38
Q

S/S of carbuncles x3

A

fever
chills
bacteremia
(systemic)

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39
Q

Gram stain and shape of S. epidermidis

A

Gram positive cocci clusters

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40
Q

Diagnostic characteristics of S. epidermidis

Catalase, coagulase, MSA

A

Catalase +
Coagulase -
MSA pink

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41
Q

What antibiotic is s. epidermidis sensitive to

A

Novobiocin

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42
Q

2 main diseases caused by s. epidermidis

A

UTI

endocarditis

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43
Q

Virulence factor involved in s. epidermidis endocarditis/UTI

A

Opportunistic nosocmial

ADHESINS PROTEINS

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44
Q

Routes of transmission for endocarditis/UTI from s. epidermidis

A

IV line, catheter- UTI ESP in OLDER/HOSPITALIZED PT

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45
Q

S/S of endocarditis x5

A 
fever
chills
malaise
fatigue
heart murmur
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46
Q

S/S of UTI x3 s saprophyticus or s. epidermidis

A

dysuria
pyuria
erythema around catheter site, organisms in urine

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47
Q

Gram stain and shape of S. saprophyticus

A

gram positive cocci clusters

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48
Q

Catalase and coagulase tests for s saprophyticus

A

Catalase +

Coagulase -

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49
Q

What antibiotic is S. saprophyticus resistant to

A

novobiocin

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50
Q

What disease is caused by s. saprophyticus

A

UTI

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51
Q

Virulence factor involved in S. saprophyticus UTI

A

opportunistic

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52
Q

Transmission/pop at risk in a s. saprophyticus UTI

A

young recently sexually active females

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53
Q

10 diseases caused by s. aureus

A 
SSSS
bullous impetigo
impetigo
TSS 
Gastroenteritis
folliculitis
furuncle
carbuncle
UTI
endocarditis
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54
Q

What bug is the virulence factor Protein A assoc with? Mechanism

A

s aureus–binds Fc receptor of IgG, forms immune complexes, prevents clearance

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55
Q

Gram stain and shape of S. pyogenes

A

Gram positive, cocci chains

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56
Q

Lab characteristics of S. pyogenes? catalase? Lancefield group? Hemolysis? PYR

A

Catalase -
Lancefield: group A
Hemolysis: beta
PYR +

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57
Q

What antibiotic is S. pyogenes sensitive to

A

Bacitracin

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58
Q

8 diseases/skin infections caused by s. pyogenes

A 
impetigo
pharyngitis
scarlet fever
rheumatic fever
cellulitis
erysipelas
necrotizing fasciitis (strep,. gangrene)
TSS
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59
Q

Pharyngitis is causes by what bug

A

S. pyogenes

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60
Q

Virulence factor causing pharyngitis? Mechanism

A

M protein

degrades C3b and binds Fc receptor

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61
Q

Transmission/pop at risk with pharyngitis

A

Respiratory droplets

Crowding (winter); children and young adults

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62
Q

S/S of pharyngitis x5

A 
sore throat
fever
malaise
headache
POSTERIOR PHARYNX ERYTHEMA WITH EXUDATE
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63
Q

How is pharyngitis dx

A

rapid strep test

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64
Q

What bug causes scarlet fever

A

S. pyogenes

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65
Q

Virulence factor causing scarlet fever? Mechanism

A

SPE: heat labile, SUPERANTIGEN mediates pyrogenicity

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66
Q

Transmission/POP at risk with scarlet fever

A

Respiratory droplets

1-2 days post pharyngitis, children and young adults

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67
Q

S/S of scarlet fever x2

A

Sandpaper rash on chest/extremities but NOT on palms/soles

strawberry tongue

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68
Q

bug causing Rheumatic fever (RF)

A

S. pyogenes

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69
Q

Virulence factor involved in causing RF? Mechanism

A

M protein cross reactivity, molecular mimicry

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70
Q

Transmission/pop at risk of RF

A

Respiratory droplets

Days after scarlet fever, children and young adults

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71
Q

s/s of RF x4

A

heart valve damage
endocarditis
polyarthritis
TYPE 2 HYPERSENSITIVITY

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72
Q

Bug causing erysipelas

A

S. pyogenes

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73
Q

Transmission of erysipelas

A

direct contact, through break in the skin

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74
Q

S/S of erysipelas x4

A 
acute skin infection
pain
inflammation
lymphadenopathy
Systemic s/s (fever, chills, leukocytosis)
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75
Q

Bug causing cellulitis

A

S. pyogenes

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76
Q

S/S of S. pyogenes cellulitis

A

subcutaneous tissue infection
inflammation
systemic signs

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77
Q

Bug causeing strep gangrene/ necrotizing fasciitis

A

S. pyogenes

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78
Q

Virulence factor from S. pyogenes causing strep gangrene

A

SPE

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79
Q

S/S of strep gangrene

A

starts as cellulitis (red)–> purple–> blue –> gangrene–> systemic toxicity –> MODs –> death

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80
Q

Virulence factor from S. pyogenes causing TSS

A

SPE

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81
Q

Pop at risk/transmission in TSS via s. pyogenes

A

NOT due to tampons, IS COMMON in pt intensive care

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82
Q

s/s of TSS via s. pyogenes x5

what is it not associated with

A 
soft tissue inflammation
pain at infection site
systemic symptoms
shock organ failure
strep gangrene

NOT assoc with pharyngitis

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83
Q

What is the MOST COMMON beta hemolytic bug isolated in strep cultures

A

S. pyogenes

84
Q

What bug can cause acute glomerulonephritis

A

S. pyogenes

85
Q

Virulence factor causing acute glomerulonephritis via s. pyogenes

A

Ab against M types–MOLECULAR MIMICRY

86
Q

What disease and bug are associated with TYPE 3 HYPERSENSITIVITY reactions

A

S. pyogenes; acute glomerulonephritis

87
Q

Gram stain, shape and lancefield group of strep agalactiae

A

Gram positive
cocci chains
Group B

88
Q

Lab characteristics of S. agalactiae for catalase

hemolysis CAMP

A

catalase -
hemolysis beta
CAMP +

89
Q

What antibiotic is S. agalactiae resistant to

A

bacitracin

90
Q

What 5 diseases caused by s. agalactiae

A 
NEONATAL MENINGITIS
bacteremia
pneumonia
bone/joint/tissue infections in elderly
UTI in pregnant women
91
Q

Virulence factor/mechanism causing S. agalactiae diseases

A

capsule, C5a peptidase

92
Q

Gram stain and shape of S. mutans, S. sanguinis. S gallolyticus

A

positive

cocci chains

93
Q

S. mutans, S. sanguinis. S. gallolyticus have what lab characteristics: catalase and hemolysis

A

catalase -

hemolysis alpha

94
Q

Disease caused by s. mutans x2

A

cavities

endocarditis

95
Q

Bug is the number one cause of subacute endocarditis

A

s. mutans

96
Q

Diseases caused by s. sanguinis x2

A

bacteremia

endocarditis

97
Q

Diseases caused by s. gallolyticus x3

A

bacteremia
endocarditis
colon cancer

98
Q

Gram stain and shape of s pneumoniae

A

positive

diplo-cocci

99
Q

Catalase and hemolysis characteristics of S. pneumoniae

A

catalse -

hemolysis alpha

100
Q

Is s. pneumoniae bile sensitive

A

yes

101
Q

What antibiotic is s. pneumoniae sensitive to

A

optochin

102
Q

4 diseases caused by s. pneumoniae

A

typical pneumonia
sinusitis/otitis media
meningitis
bacteremia

103
Q

Virulence factor and its mechanism of S. pneumoniae causing disease

A

capsule, secretory IgA protease –> PNEUMOLYSIN

104
Q

Transmission of typical pneumonia from s. pneumoniae

A

respiratory droplets

105
Q

3 bugs are within the viridans streptococci group

A

s. mutans
s. sanguinis
s. gallolyticus

106
Q

What bug is the most common cause of COMMUNITY ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA

A

s. pneumoniae

107
Q

Transmission of sinusitis/otitis media from s. pneumoniae? at risk pop?

A

respiratory droplets

elderly and children

108
Q

Transmission of meningitis and at risk pop from s. pneumoniae

A

respiratory droplets

elderly and children

109
Q

Transmission of bacteremia from s. pneumoniae

A

respiratory droplets

110
Q

S/s of sinusitis and otitis media from s. pneumonia

A

inner ear infection, sinus infection, headache

111
Q

S/S of typical pneumonia from s. pneumoniae

A

chills, fever, PRODUCTIVE cough, RUST COLORED SPUTUM, many PMNs, lobar pneumonia

112
Q

S/S of meningitis from S. pneumoniae x4

A

chills, fever, malaise, stiff neck

113
Q

Gram stain and shape of enterococcus faecalis and enterococcus facium

A

positive

cocci pairs/chains

114
Q

Catalase, lancefield group, PYR for faecalis and e facium

A

Catalase -
Lancefield Group D
PYR +

115
Q

What oxygen requirements do e faecalis and e facium have

A

facultative anaerobe

116
Q

Do e faecalis and e facium grow on BA and Chocolate agar

A

yes

117
Q

E. faecalis and e. facium growth appearance on bile esculin

A

black colonies

118
Q

Are e. faecalis and e. facium resistant to bile

A

yes

119
Q

What antibiotic are e. faecalis and e. facium resistant to

A

optochin

120
Q

4 diseases caused by e. faecalis and e. facium

A

UTI
peritonitis
endocarditis
intra-abdominal abscess and wound infections

121
Q

Virulence factors or e. faecalis and e. facium

A

commensal–> NO TOXINS

do have: surface adhesins, cytolysin, gelatinase, chemoattractants

122
Q

How can e. faecalis and e. facium be differentiated from strep in terms of agar/media/growth capabilities

A

can grow in HIGH salt environments

123
Q

What 3 things are e. faecalis and e. facium resistant to

A

aminoglycosides
beta lactams
vancomycin

124
Q

What does it mean if a s. aureus strain is a VRSA

A

vancomycin resistant s. aureus

125
Q

Is e. faecalis or e. facium found more frequently in normal gut flora

A

e. faecalis

126
Q

S/s of peritonitis from e. faecalis and e. facium

A

abdominal swelling
tenderness
secondary to iatrogenic injury during abdominal surgery

127
Q

Gram stain and shape of all e coli

A

gram negative rods

128
Q

Catalase, oxidase, indole, MacConkey, and EMB results for e. coli

A 
catalase +
oxidase -
indole +
MacConkey: pink
EMB: metallic green
129
Q

Are e. coli strains lactose fermenters

A

yes

130
Q

STEC growth characteristics on Sorbitol-MacConkey

A

growth, colorless–> non sorbitol fermenters

131
Q

Do ALL E. coli ferment glucose

A

yes

132
Q

Which e. coli will present with SLT genes after PCR reaction

A

EHEC

133
Q

other 2 names for EHEC

A

STEC; E. coli O157:H7

134
Q

5 strains of e. coli that are related to gastroenteritis

A 
ETEC
EHEC
EPEC
EAggEC
EIEC
135
Q

Which E. coli is known as Traveler’s diarrhea

A

ETEC

136
Q

What does ETEC stand for

A

enterotoxigenic e. coli

137
Q

What two toxins are produced by ETEC? Mechanisms

A

LT1 (heat labile) and STa (heat stable)

both increase cAMP

138
Q

how is ETEC transmitted

A

fecal oral

139
Q

What is the onset and duration of s/s from ETEC

A

24-72hrs

3-5 days

140
Q

s/s associated with ETEC

A

EXPLOSIVE WATERY DIARRHEA, abdominal cramps, sometimes N/V

141
Q

What does EIEC stand for

A

enteroinvasive e. coli

142
Q

Virulence factors produced by EIEC? Mechanism

A

Invading epithelium of GI tract; no enterotoxins

143
Q

Onset and duration of EIEC

A

10-18h

3-5 d

144
Q

s/s of EIEC

A

Watery diarrhea that becomes BLOODY (with leukocytes), fever, abdominal cramps

145
Q

What does EPEC stand for

A

enteropathogenic e. coli

146
Q

Diseases caused by e. coli

A

gastroenteritis
neonatal meningitis
septicemeia
UTI

147
Q

What structure/factor is causing a UTI from e. coli

A

pili adherence

148
Q

What EPEC virulence factor is causing disease? mechanism?

A

Pili adherence–> destruction of microvilli leads to cell death

149
Q

s/s of EPEC

A

WATERY diarrhea, fatal dehydration, lesions in GI tract, fever, vomiting

150
Q

What pop is especially at risk of death from dehydration due to EPEC

A

infants in developing countries

151
Q

What does EAggEC stand for

A

enteroaggregative e. coli

152
Q

Virulence factor and mechanism for EAggEC

A

aggregative adherence
Fimbriae: cell aggregation,
EAST and PET toxins increase fluid secretion and cause watery diarrhea

153
Q

s/s of EAggEC and duration of symptoms

A

WATERY diarrhea LASTING >14 days

154
Q

pop at risk with EAggEC

A

infants and toddlers, rare in US

155
Q

Virulence factors present on EHEC? Mechanism

A

O antigen: LPS
H antigen : flagella
Stx1 and Stx2 (SLTs) encoded on phage 1A-5B subunit toxin

binds to 28rRNA to disrupt protein synthesis

156
Q

Where are receptors for EHEC Stx1 and Stx2 found? How does this present

A

intestinal cells: diarrhea

kidney cells: kidney damage

157
Q

What are some previously known causes of EHEC outbreaks

A 
Jack in the box
alfalfa sprouts
unpasteurized milk/juice
PETTING ZOOS
lettus/spinach/fresh produce
158
Q

Incubation time and duration of EHEC

A

3-4 d

3-7d

159
Q

s/s of EHEC

A

WATERY diarrhea that becomes BLOODY, severe stomach cramps, low grade/no fever, vomiting (uncommon)

160
Q

2 major syndromes caused by EHEC

A

hemorrhagic colitis

hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)

161
Q

At risk pop for hemolytic uremic syndrome

A

children and elderly

162
Q

s/s for HUS caused by EHEC

A

thrombocytopenia
hemolytic anemia
renal failure
death occurs in 3-5% of pt

163
Q

Treatment options for HUS

A

supportive care, dialysis

NO ANTIBIOTICS

164
Q

Why do you not want to treat HUS with antibiotics

A

drugs stress the bacteria out and cause them to pump even more toxin –> exacerbates the disease

165
Q

s/s of hemorrhagic colitis from EHEC

A

BLOODY diarrhea

166
Q

What 5 species of bugs are considered to be enterobacteriaceae

A 
E. coli
Salmonella
Shigella
Klebsiella
Proteus
167
Q

Common virulence factors found on enterobacteriaceae

A

K antigen-capsule
Vi antigen: salmonella capsule
O antigen: endotoxin
Type 3 secretion system: toxin delivery method

168
Q

What type of infection is a UTI from E. coli

A

Endogenous

169
Q

Gram stain and shape of salmonella enterica

A

gram neg rod

170
Q

MacCOnkey and H2S characteristics for salmonella

A

growth: clear, non-lactose fermenting

H2S +

171
Q

Major disease caused by Salmonella typhi

A

typhoid fever

172
Q

Major disease caused by S. enteritidis

A

enteric infection with diarrheas

173
Q

How is s. typhi transmitted

A

fecal oral

174
Q

What is major risk factor for s. typhi

A

SICKLE CELL and traveling

175
Q

What is mechanism/spread pattern of s. typhi once it enters the body

A

small intestine–> macrophages to lymphoid tissue, liver, gallbladder where it hangs out for LONG time before the carrier becomes symptomatic

176
Q

S/S of typhoid feverl

A

fever, abdominal pain, malaise, headache, anorexia, ROSE SPOTS ON ABD (25% of pts), CONSTIPATION

177
Q

What secondary disease can typhoid fever result in

A

osteomyleitis (in non-sickle cell patients)

178
Q

VIrulence factor/mechanism of s. typhi

A

COLONIZATION causes damage by INVASION of M CELLS and epithelial cells; divides in phagocytic vesicles and DOES NOT ESCAPE to cytoplasm of the host cell

179
Q

What disease does s. enteritidis cause

A

salmonellosis (enteric infection, non-typhi serotype)

180
Q

How is salmonellosis transmitted? Food that could put someone at risk

A

fecal oral route

undercooked chicken, or RAW EGGS/Peter Pan pb

181
Q

Incubation period of salmonellosis? s/s?

A

6-48hrs

nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fever, abd cramps

182
Q

Gram stain and shape of shigella

A

negative rod

183
Q

MacConkey and H2S characteristics for shigella

A

growth (clear, non lactose fermenting)

H2S neg

184
Q

Which strain of shigella causes the most severe disease? Which strain is the most common in the US

A

shigella dysenteriae

S. Sonnei

185
Q

Diseases caused by shigella

A

shigellosis (bacillary dysentery)

186
Q

Virulence factors of shigella? mechanisms?

A

INVASION PROTEINS (IpaA-D) : cause invasion of M CELLS and epithelial cells, lysis of phagosome, and release of bacteria into; HIJACKS ACTIN cytoplasm

SHIGA TOXIN: binds 28SrRNA, disrupts protein synthesis, receptor on kidney and intestinal cells

187
Q

What two bugs cause HUS

A

EHEC

Shigella

188
Q

Incubation and duration of shigellosis

A

1-4d

2-3d

189
Q

s/s of bacillary dysentery

A

WATERY DIARRHEA that becomes BLOODY with mucus/leukocytes/ abd cramps, fever

190
Q

Transmission of shigella? pop at risk?

A

fecal oral

children, daycare centers, schools

191
Q

What is the infective dose of STEC

A

10-100 organisms

192
Q

What is infective dose of shigella

A

10 organisms

193
Q

Gram stain and shape of Klebsiella

A

negative rod

194
Q

MacConkey and indole characteristic for Klebsiella

A

growth (pink, lactose fermenter),

indole -

195
Q

Diseases caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae

A

pneumonia and UTI

196
Q

Virulence factor associated with K. pneumoniae

A

CAPSULE; adheres to lung tissue and urinary tract

197
Q

Risk factors for pneumonia caused by k pneumoniae

A 
elderly males
alcoholics
COPD
immunocompromised and hospitlized patients
VENT pts
198
Q

s/s of pneumonia caused by k. pneumoniae

A

Thick/bloody sputum; CURRANT JELLY appearance, PRODUCTIVE cough

199
Q

Disease caused by k. granulomatous

A

granuloma inguinale (aka donovanosis)

200
Q

Risk factors for granuloma inguinale

A

TRAVELING, not common in US, sexually transmtted

201
Q

Incubation of granuloma inguinale? s/s?

A

weeks to months, PAINLESS subcutaneous nodule/ulcer on genitalia

202
Q

Gram stain and shape of proteus mirabilis and proteus vulgaris

A

gram neg rod

203
Q

Lab characteristic for proteus mirabilis and proteus vulgaris

A

swarming motility appearance of growth on plates

204
Q

Disease caused by proteus mirabilis and proteus vulgaris

A

UTI

205
Q

Virulence factor for proteus mirabilis and proteus vulgaris? mechanism?

A

UREASE: breaks down urea into ammonia and CO2; increase urine pH

FLAGELLA: swarming
PILI: attachment

206
Q

s/s of UTI from proteus mirabilis and proteus vulgaris

A

kidney stones, STAGHORN CALCULI

LECOM Microbiology MS1 (22 decks)

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