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LECOM Microbiology MS1 > Bacterial Genetics (Exam 1) > Flashcards

Bacterial Genetics (Exam 1) Flashcards

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1
Q

How do bacteria multiply

A

binary fission

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2
Q

What is the product of binary fission

A

identical daughter cells of parent cell

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3
Q

What are the 3 main mechanisms through which bacteria will acquire new DNA

A

transformation
transduction
conjugation

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4
Q

What is transformation

A

DNA acquired from the environment

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5
Q

What is transduction

A

DNA acquired from bacteriophage

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6
Q

What is conjugation

A

DNA acquired from bacterial “sex”

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7
Q

What are the 3 types of DNA in a bacterial cell

A

bacterial chromosome
Plasmid
Bacteriophage

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8
Q

What is bacterial chromosome

A

single piece of circular DNA, essential and non-essential genes

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9
Q

What is plasmid DNA

A

small DNA circles, replicated independently of chromosome

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10
Q

What is bacteriophage DNA

A

stable pieces of bacteriophage DNA present in bacterial cell

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11
Q

Where are all of the essential genes in a bacteria found

A

chromosomal DNA

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12
Q

What occurs in transformation

A

cells pick up DNA from the environment

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13
Q

What occurs in transduction

A

phage injects DNA into bacteria

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14
Q

What occurs in conjugation

A

donor cell produces a conjugation pilus and attaches to a recipient cell to which it then transfers a copy of its plasmid

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15
Q

What occurs in transposition

A

transposon inserts itself into DNA

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16
Q

How can you prevent transformation

A

digest the DNA with nucleases outside the cell

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17
Q

How can you prevent transduction

A

kill the virus, disrupt DNA using heat, toxic environment

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18
Q

How can you prevent conjugation

A

stop formation of sex pilus, separate the bacteria

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19
Q

What is homologous recombination

A

swapping of chromosome parts between homologous pairs

imported DNA on linear pieces

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20
Q

What is required for homologous recombination to occur

A

DNA is homologous

recA (recombinase A enzyme)

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21
Q

What is site-specific recombination

A

Insert of a DNA strand that has no homology except for one site: the insertion site

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22
Q

What are the major roles of site-specific recombination

A

integration of fertility factor or temperate phage

movement and insertion of transposons

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23
Q

WHat type of DNA is taken up in transformation

A

naked DNA from environment by competent cells

usually linear

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24
Q

What are the two ways in which a new gene can be stabilized

A

insertion: virus
Recombination: recA and homology needed

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25
Q

What is transduction

A

transfer of bacterial DNA via bacteriphage

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26
Q

What is a bacteriophage

A

virus that attacks bacterial cells

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27
Q

What are the components of bacteriophage structure

A

filamentous, spherical or complex

has a capsid (head), long tail that acts as a syringe

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28
Q

What type of information can be transmitted by a bacteriophage

A

DNA RNA

SS DS

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29
Q

How are generalized genes shared in transduction

A

phage picks up piece of bacterial DNA

lytic virus

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30
Q

In generalize transduction which genes are more likely to be picked up

A

all genes have an equal chance of being transduced

31
Q

How are specialized genes shared in transduction

A

dependent on integration of phage DNA into bacterial chromosome at specific site

lysogenic virus

32
Q

What type of error can occur in specialized transduction

A

excision error

33
Q

What is an excision error

A

bacterial DNA to be excised and packaged with phage DNA

34
Q

What type of genes will be transduced by lytic viruses

A

generalized

35
Q

What type of genes will be transduced by lysogenic viruses

A

specialized

36
Q

What are the two diffferent cycles in bacteriophage replication

A

lytic cycle

lysogenic cycle

37
Q

What occurs during lytic cycle

A

lyses bacteria

38
Q

What occurs during lysogenic cycle

A

integrates into bacterial genome

39
Q

How will a lytic bacteriophage affect bacteria

A

takes over and makes new virus then kills the cell

40
Q

How will a lysogenic bacteriophage affect bacteria

A

site specific recombination, everytime cell replicated it will make new virus too

41
Q

What is a virulent phage

A

a phage that reproduces only by a lytic cycle

42
Q

What is a temperate phage

A

bacteriophage that chooses between lytic and lysogenic pathway of development

43
Q

How will a temperate phage exhibit lysogeny

A 
integration into host chromosome forming a po-phage
expression of phage genes is repressed
no new phage are made
host cell survives
phage dna replicates as part of host
44
Q

What processess are homologous recombination necessary for

A

transduction

transformation

45
Q

What type of cycle will virulent viruses undergo and what type of tranduction is this

A

lytic cycle

generalized transduction

46
Q

What will be produced as a result of lytic infection

A

production of viruses and their release upon cell lysis

47
Q

WHat type of bacteria will have a pro-phage

A

lysogenic bacteria

48
Q

What is lysogenic conversion

A

acquisition of bacterial properties due to pro-phage

49
Q

What is the first step to specialized transduction

A

lysogenic conversion

50
Q

How can a pro-phage be destabilized

A

UV light, chemicals

51
Q

When will induction occur

A

if repressor is damaged by UV, cold, or alkylating agents. Prophage is excised and cell goes into lytic replication

52
Q

What may result from an excision error

A

viral DNA will get cut up due to no homology. If homology and RecA homologous recombination will occur for bacterial DNA

53
Q

What is required for conjugation

A

male and female bacterial sex pilus

54
Q

What will occur if you mix F+ cells with F- cells

A

F- cells rapidly become F+

55
Q

What are conjugative plasmids

A

genes that promote their own transfer

56
Q

What is conjugation

A

transfer of genes from one cell to another by cell to cell contact

57
Q

What type of donor cells will have fertility plasmids

A

male

58
Q

What will fertility plasmids code for

A

sex pili
genes that stabilize mating bacteria
genes which direct conjugal DNA transfer and other genes

59
Q

What is oriT

A

ss break in DNA and oriT begins the transfer of one strand of DNA

60
Q

What is an insertion sequence

A

where a plasmid can insert itself into the bacterial chromosome

61
Q

Where are the insertion sequence and oriT located

A

right across from each other on the plasmid

62
Q

What are female cells

A

recipient cells that lack fertility factors and genes

63
Q

What does it mean if a cell has a high frequency of recombinase

A

wants to share with everything

64
Q

Where is the oriT in a cell with a high frequency of recombinase

A

right in the middle

65
Q

What makes a cell an Hfr cell

A

strains of bacteria with F plasmid integrated are Hfr

66
Q

What is the process of sharing everything due to Hfr

A

chromosomal mobilization

67
Q

How does F plasmid have the ability to transfer itself to other cells

A

integrates itself into the chromosome

68
Q

How does transfer of a chromosome to recipient cells occur

A

sequential manner

69
Q

Does a donor cell lose the DNA it transfers

A

no it made a copy

70
Q

What is a transposon

A

mobile genetic element that can move between plasmids and chromosomes

71
Q

What is an example of intrinsic antibiotic resistence

A

cell lacking cell wall is resistant to penicillin

72
Q

What is an example of chromosomal mechanisms of antibiotic resistance

A

modification of receptor for drug (PBP)

73
Q

How can plasmids play a role in antibiotic resistance

A

R factors carry genes for drug resistance

often code for enzymes that modify drug

74
Q

What are possible uses of phage therapy

A

target antibiotic resistant bacteria

LECOM Microbiology MS1 (22 decks)

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