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LECOM Microbiology MS1 > Humoral Immunity Part 1 (Exam 1) > Flashcards

Humoral Immunity Part 1 (Exam 1) Flashcards

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1
Q

What fraction of serum are antibodies found in

A

gamma globulin

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2
Q

What is the major line of defense against bacteria and extracellular pathogens

A

antibodies

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3
Q

How many domains do light chains have

A

2 (1 V and 1C)

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4
Q

How many domains do heavy chains have

A

4-5 (1V and 3-4 C)

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5
Q

What are the heavy chain classes

A

mu, gamma, delta, alpha, epislon

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6
Q

What are the light chain classes

A

kappa and lambda

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7
Q

What gene segments compose the variable region of the light chain

A

V and J (variable and joining)

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8
Q

What gene segments compose the variable region of the heavy chain

A

VDJ (variable, diversity, joining)

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9
Q

What allows for the large amount of diversity in the variable region of antibody

A

gene rearrangement

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10
Q

Describe the chromosomal arrangement of heavy and light chains

A

Heavy: on same chromosomes

Light chain: different chromosomes

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11
Q

What cells does antibody gene rearrangement occur

A

B and T cells as they are only cells with recombinase

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12
Q

What region of heavy chain is capable of rearrangement

A

V region

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13
Q

Describe the process of heavy chain rearrangement

A

First: recombinase will pick a D and J and splice out all the middle stuff and combine them

Second: recombinase will pick a V and splice out stuff in between

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14
Q

What genes encode recombinase

A

Rag1 and Rag2 genes

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15
Q

What enzyme complex facilitates rearrangement

A

recombinase

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16
Q

Where are light chains and heavy chains located in regard to chromosomes

A

light chains on separate chromosomes. Heavy chains on same chromosomes

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17
Q

What chain will be made first in B and T cells

A

heavy chain

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18
Q

How does recombinase lead to diversity in antibodies

A

will make different combinations each time

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19
Q

What area of the C region is always made first

A

mu

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20
Q

What is required in order for a heavy chain to switch classes

A

must come in contact with an antigen

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21
Q

Explain the process of heavy chain rearrangement

A

D and J are joined first by recombinase

V is joined next by recombinase

Combination of DJ and V will create a variable region

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22
Q

Describe the process of light chain rearrangement

A

Recombinase enters and picks a V and a J splices out the stuff in between

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23
Q

WHat will happen if there is a mutation in Rag1 or Rag2

A

lack of recombinase
Would not be able to have antibodies
Results in SCID

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24
Q

What is the function of terminal deoxynucleotidal transferase

A

messes with DNA polymerize

an enzyme that inserts random nucleotides between D and J and VDJ segments randomly before they are sealed together

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25
Q

What does terminal deoxynucleotidal transferase allow

A

for different binding specificities that will affect the binding of the antibody to the antigen to increase diversity

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26
Q

When is TDT expressed

A

early in B and T cell development

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27
Q

How can TDT be used clinically

A

In certain cases of leukemia it can be utilized as a marker

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28
Q

What results from somatic hypermutation

A

affinity maturation which produces increased binding specificy on antibodies

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29
Q

When does affinity maturation occur

A

only in B cells after contact with antigen

30
Q

What is the function of allelic exclusion

A

Excludes expression of less productive specificity allele to insure antigenic specificity

31
Q

What genes will be expressed in H chain and L chains in a B cell

A

genes from only one chromosome for H and one chromosome for L

32
Q

What are the immunoglobulin classes

A 
IgA
IgE
IgM
IgD
IgG
33
Q

What is the heavy chain associated with IgA

A

alpha

34
Q

What is the heavy chain associated with IgE

A

epsilon

35
Q

What is the heavy chain associated with IgM

A

mu

36
Q

What is the heavy chain associated with IgD

A

delta

37
Q

What is the heavy chain associated with IgG

A

gamma

38
Q

What is the predominant antibody made during the primary immune response

A

IgM

39
Q

What is the first antibody made in neonates

A

IgM

40
Q

What pathway can IgM activate

A

classical complement pathway

41
Q

What form does IgM have in a B cell and in serum

A

monomer: in B cell
Pentamer: in serum

42
Q

When is IgM secreted as a pentamer

A

when B cell turns into a plasma cell

43
Q

What is avidity

A

number of binding sites

44
Q

What is the avidity of IgM

A

high

45
Q

How many binding sites for antigens does IgM have

A

10

46
Q

What is the affinity of IgM

A

low affinity

47
Q

WHat causes the low affinity of IgM

A

has not undergone somatic hypermutation yet

48
Q

What holds IgM together

A

J chain

49
Q

What are the levels of IgD in plasma

A

low

50
Q

Where are IgD found

A

membrane of B cells

51
Q

What two Igs can display co-expression

A

IgD and IgM on the same cell (same variable region and different constant regions)

52
Q

What does class switching to IgG occur through

A

IFN gamma and Th1 cells

53
Q

What immune functions are exclusively undergone by IgG

A

opsonization
ADCC
crossing of the placenta

54
Q

What immune function is shared by IgG and IgM

A

neutralization

activation of classical complement

55
Q

What is the affinity of IgG

A

high due to having had somatic hypermutation

56
Q

Which antibody will predominate during a secondary/memory response

A

IgG

57
Q

What is the predominant antibody in the serum

A

IgG

58
Q

What are the subisotypes of IgG

A

1-4

59
Q

Why might you be concerned if an expectant mother comes to your office with IgM antibodies to rubella

A

rubella is capable of crossing the placenta and infecting the fetus

IgM means it was the mother’s first exposure. She will not have any IgG which is capable of crossing the placenta and protecting the fetus

60
Q

What causes class switching in IgA

A

TGF beta mainly

IL4, IL10, iNOS, retinoic acid

61
Q

Where does class switching of IgA predominately occur

A

mucosa

62
Q

What is the predominant antibody in secretions

A

IgA

63
Q

What form is IgA present as in secretions

A

dimer

64
Q

What is the avidity of IgA

A

higher than IgM

65
Q

What protects IgA in secretion

A

secretory piece. Enzymes that try to degrade IgA will bind to the secretory piece instead

66
Q

How is IgA transfered to lumen mucosa

A

Poly-Ig receptors bind to the J chain and transfer IgA into the lumen

67
Q

What type of immunoglobulin will be seen in breast milk

A

IgA

68
Q

What will IgE levels be in plasma

A

low

69
Q

What is the main target of IgE

A

parasites/ worms

70
Q

Which Ig is responsible for allergies

A

IgE

71
Q

What cells are the target of IgE

A

mast cells

basophils

72
Q

Which Ig can lead to type 1 hypersensitivity reactions

A

IgE

LECOM Microbiology MS1 (22 decks)

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