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LECOM Microbiology MS1 > Cytokines (Exam 1) > Flashcards

Cytokines (Exam 1) Flashcards

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1
Q

What are cytokines

A

small soluble proteins that are chemical messengers of the immune system

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2
Q

In general, what will occur after a cytokine binds to its receptor on a cell

A

signal cascade which will lead to gene activation and biological effects

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3
Q

Which signaling mechanisms do cytokines function best when used

A

autocrine or paracrine

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4
Q

What do cytokines regulate

A

intensity and duration of immune responses by stimulating or inhibiting the activation, proliferation, and differentiation of various cells

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5
Q

What characteristics are exhibited by cytokines

A

pleiotropy
redundancy
synergy
antagonism

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6
Q

What does it mean if a cytokine is pleiotrophic

A

a single cytokine can have actions on multiple cells

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7
Q

What does it mean if a cytokine is redundant

A

different cytokines can have the same actions

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8
Q

What does it mean if a cytokine exhibits synergy

A

different cytokines can work together to make a desired response

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9
Q

What does it mean if cytokines exhibit antagonism

A

one cytokine can block the actions of another cytokine

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10
Q

What is the structure of cytokines

A

mainly alpha helical

small, soluble proteins

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11
Q

What type of cytokine receptors are important in SCID

A

IL2 receptors

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12
Q

Why are IL2 receptors important in SCID

A

IL2 receptors share a common gamma chain. If mutated (like in SCID), none of the cytokine receptors function

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13
Q

What would a mutation in IL-7 lead to

A

lack of B and T cells as it is involved in development

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14
Q

What type of gene regulation does cytokine induce

A

transcriptional activation

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15
Q

What is a chemokine

A

a cytokine that functions in chemotaxis (attracts WBC to an area of inflammation)

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16
Q

What are the three types of IFN

A

alpha
beta
gamma

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17
Q

What is TNF

A

tumor necrosis factor

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18
Q

What do IFN alpha and beta protect against

A

viral infections

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19
Q

What is the function of IFN alpha and beta

A

activates NK cells to kill virus infected cells

induce resistant to viral replication in all cells

Increases MHC class I expression and antigen presentation in all cells

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20
Q

What does IFN gamma activate?

A

macrophages to stimulate intracellular killing

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21
Q

What does IFN gamma inhibit

A

TH2 response

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22
Q

What is a granuloma

A

activated macrophages and B cells containing an intracellular pathogen that has been sealed off to prevent spread to other tissues

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23
Q

What is the clinical function of quantiferon

A

tests for Tb by looking for Interferon gamma

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24
Q

Which T cell drives type 4 hypersensitivity reactions

A

Th1

25
Q

What are the clinical uses of IFN alpha

A

HBV and HCV (hepatitis)
HTLV-1 (retro virus)
HHV-8 (Kaposi sarcoma)

26
Q

What are the clinical uses of IFN beta

A

MS

prevents development of further plaques

27
Q

What are the clinical uses of IFN gamma

A

Chronic granulomatus disease (no NADPH oxidase) it can upregulate activity of macrophages to try to compensate for lack of NADPH oxidase

28
Q

What are the pro-inflammatory cytokines

A

IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha

29
Q

How was TNF alpha initially discovered

A

as a cytokine with the ability to kill tumors

30
Q

What is a side effect of TNF alpha

A

cachexia

31
Q

Where is TNF alpha made

A

macrophages, T cells, fibroblasts

32
Q

Where is TNF beta made

A

activated T cells and B cells

33
Q

What are the monoclonal antibodies used to inhibit TNF alpha

A

Remicade
Enbrel
Humira

34
Q

What diseases can monoclonal antibodies that inhibit TNF alpha be used to treat

A

Rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn’s disease, Psoriasia

35
Q

What is a side effect of anti-TNF alpha drugs

A

increases susceptibility to disease

36
Q

What do IL-1 and IL-6 stimulate

A

hematopoiesis
liver to make acute phase proteins
drives antibody production and help with switch to IgG

37
Q

What are clinical uses for MRA (anti-IL-6-receptor)

A

used to treat RA

38
Q

What is the main purpose of IL-2

A

T cell proliferation and activation (also B and NK cells but to a lesser extent)

39
Q

What type of regulation is displayed by IL-2

A

autocrine (by T cells for T cells)

40
Q

What are the IL-2 inhibitors discussed

A

Basiliximab and daclizumab (directed toward the alpha chain of the IL-2R

41
Q

What are clinical uses for IL-2 inhibitors

A

used to increase the success of organ transplants

treat leukemias and melanomas

promising for treatment of retrovirus

42
Q

How can HTLV-1 cause cancer

A

increases IL-2 synthesis which causes uncontrollable T cell proliferation

43
Q

What type of cells produce IL-4

A

TH2 cells

44
Q

What is IL-4 essential for

A 
class switching to IgE
inducing eosinophil developement and differentiation
45
Q

What is a clinical use for IL-4 inhibitors

A

used for severe allergies

46
Q

WHat class switch does IL-4 induce

A

switch to IgE

47
Q

What are the IL-4 inhibitors

A

xolair

omalizumab

48
Q

What makes IL-8

A

macrophages during acute inflammation

49
Q

What is the function of IL-8

A

chemotaxis, recruits neutrophils to area

50
Q

Which cytokine is a growth factor for WBCs

A

IL-3

51
Q

Which cytokine is a growth factor for lymphocytes

A

IL-7

52
Q

What is the function of M-CSF

A

essential for macrophage production

53
Q

What is the function of G-CSF

A

essential for neutrophil production

54
Q

What is the function of GM-CSF

A

growth factor for hematopoietic stem cells and granulocytes/monocytes

55
Q

What is the function of erythropoietin

A

growth factor for RBCs

56
Q

What is the drug name and function of the cytokine erythropoietin

A

Procrit: used to treat anemia

57
Q

What is the drug name and function of the cytokine G-CSF

A

Filgastrin: used to boost immunity prior to bone marrow transplant

58
Q

What is the drug name and function of the cytokine GM-CSF

A

Sargramostime: used to boost immunity during chemotherapy

LECOM Microbiology MS1 (22 decks)

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