Cytokines (Exam 1)

Question 1

What are cytokines

Answer 1

small soluble proteins that are chemical messengers of the immune system

Question 2

In general, what will occur after a cytokine binds to its receptor on a cell

Answer 2

signal cascade which will lead to gene activation and biological effects

Question 3

Which signaling mechanisms do cytokines function best when used

Answer 3

autocrine or paracrine

Question 4

What do cytokines regulate

Answer 4

intensity and duration of immune responses by stimulating or inhibiting the activation, proliferation, and differentiation of various cells

Question 5

What characteristics are exhibited by cytokines

Answer 5

pleiotropy
redundancy
synergy
antagonism

Question 6

What does it mean if a cytokine is pleiotrophic

Answer 6

a single cytokine can have actions on multiple cells

Question 7

What does it mean if a cytokine is redundant

Answer 7

different cytokines can have the same actions

Question 8

What does it mean if a cytokine exhibits synergy

Answer 8

different cytokines can work together to make a desired response

Question 9

What does it mean if cytokines exhibit antagonism

Answer 9

one cytokine can block the actions of another cytokine

Question 10

What is the structure of cytokines

Answer 10

mainly alpha helical

small, soluble proteins

Question 11

What type of cytokine receptors are important in SCID

Answer 11

IL2 receptors

Question 12

Why are IL2 receptors important in SCID

Answer 12

IL2 receptors share a common gamma chain. If mutated (like in SCID), none of the cytokine receptors function

Question 13

What would a mutation in IL-7 lead to

Answer 13

lack of B and T cells as it is involved in development

Question 14

What type of gene regulation does cytokine induce

Answer 14

transcriptional activation

Question 15

What is a chemokine

Answer 15

a cytokine that functions in chemotaxis (attracts WBC to an area of inflammation)

Question 16

What are the three types of IFN

Answer 16

alpha
beta
gamma

Question 17

What is TNF

Answer 17

tumor necrosis factor

Question 18

What do IFN alpha and beta protect against

Answer 18

viral infections

Question 19

What is the function of IFN alpha and beta

Answer 19

activates NK cells to kill virus infected cells

induce resistant to viral replication in all cells

Increases MHC class I expression and antigen presentation in all cells

Question 20

What does IFN gamma activate?

Answer 20

macrophages to stimulate intracellular killing

Question 21

What does IFN gamma inhibit

Answer 21

TH2 response

Question 22

What is a granuloma

Answer 22

activated macrophages and B cells containing an intracellular pathogen that has been sealed off to prevent spread to other tissues

Question 23

What is the clinical function of quantiferon

Answer 23

tests for Tb by looking for Interferon gamma

Question 24

Which T cell drives type 4 hypersensitivity reactions

Answer 24

Th1

Question 25

What are the clinical uses of IFN alpha

Answer 25

HBV and HCV (hepatitis) HTLV-1 (retro virus) HHV-8 (Kaposi sarcoma)

Question 26

What are the clinical uses of IFN beta

Answer 26

MS | prevents development of further plaques

Question 27

What are the clinical uses of IFN gamma

Answer 27

Chronic granulomatus disease (no NADPH oxidase) it can upregulate activity of macrophages to try to compensate for lack of NADPH oxidase

Question 28

What are the pro-inflammatory cytokines

Answer 28

IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha

Question 29

How was TNF alpha initially discovered

Answer 29

as a cytokine with the ability to kill tumors

Question 30

What is a side effect of TNF alpha

Answer 30

cachexia

Question 31

Where is TNF alpha made

Answer 31

macrophages, T cells, fibroblasts

Question 32

Where is TNF beta made

Answer 32

activated T cells and B cells

Question 33

What are the monoclonal antibodies used to inhibit TNF alpha

Answer 33

Remicade Enbrel Humira

Question 34

What diseases can monoclonal antibodies that inhibit TNF alpha be used to treat

Answer 34

Rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, Psoriasia

Question 35

What is a side effect of anti-TNF alpha drugs

Answer 35

increases susceptibility to disease

Question 36

What do IL-1 and IL-6 stimulate

Answer 36

hematopoiesis liver to make acute phase proteins drives antibody production and help with switch to IgG

Question 37

What are clinical uses for MRA (anti-IL-6-receptor)

Answer 37

used to treat RA

Question 38

What is the main purpose of IL-2

Answer 38

T cell proliferation and activation (also B and NK cells but to a lesser extent)

Question 39

What type of regulation is displayed by IL-2

Answer 39

autocrine (by T cells for T cells)

Question 40

What are the IL-2 inhibitors discussed

Answer 40

Basiliximab and daclizumab (directed toward the alpha chain of the IL-2R

Question 41

What are clinical uses for IL-2 inhibitors

Answer 41

used to increase the success of organ transplants treat leukemias and melanomas promising for treatment of retrovirus

Question 42

How can HTLV-1 cause cancer

Answer 42

increases IL-2 synthesis which causes uncontrollable T cell proliferation

Question 43

What type of cells produce IL-4

Answer 43

TH2 cells

Question 44

What is IL-4 essential for

Answer 44

``` class switching to IgE inducing eosinophil developement and differentiation ```

Question 45

What is a clinical use for IL-4 inhibitors

Answer 45

used for severe allergies

Question 46

WHat class switch does IL-4 induce

Answer 46

switch to IgE

Question 47

What are the IL-4 inhibitors

Answer 47

xolair | omalizumab

Question 48

What makes IL-8

Answer 48

macrophages during acute inflammation

Question 49

What is the function of IL-8

Answer 49

chemotaxis, recruits neutrophils to area

Question 50

Which cytokine is a growth factor for WBCs

Answer 50

IL-3

Question 51

Which cytokine is a growth factor for lymphocytes

Answer 51

IL-7

Question 52

What is the function of M-CSF

Answer 52

essential for macrophage production

Question 53

What is the function of G-CSF

Answer 53

essential for neutrophil production

Question 54

What is the function of GM-CSF

Answer 54

growth factor for hematopoietic stem cells and granulocytes/monocytes

Question 55

What is the function of erythropoietin

Answer 55

growth factor for RBCs

Question 56

What is the drug name and function of the cytokine erythropoietin

Answer 56

Procrit: used to treat anemia

Question 57

What is the drug name and function of the cytokine G-CSF

Answer 57

Filgastrin: used to boost immunity prior to bone marrow transplant

Question 58

What is the drug name and function of the cytokine GM-CSF

Answer 58

Sargramostime: used to boost immunity during chemotherapy