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LECOM Microbiology MS1 > Humoral Immunity Part 2 (Exam 1) > Flashcards

Humoral Immunity Part 2 (Exam 1) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the two stages of B cell development

A

antigen dependent

antigen independent

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2
Q

Where does the antigen dependent stage of B cell development occur

A

periphery of lymph node or spleen

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3
Q

Where does the antigen independent stage of B cell development occur

A

bone marrow

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4
Q

What occurs during the antigen independent stage of B cell development

A

development of B cells from hematopoietic stem cells through a series of defined intermediates (from pro-b to pre-B)

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5
Q

What occurs during the antigen dependent stage of B cell development

A

development of mature B cells to memory or plasma cells after it sees antigen

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6
Q

A cell is IgM-, IgD-, there is no Mu found in cytoplasm, Rag/tdt+, class 2 MHC+, and CD19+. What type of cell is this

A

progenitor B cell

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7
Q

A cell is IgM-, IgD- cytoplasmic mu+, rag/tdt+, class 2+ and has CD20. What type of cell is this

A

Pre-B cell

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8
Q

A cell is IgM+, IgD-, trace rag tdt, class 2, and has CD21. What type of cell is this

A

Immature B cell

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9
Q

A cell is IgM+, IgD+, rag/tdt-, cyto mu-, MHC 2+ and has CD40. what type of cell is this

A

Mature B cell

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10
Q 
A cell is IgG+, IgA+, or IgE+
cyto mu-, rag/tdt-, class 2+ and has CD20. WHat type of cell is this
A

memory B cell

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11
Q

WHen will TDT turn itself off during B cell development

A

when light chain starts to rearrange (Pre-B)

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12
Q

What can TDT be used as a marker for clinically

A

certain leukemias

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13
Q

What type of cells will lymphoid stem cells differentiate into

A

T cells
B cells
NK cells

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14
Q

A cell has cytoplasmic Ig present. What type of cell is this most likely

A

plasma cell

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15
Q

What type of B cell will initiate heavy chain gene rearrangement

A

Progenitor B cells

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16
Q

WHat type of B cells will initiate light chain gene rearrangement

A

Pre-B cells

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17
Q

During which stages of B cell development will recombinase be expressed

A

Pro-B, Pre-B, early in immature B cell

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18
Q

What are the APCs and what MHC will they express

A

B cell, dendritic cell, macrophages

both class 1 and 2 MHC

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19
Q

WHat type of cell with have cytoplasmic mu

A

Pre-B cells

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20
Q

How is cytoplasmic mu formed

A

heavy chain rearrangement, mu chain will hang in the cytoplasm waiting for light chain

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21
Q

In what stage of development does selection occur for B cells

A

Immature B cell stage

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22
Q

WHen will IgD be expressed on a B cell

A

after selection as the immature cell leaves the marrow and enters the periphery

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23
Q

WHen is a B cell considered to be naive

A

when it has never been exposed to antigen

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24
Q

What is essential for class switching of antibody

A

CD40 binding with its ligand

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25
Q

What would a lack in CD40 prevent

A

class switching of antibodies

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26
Q

What is the function of Ig alpha and beta in B cells

A

Tails of B cell and Tcell receptors are too short to transmit a signal on their own. Thus they need Igalpha and Igbeta to initiate intracellular pathways

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27
Q

What is necessary in order for the heavy chain to reach the surface

A

light chain must accompany it

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28
Q

What structure is the synonymous structure to Ig alpha and beta on T cells

A

CD3

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29
Q

What will happen in you don’t have an Ig alpha, Ig beta on B cell or a C3 on a T cell

A

can still bind antigen however they cannot properly respond to it or differentiate

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30
Q

What type of receptor will change during class switching

A

B cell receptor

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31
Q

What is the physiologic function of Pre-B cell receptors

A

selection process during development

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32
Q

What will a B cell in the bone marrow become if it has no self-reaction

A

migrates to periphery and becomes a mature B cell

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33
Q

Where does B cell selection occur

A

bone marrow

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34
Q

What will happen to a B cell in the bone marrow if it binds to multivalent self-antigen

A

apoptosis

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35
Q

WHat will happen to a B cell in the bone marrow that binds to soluble self-antigen

A

migrate to the periphery and become an anergic B cell

36
Q

What is an anergic cell

A

B cell that binds to self in periphery when this happens the cell will be turned off and have zero function

37
Q

What steps must occur in order for memory B cells and plasma cells to be formed

A

naiive resting B cell is exposed to an antigen and activated. Differentiates after

38
Q

Where does activation of B cells occur

A

periphery of lymph nodes and spleen after contact with an antigen

39
Q

What will happen when memory cells contact a familiar antigen

A

differentiate into plasma cells very quickly to get a high concentration of IgG

40
Q

When and where will germinal centers be present

A

cortex of lymph node during an immune response

41
Q

Where do B cells proliferate and differentiate

A

germinal centers

42
Q

What part of the lymph node will B cells be found in

A

cortex

43
Q

What part of the lymph node will T cells be found in

A

paracortex

44
Q

What are the primary lymphoid tissues

A

bone marrow and thymus

45
Q

What are the secondary lymphoid tissues

A

lymph nodes and spleen

46
Q

What drives B cell proliferation

A

T cells, go from primary follicle to secondary follicle to germinal center

47
Q

Where will cells form the germinal center next go

A

lymph and then the blood

48
Q

How do T cell independent antigens stimulate B cells

A

directly without T cell help

49
Q

What type of response will T cell independent antigens give

A

weaker antibody responses

50
Q

What Ig predominates in response to T cell independent antigens

A

IgM

51
Q

Why does IgM predominate in independent T cell antigen

A

no T cell help –> no germinal centers –> no class switching to different antibody isotypes and no memory response

52
Q

How will T cell independent antigens bind

A

induce crosslinking of BCRs on B cell surface

53
Q

What interaction is essential for class switching

A

CD40/CD40L

54
Q

What is a T cell dependent antigen

A

must be a protein that can be expressed on MHC and presented to a T cell via class 2 MHC to CD4 Th

55
Q

What is the only APC that specifically binds antigen

A

B cells

56
Q

What will be seen in an individual who lacks CD40/L

A

high levels of IgM (hyper IgM syndrome)

57
Q

What causes hyper IgM syndrome and what are clinical effects

A

lack of CD40/L

cannot class switch leading to excess IgM
recurrent respiratory and Gi symptoms due to lack fo IgA
58
Q

What type of T cell antigen will produce a better immune response

A

T cell dependent antigen

59
Q

Where will CD28 be found

A

T cells

60
Q

Where will B7 be found

A

B cells

61
Q

What determines what a B cell will class switch to after activated by T cells

A

cytokines released

62
Q

Where will CD28 bind

A

B7 on B lymphocytes

63
Q

What is the function of SYK in B cells

A

binds to doubly phosphorylated ITAMs and is activated on binding, leads to a signaling cascade that can change gene expression in nucleus

64
Q

What allows phosphorylation of ITAMs

A

clustering of antigen receptors allows receptor-associated kinases to phosphorylate ITAMs

65
Q

What is the function of co-receptor in B cells

A

helps to decrease the antigen threshold needed to activate B cells

66
Q

What is the co-receptor on B cells composed of

A

CD19 and complex

67
Q

What 3 important events occur in the germinal center during antigen dependent B cell development

A

Class switching
Plasma/Memory cell formation
Affinity Maturation

68
Q

What is a hallmark of humoral immunity

A

class switching

69
Q

When does class switching occur

A

after a B cell has come in contact with an antigen

70
Q

What region is rearranged in class switching

A

Fc region

71
Q

Why is T cell help needed for class switching

A

contains CD40L that is needed for class switching

72
Q

When will IgM and IgD be seen in regard to class switching

A

prior to exposure to antigen

73
Q

How is unwanted DNA removed in class switching

A

loop the DNA you don’t want and cut it out

74
Q

What is mutated in an individual with hyper IgM syndrome

A

CD40L on Th cells leading to B cell deficiency

75
Q

What will be seen in an individual with X-linked hyper IgM syndrome

A

high IgM levels
deficiency in IgG, IgA, IgE
failure to make germinal centers
recurrent respiratory infections

76
Q

What makes an individual with hyper IgM syndrome more susceptible to respiratory infections

A

lack of IgA which is primary antibody in the mucosa

77
Q

What syndrome will cause a lack of allergies

A

IgE

78
Q

What causes affinity maturation

A

somatic hypermutation and Ag selection of high affinity clones

79
Q

How will an immune response affect affinity for antigen

A

will increase during an immune response

80
Q

What occurs during somatic hypermutation

A

point mutations, deletions, or insertions into the already rearranged VDJ region or rearranged Ig genes

81
Q

What region of Ig will be altered during somatic hypermutation

A

variable

82
Q

How are higher and lower affinity antibodies treated during somatic hypermutation

A

increased affinity: binds antigen more, these cells will then activate and proliferate more due to binding more antigen

decreased affinity: binds less antigen, cells don’t proliferate and they die off

83
Q

Point mutations in what region will affect the binding of antigen

A

variable

84
Q

What is the function of memory cells

A

hang out in periphery and await the arrival of the same pathogen, once it encounters a repeat pathogen it will create plasma cells that secrete high affinity IgG antibody

85
Q

What are terminally differentiated B cells

A

plasma

86
Q

Where are plasma cells found

A

bone marrow and intestinal lamina propria

LECOM Microbiology MS1 (22 decks)

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