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LECOM Microbiology MS1 > Humoral Immunity Part 2 (Exam 1) > Flashcards

Humoral Immunity Part 2 (Exam 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two stages of B cell development

A

antigen dependent

antigen independent

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2
Q

Where does the antigen dependent stage of B cell development occur

A

periphery of lymph node or spleen

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3
Q

Where does the antigen independent stage of B cell development occur

A

bone marrow

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4
Q

What occurs during the antigen independent stage of B cell development

A

development of B cells from hematopoietic stem cells through a series of defined intermediates (from pro-b to pre-B)

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5
Q

What occurs during the antigen dependent stage of B cell development

A

development of mature B cells to memory or plasma cells after it sees antigen

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6
Q

A cell is IgM-, IgD-, there is no Mu found in cytoplasm, Rag/tdt+, class 2 MHC+, and CD19+. What type of cell is this

A

progenitor B cell

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7
Q

A cell is IgM-, IgD- cytoplasmic mu+, rag/tdt+, class 2+ and has CD20. What type of cell is this

A

Pre-B cell

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8
Q

A cell is IgM+, IgD-, trace rag tdt, class 2, and has CD21. What type of cell is this

A

Immature B cell

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9
Q

A cell is IgM+, IgD+, rag/tdt-, cyto mu-, MHC 2+ and has CD40. what type of cell is this

A

Mature B cell

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10
Q 
A cell is IgG+, IgA+, or IgE+
cyto mu-, rag/tdt-, class 2+ and has CD20. WHat type of cell is this
A

memory B cell

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11
Q

WHen will TDT turn itself off during B cell development

A

when light chain starts to rearrange (Pre-B)

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12
Q

What can TDT be used as a marker for clinically

A

certain leukemias

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13
Q

What type of cells will lymphoid stem cells differentiate into

A

T cells
B cells
NK cells

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14
Q

A cell has cytoplasmic Ig present. What type of cell is this most likely

A

plasma cell

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15
Q

What type of B cell will initiate heavy chain gene rearrangement

A

Progenitor B cells

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16
Q

WHat type of B cells will initiate light chain gene rearrangement

A

Pre-B cells

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17
Q

During which stages of B cell development will recombinase be expressed

A

Pro-B, Pre-B, early in immature B cell

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18
Q

What are the APCs and what MHC will they express

A

B cell, dendritic cell, macrophages

both class 1 and 2 MHC

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19
Q

WHat type of cell with have cytoplasmic mu

A

Pre-B cells

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20
Q

How is cytoplasmic mu formed

A

heavy chain rearrangement, mu chain will hang in the cytoplasm waiting for light chain

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21
Q

In what stage of development does selection occur for B cells

A

Immature B cell stage

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22
Q

WHen will IgD be expressed on a B cell

A

after selection as the immature cell leaves the marrow and enters the periphery

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23
Q

WHen is a B cell considered to be naive

A

when it has never been exposed to antigen

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24
Q

What is essential for class switching of antibody

A

CD40 binding with its ligand

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25
What would a lack in CD40 prevent
class switching of antibodies
26
What is the function of Ig alpha and beta in B cells
Tails of B cell and Tcell receptors are too short to transmit a signal on their own. Thus they need Igalpha and Igbeta to initiate intracellular pathways
27
What is necessary in order for the heavy chain to reach the surface
light chain must accompany it
28
What structure is the synonymous structure to Ig alpha and beta on T cells
CD3
29
What will happen in you don't have an Ig alpha, Ig beta on B cell or a C3 on a T cell
can still bind antigen however they cannot properly respond to it or differentiate
30
What type of receptor will change during class switching
B cell receptor
31
What is the physiologic function of Pre-B cell receptors
selection process during development
32
What will a B cell in the bone marrow become if it has no self-reaction
migrates to periphery and becomes a mature B cell
33
Where does B cell selection occur
bone marrow
34
What will happen to a B cell in the bone marrow if it binds to multivalent self-antigen
apoptosis
35
WHat will happen to a B cell in the bone marrow that binds to soluble self-antigen
migrate to the periphery and become an anergic B cell
36
What is an anergic cell
B cell that binds to self in periphery when this happens the cell will be turned off and have zero function
37
What steps must occur in order for memory B cells and plasma cells to be formed
naiive resting B cell is exposed to an antigen and activated. Differentiates after
38
Where does activation of B cells occur
periphery of lymph nodes and spleen after contact with an antigen
39
What will happen when memory cells contact a familiar antigen
differentiate into plasma cells very quickly to get a high concentration of IgG
40
When and where will germinal centers be present
cortex of lymph node during an immune response
41
Where do B cells proliferate and differentiate
germinal centers
42
What part of the lymph node will B cells be found in
cortex
43
What part of the lymph node will T cells be found in
paracortex
44
What are the primary lymphoid tissues
bone marrow and thymus
45
What are the secondary lymphoid tissues
lymph nodes and spleen
46
What drives B cell proliferation
T cells, go from primary follicle to secondary follicle to germinal center
47
Where will cells form the germinal center next go
lymph and then the blood
48
How do T cell independent antigens stimulate B cells
directly without T cell help
49
What type of response will T cell independent antigens give
weaker antibody responses
50
What Ig predominates in response to T cell independent antigens
IgM
51
Why does IgM predominate in independent T cell antigen
no T cell help --> no germinal centers --> no class switching to different antibody isotypes and no memory response
52
How will T cell independent antigens bind
induce crosslinking of BCRs on B cell surface
53
What interaction is essential for class switching
CD40/CD40L
54
What is a T cell dependent antigen
must be a protein that can be expressed on MHC and presented to a T cell via class 2 MHC to CD4 Th
55
What is the only APC that specifically binds antigen
B cells
56
What will be seen in an individual who lacks CD40/L
high levels of IgM (hyper IgM syndrome)
57
What causes hyper IgM syndrome and what are clinical effects
lack of CD40/L ``` cannot class switch leading to excess IgM recurrent respiratory and Gi symptoms due to lack fo IgA ```
58
What type of T cell antigen will produce a better immune response
T cell dependent antigen
59
Where will CD28 be found
T cells
60
Where will B7 be found
B cells
61
What determines what a B cell will class switch to after activated by T cells
cytokines released
62
Where will CD28 bind
B7 on B lymphocytes
63
What is the function of SYK in B cells
binds to doubly phosphorylated ITAMs and is activated on binding, leads to a signaling cascade that can change gene expression in nucleus
64
What allows phosphorylation of ITAMs
clustering of antigen receptors allows receptor-associated kinases to phosphorylate ITAMs
65
What is the function of co-receptor in B cells
helps to decrease the antigen threshold needed to activate B cells
66
What is the co-receptor on B cells composed of
CD19 and complex
67
What 3 important events occur in the germinal center during antigen dependent B cell development
Class switching Plasma/Memory cell formation Affinity Maturation
68
What is a hallmark of humoral immunity
class switching
69
When does class switching occur
after a B cell has come in contact with an antigen
70
What region is rearranged in class switching
Fc region
71
Why is T cell help needed for class switching
contains CD40L that is needed for class switching
72
When will IgM and IgD be seen in regard to class switching
prior to exposure to antigen
73
How is unwanted DNA removed in class switching
loop the DNA you don't want and cut it out
74
What is mutated in an individual with hyper IgM syndrome
CD40L on Th cells leading to B cell deficiency
75
What will be seen in an individual with X-linked hyper IgM syndrome
high IgM levels deficiency in IgG, IgA, IgE failure to make germinal centers recurrent respiratory infections
76
What makes an individual with hyper IgM syndrome more susceptible to respiratory infections
lack of IgA which is primary antibody in the mucosa
77
What syndrome will cause a lack of allergies
IgE
78
What causes affinity maturation
somatic hypermutation and Ag selection of high affinity clones
79
How will an immune response affect affinity for antigen
will increase during an immune response
80
What occurs during somatic hypermutation
point mutations, deletions, or insertions into the already rearranged VDJ region or rearranged Ig genes
81
What region of Ig will be altered during somatic hypermutation
variable
82
How are higher and lower affinity antibodies treated during somatic hypermutation
increased affinity: binds antigen more, these cells will then activate and proliferate more due to binding more antigen decreased affinity: binds less antigen, cells don't proliferate and they die off
83
Point mutations in what region will affect the binding of antigen
variable
84
What is the function of memory cells
hang out in periphery and await the arrival of the same pathogen, once it encounters a repeat pathogen it will create plasma cells that secrete high affinity IgG antibody
85
What are terminally differentiated B cells
plasma
86
Where are plasma cells found
bone marrow and intestinal lamina propria

LECOM Microbiology MS1 (22 decks)

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