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LECOM Microbiology MS1 > Introduction to Immunity and Hematopoeisis (Exam 1) > Flashcards

Introduction to Immunity and Hematopoeisis (Exam 1) Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two arms of the immune system?

A

adaptive

innate

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2
Q

What is innate immunity

A

the frontline of defense

active the first time you contact an antigen; fights off antigen enough to allow adaptive immune response to develop

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3
Q

What is adaptive immunity

A

specific components of immune system

memory response, B cells, T cells

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4
Q

When is innate immunity acquired

A

born with it and doesn’t change throughout life

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5
Q

What branch of the immune system is the first line of defense against pathogens

A

innate

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of innate immunity

A

limited specificity and diversity

no memory

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7
Q

What is the difference between innate and adaptive immunity

A

innate has no memory and is less specific

innate is present at birth and is unchanged throughout life, while adaptive develops with time

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8
Q

Why is it important that adaptive immunity be self limiting

A

prevent autoimmune events; avoids destroying healthy tissues

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9
Q

What are the two main components of adaptive immunity

A

T lymphocytes

B lymphocytes

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10
Q

When will innate and adaptive immunity be active

A

innate: immediately
adaptive: 10-14 days after innate response (when the antigen threshold is reached)

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11
Q

Where does hematopoiesis occur throughout life span of an individual

A

begins in yolk sac, migrates to fetal liver and spleen and ultimately bone marrow

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12
Q

What can occur if hematopoiesis from bone marrow isn’t sufficient

A

can revert back to spleen and liver

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13
Q

Reverting hematopoiesis back to the spleen and liver can cause what

A

splenomegaly and hepatomegaly leading to rupture

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14
Q

What is a clinical example of reverting back to spleen or liver for hematopoiesis

A

Myelofibrosis

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15
Q

What does Myelofibrosis cause

A

bone marrow to turn into scar tissue thus preventing hematopoiesis

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16
Q

What type of cells initiate hematopoiesis in the bone marrow

A

pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells (PHSC)

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17
Q

What do pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells (PHSC) develop into

A

all cells of the blood lineage (red and white)

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18
Q

What is a characteristic of pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells

A

self renewing

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19
Q

A patient is undergoing radiation treatment. How will this effect her PHSCs and immune cells

A

PHSC will be resistent due to slow turnover

immune cells would be sensitive as they divide more rapidly

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20
Q

What do lymphoid stem cells give rise to

A

B lymphocytes
T lymphocytes
NK cells

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21
Q

What branch of immunity is NK cells involved with

A

innate immunity

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22
Q

What do myeloid stem cells generate

A

Red and white blood cells

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23
Q

A patient comes to the office with a bacterial infection. What type of blood cell will be elevated in this patient

A

neutrophil

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24
Q

What is the most common WBC

A

neutrophil

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25
Q

When will a spike in eosinophils be seen

A

parasitic infection and allergies

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26
Q

What is a band cell

A

immature neutrophil

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27
Q

Why is it essential to match MHC in bone marrow transplants

A

to prevent graft rejection, donor cells may not recognize recipients cells as self

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28
Q

In what order will cells enter in an acute inflammatory response

A

neutrophils first
monocytes second
lymphocytes third

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29
Q

What does SCID stand for

A

severe combined immunodeficience

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30
Q

What causes SCID

A

no B cells or T cells (lack of adaptive immunity)

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31
Q

What is ADA deficiency

A

Adenosine deaminase deficiency

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32
Q

What does ADA lead to

A

SCID

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33
Q

How is ADA deficiency fixed

A

pull out stem cells, put in good copy of ADA gene using retrovirus, grow, infuse back into patient

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34
Q

How are lymphocytes differentiated

A

CD markers

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35
Q

What recognizes CD markers

A

monoclonal antibodies

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36
Q

Where will CD4 markers be found

A

T helper cells (TH)

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37
Q

Where will CD8 markers be found

A

T cytokine cells (TC)

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38
Q

Where will CD3 markers be found

A

All T cells

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39
Q

Where will CD14 markers be found

A

Macrophages

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40
Q

What markers are found on NK cells

A

CD16 and CD56

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41
Q

What markers will be found on B cells

A

CD19, 20, 21

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42
Q

Where will CD34 markers be found

A

Stem cells

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43
Q

Where will CD40 markers be found

A

antigen presenting cells

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44
Q

Where will CD40L marker be found

A

activated T helper cells

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45
Q

What are the lymphoid cells of the immune system

A

B cells
T cells
NK cells

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46
Q

What are the mononuclear cells of the immune system

A

macrophages
granulocytes
dendritic cells

47
Q

What are the granulocytes of the immune system

A

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
mast cells

48
Q

What cell will be increased during a bacterial infection

A

neutrophils

49
Q

When will there be a spike in lymphocytes

A

during viral and intracellular bacterial infections, fungal infections

50
Q

When will monocytes spike

A

mononucleosis and listeria monocytogenes

51
Q

What is the percentage of neutrophils

A

50-70

52
Q

What is the percentage of lymphocytes

A

20-40

53
Q

What is percentage of monocytes

A

1-6

54
Q

What is the percentage of eosinophils

A

1-3

55
Q

What is the percentage of basophils

A

<1

56
Q

What is the number of RBC

A

5x 10^6

57
Q

What is the number of platelets

A

2.5 x 10^5

58
Q

What is the number of leukocytes

A

7.3x10^3

59
Q

What will happen once a B cell comes in contact with Antigen

A

undergoes cell cycle
enlarges
differentiates into memory and effector cells

60
Q

What are naive lymphocytes

A

resting cells that have not interacted with an antigen

61
Q

What cell cycle phase are naive lymphocytes in

A

G0

62
Q

How are lymphoid cells self limiting

A

if they do not find antigen within a month they will die off

63
Q

Where do B lymphocytes complete development

A

bone marrow

64
Q

What is the function of bound Ig on B cells

A

serves as receptor for antigen

65
Q

What do B cells develop into

A

plasma cells and memory cells

66
Q

What do all clonal progeny of B cells secrete

A

Ab molecules with the same Ag binding specificity

67
Q

What cells secrete antibody

A

plasma cells

68
Q

What are plasma cells

A

terminally differentiated B cells

69
Q

Where do T cells mature

A

thymus

70
Q

What is the purpose of T cells maturation in the thymus

A

learn how to identify self vs non self, if it cannot, the cell will be destroyed

71
Q

What is the function of TCR on T cells

A

recognize Ag in association with a MHC molecule

72
Q

What receptors will be found on a T helper cell

A

CD4 and CD3

73
Q

What receptors will be found on the surface of cytotoxic T cells

A

CD8 and CD3

74
Q

What are the two subsets of T lymphocytes

A

T helper cells

T cytokine cells

75
Q

What is the function of CD4+ T cells

A

send signals to other cells to make them kill pathogens

76
Q

What is the funciton of CD8+ t cells

A

kill the pathogen or infected cell

77
Q

What antigen association to cytotoxic t cells recognize

A

Class 1 MHC (endogenous antigens)

78
Q

Which type of T cell directly recognizes and kills target cells

A

cytotoxic t cells

79
Q

What cell can perform the tasks of a cytotoxic T cell if it is not available

A

NK cells

80
Q

What receptors are found on NK cells

A

Ab (CD16) ADCC

81
Q

What will happen in an individual with Chediak-Higashi

A

increased incidence of lymphomas: due to no NK cells

albinism: affects monocytes

82
Q

What do NK cells have cytotoxic activity against

A

wide array of tumors

83
Q

What is lacking in a NK cell

A

B and T cell markers and specific receptors for Ag

84
Q

What type of cell will NK cells destroy

A

any cell that lacks class 1 MHC

85
Q

What are NK cells derived from

A

lymphoid stem cells

86
Q

Where are monocytes and macrophages found

A

monocytes- blood

macrophages- tissue

87
Q

Where do monocytes develop

A

bone marrow

88
Q

What occurs to monocytes after development

A

enter the blood where they further differentiate into mature monocytes

89
Q

How do macrophages form

A

monocytes circulate in blood for 8 hours, then migrate to the tissue to mature into macrophages

90
Q

What is the main job of a monocyte

A

phagocytose

91
Q

Where is CD14 found

A

macrophages and monocytes

92
Q

What are macrophages within connective tissue called

A

histiocytes

93
Q

What are macrophages within the liver called

A

Kupfer cells

94
Q

What are macrophages within the kidney called

A

mesangial cells

95
Q

What are macrophages within the brain called

A

microglial cells

96
Q

How is macrophage activity increased

A

activated by IFN gamma from T helper cell

97
Q

How will an activated macrophage be different from a resting macrophage

A

increased phagocytic activity
ability to activate TH cells
higher levels of class 2 MHC on cell surface

98
Q

What is the life cycle of a neutrophil

A

form in BM
released into blood
migrates 7-10 hours then to a home tissue where it has a lifespan of 3 days

99
Q

What will be released from the BM in response to an infection

A

neutrophils: leukocytosis

100
Q

What is the first cell to site of infection

A

neutrophils

101
Q

What type of cell is involved in pus formation

A

neutrophils

102
Q

How is pus formed

A

neutrophils die after phagocytosing pathogen, and then create pus

103
Q

What cells are increased in an infection with a worm

A

eosinophils

104
Q

What reaction are eosinophils involved in

A

type 1 hypersensitivity

105
Q

What is contained within the granules of eosinophils

A

proteins that will kill parasites by damaging their membranes

106
Q

WHat is the function of basophils

A

acts during allergies

107
Q

What is contained within granules of basophils

A

histamine and eosinophil chemotactic factor

108
Q

Where do mast cell precursors differentiate

A

when they leave blood and enter the tissue

109
Q

When will mast cells be increased

A

allergies

110
Q

What is the function of dendritic cells

A

antigen presenting

after capturing Ag in the tissues, migrate to the blood or lymph and circulate to various lymphoid organs where they present Ag to T cells

111
Q

What is expressed in high levels on dendritic cells

A

Class 2 MHC and B7

112
Q

Where are follicular dendritic cells found

A

exclussively in follicles of lymph nodes

113
Q

What is not expressed on follicular dendritic cells

A

class 2 MHC

114
Q

What is the function of follicular dendritic cells

A

maintain the pool of memory cells, holds complexes of antigen and antibody on its surface for extended period of time, keeps memory of previous infections. allow memory pool to stay activated

LECOM Microbiology MS1 (22 decks)

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