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Year 2 Collin > Neuro 8 - Motor pathways > Flashcards

Neuro 8 - Motor pathways Flashcards

1
Q

What motor skill is cerebellum needed for?

A

Fine movement and motor learning

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2
Q

Where is the primary motor cortex (M1) located?

A

Pre central gyrus

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3
Q

What is in the post central gyrus?

A

Primary sensory cortex

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4
Q

The primary motor cortex is anterior to what sulcus?

A

Anterior to central sulcus

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5
Q

What is the function of the primary motor cortex?

A

Control fine, discrete, precise voluntary movement

It sends descending signals to execute movement

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6
Q

Describe the anterior corticospinal pathway

A
  1. (ALL RHS) Primary motor cortex to midbrain, to pons, past pyramids, to SC, where the motor neurone decussates at the anterior corticospinal tract
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7
Q

Describe the primary motor control pathway for voluntary movements

A

Primary motor cortex past midbrain to pons to medulla where decussation occurs at the pyramids. Then down the SC via lateral corticospinal tract, where it will synapse with a lower motor neurone.

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8
Q

Where is the premotor cortex located?

A

Frontal lobe, anterior to M1

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9
Q

What is the function of the pre-motor cortex?

A

Planning of movements, regulating externally cued movements (e.g. seeing an apple and reaching for it)

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10
Q

Where is the supplementary motor area located?

A

Frontal lobe, anterior to M1, medially

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11
Q

What is the function of the supplementary motor area?

A

Planning complex movements, regulates internally driven movements (e.g. speech). Active when thinking about a movement before executing the movement

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12
Q

What are association cortices?

A

Brain areas that are not strictly motor areas (activity doesn’t correlate with motor output)

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13
Q

Give examples of association cortices

A
  1. Posterior parietal cortex (ensure accurate movements towards objects in 3d space)
  2. Prefrontal cortex (selection of appropriate movements for particular action)
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14
Q

What is meant by corticobulbar?

A

Motor nucleus to hypoglossal nucleus

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15
Q

Upper motor neurone are ?

A

Corticospinal and corticobulbar

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16
Q

Pyramidal pathway?

A

Is the most common route (common lateral corticospinal pathway)

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17
Q

Extrapyramidal pathway is via?

A

Basal ganglia and cerebellum

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18
Q

In upper motor neuron lesions, there can be positive signs due to loss of inhibitory descending inputs. What are these signs

A
  1. Spasticity - increased muscle tone
  2. Hyper-reflexia - exaggerated reflexes
  3. Clonus - abnormal oscillatory muscle contraction
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19
Q

What are the negative signs of upper motor neuron lesions?

A

Loss of function

  1. Paresis (graded weakness of movements)
  2. Paralysis (plegia) - complete loss of muscle activity
20
Q

What is apraxia?

A

Disorder of skilled movement (not paresis) but they’ve lost information how to perform skilled movements

21
Q

Lesions in which lobes can cause apraxia

A

Inferior parietal lobe, frontal lobe (premotor cortex and supplementary motor area)

22
Q

What are 2 common causes of apraxia

A

Stroke

Dementia

23
Q

List some features of lower motor neuron lesions

A
  1. Weakness
  2. Hypotonia
  3. Hyporeflexia
  4. Muscle atrophy
  5. Fasciculations
  6. Fibrillations
24
Q

Motor Neurone Disease (MND) is a disorder of the motor system. It is a spectrum of disorders. What else may it be referred to as

A

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

25
Q

What are some upper motor neuron signs of MND?

A
  1. Increased muscle tone (spasticity of limbs/tongue)
  2. Babinskis sign
  3. Brisk limbs and jaw reflexes
  4. Loss of dexterity
  5. Dysarthria
  6. Dysphagia
26
Q

What are some Lower motor neuron signs of MND?

A
  1. Weakness
  2. Muscle wasting
  3. Tongue fasciculations/wasting
  4. Nasal speach
  5. Dysphagia
27
Q

Where is the substantia nigra?

A

Basal ganglia

28
Q

What features are present in the basal ganglia

A
  1. Caudate nucleus
  2. Lentiform nucleus (putamen + external globus pallidus)
  3. Subthalamic nucleus
  4. Substantia nigra
  5. Ventral pallidum, claustrum, nucleus accumbent, nucleus basalis of Meynert
29
Q

What is the “striatum” in the basal ganglia

A

Lentiform + caudate

30
Q

What are the 3 functions of the basal ganglia?

A
  1. Elaborating associated movements (e.g. swinging arms when walking, changing facial expression for emotion)
  2. Moderating and coordinating movement (suppressing unwanted movement
  3. Performing movements in sequence
31
Q

What is the neuropathology of Parkinson’s?

A

Neurodegeneration of dopaminergic neurons originating in substantia nigra which project onto the striatum

32
Q

5 motor signs of Parkinsons

A
  1. Bradykinesia
  2. Hypomimic face
  3. Akinesia
  4. Rigidity
  5. Tremor at rest
33
Q

Explain how Huntingtons disease may arise

A
  1. Genetic neurodegenerative disorder - Chr4 Autosomal dominant
  2. CAG repeat
  3. Caused by degeneration of GABAergic neurones in striatum, caudate and then putamen
34
Q

What are the motor signs of Huntingtons disease?

A
  1. Choreic movements
  2. Speech impairment
  3. Difficulty swallowing
  4. Unsteady gait
  5. Cognitive decline and dementia later on
35
Q

What are the 3 layers of the cerebellum

A
  1. molecular layer
  2. piriform layer
  3. granular layer
36
Q

In the cerebellum, all information goes to which cell?

A

Purkinje cell

37
Q

How do inferior olive cells project to purkinje cells?

A

via climbing fibres

38
Q

In the cerebellum, how are inputs to granule cells achieved?

A

Via mossy fibres, then onwards from granule cells via parallel fibres

39
Q

In the cerebellum,, how does output from purkinje cells occur?

A

Via deep nuclei

40
Q

What is the output of the cerebellum?

A

Purkinje cells

41
Q

What are the 3 divisions of the cerebellum?

A
  1. Vestibulocerebellum
  2. Spinocerebellum
  3. Cerebrocerebellum
42
Q

What does the vestibulocerebellum do?

A
  1. regulates gait, posture and eqm.

2. Coordinates head movements with eye movements

43
Q

What does the spinocerebellum do?

A
  1. Coordinates speech
  2. Adjusts muscle tone
  3. Coordinates limb movements
44
Q

What does the cerebrocerebellum do?

A
  1. Coordinates skilled movements
  2. Cognitive function, attention, lingual processing
  3. Emotional control
45
Q

What is dysmetria?

A

Inappropriate force and distance judgement

46
Q

What is dysdiadochokinesia?

A

Unable to perform rapidly alternating movements

47
Q

What are the main signs of cerebellar dysfunction?

A
  1. Ataxia
  2. Dysmetria
  3. intention tremor
  4. Dysdiadochokinesia
  5. Scanning speech

Year 2 Collin (114 decks)

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