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Year 2 Collin > Cancer 1 - Cellular Pathology of Cancer > Flashcards

Cancer 1 - Cellular Pathology of Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Define metaplasia

A
  1. Reversible change

2. When one adult cell type (usually epithelial) is replaced by another cell type

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2
Q

Give examples of pathological metaplasia and physiological metaplasia

A

Pathological = Barrett’s oesophagus. Gastro-oesophageal reflux causes oesophageal epithelium to change from (stratified) squamous to (simple) columnar

Physiological = Acidic uterine fluids in the endocervical canal cause the columnar epithelium to become squamous. Cell type reverses to normal when cervix closes up again

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3
Q

Is metaplasia adaptive?

A

Yes

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4
Q

Contrast gastric and intestinal metaplasia

A

Gastric - stratified squamous to simple columnar

Intestinal - goblet cells appear

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5
Q

Define dysplasia

A
  1. Abnormal pattern of growth

2. Where some cellular and architectural features of malignancy are present

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6
Q

What is the key feature of dysplasia?

A

INTACT BASEMENT MEMBRANE

Dysplasia is not cancer - preinvasive stage

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7
Q

List 4 features of cancer

A
  1. Increased nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio
  2. Large nuclei
  3. Abnormal mitoses
  4. Increased mitoses
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8
Q

What can dysplasia be used for?

A

Screening for cancer

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9
Q

Which 2 things is there a loss of in dysplasia?

A
  1. Loss of architectural orientation

2. Loss of uniformity of individual cells

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10
Q

2 words to describe nuclei that are dysplasic

A

Hyperchromatic and enlarged

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11
Q

List 6 places where dysplasia is common in, and what can cause them

A 
Cervix - HPV infection
Bronchus - smoking
Colon - Ulcerative colitis
Larynx - smoking
Stomach - pernicious anaemia
Oesophagus - acid reflux
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12
Q

What is the difference between low grade and high grade dysplasia?

A

Low grade = low risk of progression to cancer

High grade = high risk of progression to cancer

More severe changes in high grade

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13
Q

Which grade dysplasia has larger nuclei and a higher nuclear:cytoplasic ratio?

A

High grade dysplasia

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14
Q

What is a neoplasia

A

Any new (benign or malignant) growth

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15
Q

What is a tumour

A

Swelling (nasal polyps = tumours)

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16
Q

What is a malignancy

A
  1. Abnormal
  2. Autonomous cell proliferation
  3. Unresponsive to normal growth control mechanisms
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17
Q

What is the main diagnostic point of benign tumours?

A

They DO NOT METASTASISE OR INVADE

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18
Q

What are 4 features of benign tumours

A
  1. Encapsulated
  2. Normal mitoses
  3. Well differentiated
  4. Slowly growing
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19
Q

Name 6 situations when benign tumours may be fatal

A
  1. Are in a dangerous location
  2. Secrete something dangerous
  3. Gets infected
  4. Bleeds
  5. Ruptures
  6. Torts
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20
Q

What is the main definitive feature of a malignant tumour?

A

It invades surrounding tissues and spreads to different sites

21
Q

Give 4 features of a malignant tumour

A
  1. Not encapsulated
  2. Abnormal mitoses
  3. Well to poorly differentiated
  4. Rapidly growing
22
Q

What is a metastasis

A

Discontinuous growing colony of tumour cells, at some distance form the primary cancer

23
Q

What does the sites of metastasis depend on?

A

Lymphatic and vascular drainage at the primary site

Lymph node involvement = worse prognosis (e.g. colon cancer w/ Dukes staging)

24
Q

Differentiate Dukes A and Dukes C in colon cancer

A

Dukes A = colon cancer confined to bowel wall - 90% survival

Dukes C = colon cancer spread via lymph node - 30% survival

25
Q

What are the different types of tumours (7)

A
  1. Benign epithelial tumours
  2. Carcinoma
  3. Benign soft tissue tumours
  4. Sarcoma
  5. Leukaemia/lymphoma
  6. Teratoma
  7. Hamartoma
26
Q

What are the 2 types of benign epithelial tumour?

A

Benign epithelial tumour on:

  1. Surface epithelium = PAPILLOMA (e.g. skin, bladder)
  2. Glandular epithelium = ADENOMA (e.g. stomach, thyroid, colon, kidney, pituitary, pancreas)
27
Q

What is a carcinoma

A

Malignant epithelial tumour

28
Q

Tumours are classified based on the tissues they come from. List the types of carcinoma

A
  1. Squamous cell carcinoma
  2. Adenocarcinoma
  3. Transitional cell carcinoma (transitional epithelium in the bladder)
  4. Basal cell carcinoma

(Adenomas can become malignant and carcinomas)

29
Q

Give examples of benign soft tissue tumours

A
  1. Osteoma - bone
  2. Lipoma - fat
  3. Leiomyoma - SM
30
Q

Define sarcoma

A

Malignant tumour derived from connective tissue (mesenchymal cells)

31
Q

What are the types of sarcoma

A
  1. Fat - liposarcoma
  2. Bone - osteosarcoma
  3. Cartilage - chondrosarcoma
  4. Striated muscle (SkM) - rhabdomyosarcoma
  5. SM - leiomyosarcoma
  6. Nerve sheath - Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumour
32
Q

Leukaemias and lymphomas are both tumours of what?

A

WBC.

It is possible to get both a lymphoma and leukaemia mix

33
Q

What is a leukaemia

A

Malignant tumour of bone marrow derived-cells that circulate in blood

34
Q

What is a lymphoma

A

Malignant tumour of lymphocytes in lymph nodes

35
Q

What is a teratoma

A
  1. Tumour derived from germ cells

2. Potential to develop into tumours of all 3 germ cell layers

36
Q

What are the 3 germ cell layers

A
  1. Ectoderm
  2. Mesoderm
  3. Endoderm
37
Q

Distinguish gonadal teratomas in males and females

A

Male gonadal teratomas = usually malignant

Female gonadal teratomas = mostly benign

38
Q

Define hamartoma

A

Localised overgrowth of cells and tissues NATIVE TO THE ORGAN

i.e. appropriate tissues for that organ/part of body but architectural arrangement is inappropriate

39
Q

Hamartomas are common in?

A

Children

40
Q

Give an example of a hamartoma

A

Bile duct in the liver- should only be 1, but sometimes there can be loads of misshapen bile ducts

41
Q

2 ways in which tumours are differentiated

A
  1. Graded (how well differentiated)

2. Staged (how far they’ve spread)

42
Q

Which tumour differentiation technique is more important

A

Staging

43
Q

High grade tumours usually have a ______ stage?

A

HIGH

44
Q

How to determine if a tumour is primary or secondary?

A

Inspect tumour histologically - see if evidence of normal function still present

45
Q

What is the grading system for breast cancer?

A

Nottingham scoring system

46
Q

What is the grading system for prostate cancer?

A

Gleason classification

47
Q

What is meant by anaplastic?

A

Tumours with little/no differentiation

48
Q

What does staging describe?

A

How far tumour has spread

49
Q

What does grading describe?

A

Degree of differentiation

Year 2 Collin (114 decks)

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