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Year 2 Collin > Neuro 3 - Brainstem and Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Neuro 3 - Brainstem and Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

What is the brainstem?

A
  1. Part of CNS
  2. Exclusive of cerebellum
  3. Lies between cerebrum and spinal cord
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2
Q

What are the 3 major divisions of the brainstem?

A
  1. Medulla oblongata
  2. Pons
  3. Midbrain
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3
Q

Name the posterior features of the brainstem. (assuming we’ve cut through the cerebellum)

A
  1. Pineal gland (not bilateral)
  2. 2x superior colliculi
  3. 2x inferior colliculi
  4. CN 4 (Trochlear N)
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4
Q

What is the pineal gland for?

A

Vital for circadian rhythms - melatonin release

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5
Q

What forms the floor of the 4th ventricle?

A

The pons

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6
Q

What is cranial nerve number 1?

A

Olfactory N

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7
Q

Where does cranial nerve 1 synapse?

A

Olfactory bulb

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8
Q

What is cranial nerve number 2?

A

Optic Nerve

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9
Q

Where does CN 2 synapse?

A

Optic chiasm

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10
Q

From where does the trochlear N emerge?

A

Dorsal aspect of the brainstem

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11
Q

What lies behind the pituitary stalk?

A

Mammillary body (part of diencephalon)

They turn dark if alcohol abuse - due to neovascularisation

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12
Q

Which 2 nerves emerge at the midbrain level?

A
  1. Oculomotor n

2. Trochlear N

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13
Q

What do the cerebral peduncles do?

A

Functional and structural use.

Hold cerebral cortex onto brainstem

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14
Q

Which nerve emerges at the level of the pons?

A

Trigeminal N

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15
Q

Muscles of mastication are supplied by which nerve?

A

The trigeminal

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16
Q

At the ponto-medullary junction, what nerves are present?

A

CN 6, 7, 8 (medial to lateral)

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17
Q

What eye movement muscle does the abducens nerve supple?

A

The lateral rectus muscle

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18
Q

What is the facial nerve used for?

A

Muscles of facial expression

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19
Q

What is CN 6?

A

Abducens

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20
Q

What is CN 7?

A

Facial

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21
Q

What is CN 8?

A

Vestibulocochlear

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22
Q

Which nerves emerge from the lateral part of the medulla?

A

CN 9, 10, 11

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23
Q

What is CN 11, and what does it supply?

A

Accessory n, supplies shoulder muscles (e.g. trapezius and SCM)

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24
Q

CN 9?

A

Glossopharyngeal

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25
Q

CN 10?

A

Vagus

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26
Q

CN 12?

A

Hypoglossal, innervates tongue

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27
Q

What is the significance of the pyramidal decussation?

A

Where 90-95% of the motor fibres cross over. Anatomical basis for contralateral motor control

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28
Q

GSA?

A

General Somatic Afferent.

Sensory information from skin and mucous membranes

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29
Q

GVA?

A

General Visceral Afferent.

Sensory information from GIT, heart, vessels and lungs

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30
Q

GSE?

A

General somatic efferent.

In head = muscles for eye and Tongue movements

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31
Q

GVE?

A

General visceral efferent. Preganglionic parasympathetic (eg vagus n)

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32
Q

What are the Special somatic afferent nerves?

A

Optic and Vestibulocochlear

33
Q

What are the special visceral afferent nerves?

A

Olfactory N, facial N, glossopharyngeal N

Smell and taste. (Glossopharyngeal posteriorly)

34
Q

What are the special somatic efferent nerves?

A

Muscles involved in chewing, facial expression, swallowing, vocal sound and turning head

35
Q

What is the dorsal root ganglion made up of?

A

Neural crest cells

36
Q

In the brainstem, are motor neurones located medially or laterally?

A

Medially

37
Q

What is the most medial cell column in the brainstem?

A

GSE

38
Q

What GSE nerves are in the midbrain?

A

Oculomotor and Trochlear

39
Q

Where does the abducens nerve arise from?

A

The ponto-medullary junction

40
Q

Where is the abducens N nucleus located?

A

Within the pons

41
Q

Which is the GSE N in the pons?

A

Abducens

42
Q

Which 3 nuclei control eye movement?

A

Oculomotor, Trochlear and Abducens

43
Q

Which GSE nucleus is in the medulla?

A

Hypoglossal

44
Q

What are the GSE Nerves?

A

Oculomotor, abducens, trochlear, hypoglossal

45
Q

Which cell column is just lateral to GSE?

A

SVE

46
Q

Are there any SVE cells located in the midbrain?

A

NO

47
Q

Which SVE nuclei are located in the pons?

A

Trigeminal, facial nerve

48
Q

Which nerve supplies the muscles for mastication?

A

Trigeminal

49
Q

What is the nucleus ambiguous used for?

A

Laryngeal movements

50
Q

Name the SVE nucleus in the medulla

A

Nucleus ambiguous

51
Q

Where does the accessory nerve have its nucleus?

A

In the crevice-spinal cord

52
Q

Name the SVE nuclei.

A

Trigeminal, facial, nucleus ambiguous, accessory n

53
Q

Which is the most lateral motor nerve cell column of the brainstem?

A

GVE (parasympathetic)

54
Q

Name any GVE nuclei in the midbrain

A

Edinger-Westphal

55
Q

What nerve provides PNS innervation to the eye?

A

Edinger westphal

56
Q

What GVE nuclei are a the border between the pons and the medulla?

A

Salivatory nuclei

57
Q

Edinger Westphal fibres follow which nerve fibres?

A

Oculomotor

58
Q

Which GVE nuclei is present in the medulla?

A

Vagus

59
Q

What are the GVE nuclei?

A

Edinger Westphal, salivary, vagus

60
Q

What is the most medial sensory cell column?

A

GVA/SVA

61
Q

Name the nuclei present in the GVA/SVA column

A

Solitarius

62
Q

What is the nucleus solitarius used for?

A

Connects nerves responsible for taste

63
Q

What part of the brainstem is the nucleus solitarius present?

A

Medulla

64
Q

What is the medial sensory cell column?

A

GSA

65
Q

What is found in the GSA column?

A

Trigeminal, present in midbrain, pons, medulla and CVS

66
Q

What is the most lateral nuclei?

A

Vestibulocochlear.

67
Q

What is the most lateral cell column?

A

SSA

68
Q

What level of the brainstem is the vestibulocochlear nuclei present?

A

Pons & medulla

69
Q

Midbrain has what distinct feature on MRI?

A

Mickey Mouse ears

70
Q

Substantia nigra is present in the midbrain. It is almost absent in someone with?

A

Parkinsons

71
Q

What are MRI features in the midbrain?

A

Inferior colliculus, cerebral aqueduct, substantia nigra, cerebral peduncle

72
Q

What features on MRI are present on the level of the pons?

A

4th ventricle, middle cerebellar peduncle, transverse fibres

73
Q

Where is the inferior olivary nucleus?

A

Medulla

74
Q

Pyramids are in?

A

Medulla

75
Q

Where is the pyramidal decussation?

A

Lower medulla

76
Q

What are the 2 causes of lateral medullary syndrome?

A

Thrombosis of vertebral artery

Thrombosis of Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (PICA)

77
Q

What are the symptoms of lateral medullary syndrome?

A
  1. Vertigo
  2. Ipsilateral loss of thermal sense/pain in face
  3. Contralateral loss of thermal sense/pain in trunk and limbs
  4. Ipsilateral cerebellar ataxia
  5. Horners syndrome (lack of sweating)
  6. Hoarseness / difficulty of swallowing
78
Q

What information does the inferior cerebellar peduncle carry?

A

Information about the bodies position in space

79
Q

What problems occur in lateral medullary syndrome

A
  1. Vestibulocochlear nucleus
  2. Nucleus ambiguus
  3. Inferior cerebellar peduncle
  4. Spinal nucleus
  5. Spinothalamic tract
  6. Sympathetic tract

Year 2 Collin (114 decks)

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