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Year 2 Collin > Anatomy HNS 1 - Cranium, Meninges and Brain > Flashcards

Anatomy HNS 1 - Cranium, Meninges and Brain Flashcards

1
Q

What are the bones of the cranium?

A
  1. Occipital
  2. Sphenoid
  3. Parietal (2)
  4. Ethmoid
  5. Temporal (2)
  6. Frontal
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2
Q

What are the bones of the facial skeleton

A
  1. Maxilla (2)
  2. Zygoma (2)
  3. Nasal (2)
  4. Vomer
  5. Lacrimal (2)
  6. Palatine (2)
  7. Inferior nasal conchae (2)
  8. Mandible
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3
Q

What 3 structures are present in the ethmoid bone

A
  1. Orbital plate
  2. Middle nasal conchae
  3. Perpendicular plate
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4
Q

What foramen is present on the mandible

A

Mental foramen

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5
Q

What 2 structures are present on the maxilla

A
  1. Anterior nasal spine

2. Infraorbital foramen

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6
Q

The sphenoid bone consists of 2 wings which are

A

Greater wing and lesser wing

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7
Q

Which bone contains the sagittal suture

A

Parietal bone

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8
Q

Which suture runs horizontally, and what bone is it part of?

A

Coronal suture, runs along frontal bone

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9
Q

Which suture runs posteriorly on the occipital bone

A

Lambdoid suture

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10
Q

What is the point where the sagittal suture and lambdoid suture meet?

A

Lambda

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11
Q

What is the point where the coronal suture and the sagittal suture meet?

A

Bregma

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12
Q

The temporal bone is posterior to the frontal bone and the ….

A

Sphenoid bone

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13
Q

On what bone is the mastoid process?

A

Temporal

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14
Q

On which bone is the styloid process

A

Temporal

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15
Q

What is the name of the region where 4 bones meet?

What are the 4 bones that meet

A

The pterion

  1. Greater wing of sphenoid
  2. Frontal
  3. Temporal
  4. Parietal
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16
Q

The pterion is the weakest part of the skull. Trauma to this structure may rupture what to cause an epidural haematoma?

A

Middle meningeal artery

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17
Q

From what artery does the middle meningeal artery arise?

A

Maxillary artery - a branch of the external carotid artery

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18
Q

How many fossa are there in the cranial base?

A

3

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19
Q

What does the anterior cranial fossa contain?

A

Frontal lobes

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20
Q

What bone is the cribriform plate part of?

A

Ethmoid

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21
Q

What forms the lower/posterior border of the anterior cranial fossa?

A

Lesser wing of sphenoid and body of sphenoid

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22
Q

What is the foramina between the frontal crest and cribriform plate?

A

Foramen cecum

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23
Q

What does the middle cranial fossa contain?

A

Temporal lobes

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24
Q

Which 3 foramina are part of the greater wing of the sphenoid?

A 
Foramen lacerum
Foramen vale (largest)
Foramen spinosa (lateral)
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25
Q

Which is the deepest and largest fossa?

A

Posterior cranial fossa

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26
Q

What does the posterior cranial fossa contain?

A

Brainstem and cerebellum

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27
Q

Where is the foramen magnum located?

A

Posterior cranial fossa

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28
Q

Name the 11 structures in the cranial fossa that allow nerves/vasculature to pass through

(anterior to posterior)

A
  1. Cribriform plate
  2. Optic canal
  3. Superior orbital fissure
  4. Foramen rotundum
  5. Foramen ovale
  6. Foramen spinosum
  7. Carotid canal
  8. Internal acoustic meatus
  9. Jugular foramen
  10. Hypoglossal canal
  11. Foramen magnum
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29
Q

What passes through the cribriform plate?

A

Olfactory nerve

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30
Q

What passes through the optic canal

A
  1. Optic nerve (& central artery of retina)

2. Ophthalmic artery

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31
Q

What passes through the superior orbital fissure

A
  1. Oculomotor nerve
  2. Trochlear
  3. Ophthalmic division of trigeminal
  4. Abducens
  5. Superior ophthalmic vein
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32
Q

What passes through the foramen rotundum

A

Maxillary division of trigeminal nerve

33
Q

What passes through the foramen ovale

A

Mandibular division of trigeminal nerve

34
Q

What passes through the foramen spinosum

A

Middle meningeal artery and vein

35
Q

Nothing significant passes through foramen lacerum

A

Y

36
Q

What passes through carotid canal

A

Internal carotid artery

37
Q

What passes through internal acoustic meatus

A
  1. Facial nerve
  2. Vestibulocochlear nerve
  3. Labyrinthine artery
38
Q

What passes through the jugular foramen

A
  1. Glossopharyngeal nerve
  2. Vagus nerve
  3. Accessory nerve
  4. Sigmoid sinus - internal jugular vein
39
Q

What passes through the hypoglossal canal

A

Hypoglossal nerve

40
Q

What passes through the foramen magnum

A
  1. Vertebral arteries
  2. Medulla of brain
  3. Spinal roots of accessory nerve
41
Q

LEARN MRI - USE JAS SLIDES, MUBARAK HAS EMAILED THEM

A

Y

42
Q

Superficial to deep - what are the tissue components of the scalp

A 
S - Skin
C - Connective tissue
A - Aponeurosis
L - Loose areolar tissue
P - Periosteum
43
Q

What are the 3 meningeal layers of the brain

A
  1. Outer dura mater
  2. Middle layer - arachnoid mater
  3. Inner layer - Pia mater
44
Q

What are the 2 dura mater layers in the brain

A
  1. Outer periosteal layer

2. Inner meningeal layer

45
Q

What do the 2 dura mater layers separate from each other to form?

A
  1. Dural partitions

2. Intradural venous sinuses

46
Q

Within what fissure does the falx cerebri dural fold exist?

A

Longitudinal cerebral fissure - separates left and right hemisphere

47
Q

Where does the tentorium cerebelli dural fold exist?

A

Between the occipital lobes

Also between cerebellum and brainstem

48
Q

What are the 3 types of herniation?

A
  1. Subfalcine herniation
  2. Uncal herniation
  3. Tonsillar herniation
49
Q

What happens in a subfalcine herniation

A

Frontal lobe herniates below falx cerebra

  • Not clinically significant
50
Q

Describe uncal herniation

A

Uncus of temporal lobe herniates below tentorium cerebelli - compresses midbrain

Can lead to loss of consciousness

51
Q

Describe tonsillar herniation

A

Cerebellar tonsils move downwards through the foramen magnum - may cause compression of the medulla

This can lead to cardiorespiratory arrest

52
Q

Where is CSF present?

A

In the ventricles

53
Q

CSF is not ECF. How does ECF drain back into the capillaries?

A

Via BBB

54
Q

2 functions of CSF

A
  1. Shock impact - protects the brain

2. Nutrition for the brain

55
Q

Explain how CSF is formed and drained

A
  1. Choroid plexi create CSF in each ventricle
  2. Lateral ventricles drain into 3rd ventricle via inter ventricular foramina
  3. 3rd into 4th via cerebral aqueduct
  4. From the 4th ventricle into subarachnoid space via foramina of luschka and magendie
  5. CSF drains from subarachnoid space into dural venous sinuses via arachnoid villi
56
Q

What is the source of anterior blood supply to the brain

A

Internal carotids

57
Q

What is the source of posterior blood supply to the brain?

A

Vertebro-basilar

58
Q

At what vertebral level does the common carotid split into the internal and external carotids?

A

C4

59
Q

The internal carotid artery enters the cranium through which foramen?

A

Carotid canal

60
Q

In the cranial cavity, what 3 branches does the internal carotid divide into?

A
  1. Ophthalmic branch
  2. Anterior cerebral artery - supplies medial surface and small superior strip on the lateral surface
  3. Middle cerebral artery - main branch of ICA - goes through transverse fissure of the brain and supplies most of lateral surface
61
Q

Where do the vertebral arteries come from?

A

1st part of subclavian arteries

62
Q

Through which foramina of C1-C6 vertebrae does the vertebral artery ascend?

A

Transverse foramina

63
Q

What are the 3 branches of the vertebral artery

A
  1. Anterior spinal artery - anterior 2/3rds of SC
  2. Posterior spinal - posterior 1/3rd of SC
  3. Posterior inferior cerebellar artery - supplies posterior inferior aspect of cerebellum
64
Q

What do the vertebral arteries unite to form?

A

Basilar artery on the anterior aspect of the pons

65
Q

What are the branches of the basilar artery

A
  1. Anterior inferior cerebellar artery
  2. Pontine arteries
  3. Labyrinthine arteries
  4. Superior cerebellar arteries
  5. Posterior cerebral arteries
66
Q

Which artery joins the 2 anterior cerebral arteries?

A

Anterior communicating artery

67
Q

What connects the posterior cerebral artery to the middle cerebral artery?

A

Posterior communicating artery

68
Q

How is blood from the cerebral veins drained?

A

Drained into dural venous sinuses - then drained into the internal jugular vein

69
Q

Superior and inferior sagittal sinuses run along the margin of what?

A

Falx cerebri

70
Q

Transverse sinuses run along what margin?

A

Tentorium cerebelli

71
Q

Between which 2 structures does the cavernous sinus exist?

A

Sella turcica and temporal lobe

72
Q

The inferior sagittal sinus drains into what before draining into the confluence of sinuses (before draining into the TV sinus)

A

Straight sinus

Superior sagittal sinus drains straight into confluence of sinuses

73
Q

What does the confluence of sinuses drain into before draining into the internal jugular vein?

A

TV sinus - Sigmoid sinus - Internal jugular vein

74
Q

Where does the cavernous sinus sit?

A

Lateral side of the body of sphenoid bone

75
Q

Where does the cavernous sinus receive blood from?

A

Cerebral veins
Ophthalmic veins
Emissary veins (outside cranium)

76
Q

Due to the location of the cavernous sinuses, what are they susceptible to?

A

Inflammation

77
Q

What is the medial border of the cavernous sinus?

A
  1. Internal carotid artery

2. Abducens nerve - lies alongside artery so is susceptible to damage

78
Q

What lies on the lateral border of the cavernous sinus

A

CrN 3, 4, Vi, Vii

Year 2 Collin (114 decks)

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