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Year 2 Collin > Neuro 14 - Cerebral cortex and Limbic system > Flashcards

Neuro 14 - Cerebral cortex and Limbic system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 types of cerebral white matter?

A
  1. Association fibres (in cortex) - connect areas within same hemisphere
  2. Commissural fibres - connect left hemisphere to right hemisphere. Largest commissural pathway = corpus callosum (joining the 2 hemispheres).
    - There is also anterior commissural pathway (basal forebrain)
    - Smaller posterior commissural pathway - join the 2 hippocampi posteriorly
  3. Projection fibres - connect cortex with lower brain structures (e.g. thalamus), brainstem and spinal cord. Biggest projection fibre pathway is the corticospinal tract
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2
Q

How many layers does the neocortex have?

Describe the lateral arrangement

A

6 (for majority of cortex)

Layers 1-3 = mainly cortico-cortical connections

Layer 4 = input from thalamus

Layers 5 and 6 = connections with subcortical, brainstem and spinal cord

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3
Q

The neocortex is arranged in layers (lamina structure) and?

A

Columns - dense vertical connections. This formed the basis for topographical organisation - neurones with similar properties connected in same column

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4
Q

The posterior border of the frontal cortex is?

A

Central sulcus

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5
Q

Whatolder part of the cortex can be seen if you retract the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes?

A

Insula

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6
Q

Describe primary cortices

A
  1. Predictable function
  2. Organised topographically
  3. Left right symmetry - NB lt part controls right side of body
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7
Q

Where is the primary somatic sensory cortex?

A

Parietal lobe

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8
Q

Where is the visual cortex

A

Occipital lobe

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9
Q

Where is the auditory cortex?

A

Temporal lobe

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10
Q

All taste sensation goes to a single nucleus in the brainstem - the ?

A

Nucleus solitarius (has CN input from CN7, 9, little bit of 10)

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11
Q

Describe association cortices

A
  1. Less predictable function
  2. Not organised topographically
  3. Left-right symmetry weak or absent

e.g. language - largely a left based function

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12
Q

Where is the auditory association area?

A

On the auditory cortex (which is on the superior temporal gyrus)

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13
Q

Where is the visual association area?

A

Surrounding the visual cortex (calcarine) in the occipital lobe

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14
Q

Where is the sensory association area

A

Sensory association area provides sensory information from skin and viscera (and taste buds)

Located in parietal lobe

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15
Q

Where is the prefrontal association area

A

Frontal lobe - quite diffuse

Prefrontal association area involved in behaviours, coordinating information from other areas, etc

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16
Q

Where is motor association area?

A

Anterior to central sulcus

Motor association area involved in SkM movement

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17
Q

What are the 2 visual pathways (once the PVC has occurred)

A
  1. “where” pathway (spatial relationships) - dorsal stream

2. “what” pathway (colour, form)- ventral stream

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18
Q

What may lesions in the visual posterior association area (fusiform gyrus) lead to

A

Prosopagnosia - inability to recognise familiar faces or learn new faces

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19
Q

What may frontal lobe lesions result in

A

Lack of planning, disorganised behaviour, diminished concentration and attention span, impaired self-control

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20
Q

What may parietal cortex lesions result in

A

Post. parietal association cortex = creates spatial map of body in surroundings from multi-modality information

Injury - may cause disorientation, inability to read maps/understand spatial relationships, apraxia (inability to carry out programmed movements), hemispatial neglect

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21
Q

What may temporal cortex lesions cause

A

Agnosia, receptive aphasia

Temporal lobe involved in language, object recognition, memory, emotion

22
Q

Patients who have had a callosotomy (removed corpus callosum) have?

A

Lateralised deficits in function

as commissural pathways compromised, which links the 2 hemispheres

23
Q

Which hemisphere is dominant for verbal processing?

A

Left

24
Q

What is TMS

A

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

Magnetic filed induces electric current in cortex –> causing neurones to fire

Can be used to test whether a specific brain area is responsible for a function (e.g. speech)

25
Q

What is TDCS

A

Transcranial direct current stimulation (TDCS)

Changes local excitability of neurones - increasing/decreasing firing rate (but it doesn’t actually induce firing)

26
Q

Parkinsons patients have a deficit in?

A

Dopamine

27
Q

Distinguish MEG and EEG

A

MEG = measures magnetic fields

EEG = measures electric fields

Both give noisy signals - large numbers of trials needed so avg can be used

28
Q

What can fMRI be used for

A

Can check areas of higher blood flow - presumed to be due to increased electrical activity in those areas

29
Q

White matter is a bit more deep than grey matter

A

Y

30
Q

Describe the olfactory system progression

A

Olfactory epithelium —> bipolar olfactory neurones (which pass through the cribriform plate - ethmoid bone) —> sustentacular cells (support cells) —> basal cells

(There is also a progressive loss of olfaction with age)

31
Q

Where does the olfactory bulb lie?

A

Inferior surface of frontal lobe (above cribriform plate from sagittal view)

32
Q

What are second-order olfactory neurons also known as?

A

Mitral cells

33
Q

Olfactory bulb (mitral cells) —> olfactory tract —> olfactory stria. What are the stria present and what are the highest cortical functioning areas for olfaction?

A

Medial and lateral olfactory striae

Highest functioning olfactory areas = Piriform cortex (temporal lobe) and orbitofrontal cortex

Both piriform and orbitofrontal cortex connected to brainstem and can promote autonomic responses

34
Q

What is a clinical deficit in smell called

A

Anosmia

35
Q

In Parkinson’s disease, what is affected quite early on

A

Olfactory bulb

36
Q

What is the limbic system

A

System responsible for processes aimed at survival of the individual:

  1. Maintenance of homeostasis, modulating pituitary hormone release and initiation of feeding and drinking (hypothalamus = part of limbic system)
  2. Agonistic behaviour
  3. Sexual and reproductive behaviour
  4. Memory
37
Q

Where is the amygdala present

A

Temporal lobe

38
Q

Describe the parts of the limbic system

A 
Frontal lobe
Thalamus
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Hypothalamus
Olfactory bulb
39
Q

Describe the emotional experience circuit (Major part of Papez circuit - other parts involve emotional colouring and emotional expression)

A

Cingulate cortex — (cingulum bundle) –> Hippocampus 000 (fornix) –> Hypothalamus (mammillary bodies) –(MTT - Mammillo-thalamic tract)
—> Anterior nucleus of thalamus —> back to cingulate cortex

40
Q

Emotional colouring of a memory is a ……. response

A

Neocortical

41
Q

Our response/emotional expression is …..

A

Hypothalamic

42
Q

What are the main connections of the hippocampus

A

Afferent = perforant pathway (input from entorhinal cortex)

Efferent = fimbria / fornix (to hypothalamus)

Hippocampus vital in memory and learning

43
Q

Clinical problems with hippocampus may cause

A

Alzheimers disease / epilepsy

44
Q

Mammillary bodies are present at the base of the diencephalon. Where can the hippocampi be found

A

Inferior horn of lateral ventricle (temporal lobe)

the amygdala is buried in the white matter of anterior temporal lobe

45
Q

What is a radiological sign of Alzheimers

A

Atrophic hippocampus

46
Q

Describe the anatomical progression of Alzheimers

A

Early: hippocampus and entorhinal cortex, shorter memory problems

Moderate:
parietal lobe, dressing apraxia

Late:
frontal lobe, loss of executive skills

47
Q

Describe the structure infront of hippocampus, buried in the white matter

A

Amygdala (temporal lobe)

Afferent connections: olfactory cortex, septum, temporal neocortex, hippocampus, brainstem

Efferent: stria terminalis (goes to hypothalamus)

Functions: fear and anxiety, fight or flight

Clinical dysfunction - Kluver-Bucy syndrome

48
Q

Describe Kuver-Bucy syndrome

A

Person defers to basic instincts

Hyperorality
Loss of fear
Visual agnosia
Hypersexuality

49
Q

What parts of the brain are involved in aggression

A
  1. Hypothalamus
  2. Brainstem (periaqueductal grey matter)
  3. Amygdala

5-HT main NT in raphe nuclei

50
Q

What divides the lateral ventricles. Describe this structure

A

Septum

Afferent:
Amygdala, olfactory tract, hippocampus, brainstem

Efferent: stria medularis thalami, hippocampus, hypothalamus

Functions: reinforcement and reward

51
Q

Aside from septal nuclei, what else is thought to be involved in reward behaviour

A

Nucleus accumbens

Most recreational drugs increase DA release in nucleus accumbens

52
Q

Describe the mesolimbic dopamine pathway

A

Midbrain (VTA) neurones (Median forebrain bundle MFB) projecting to cortex, nucleus accumbens and amygdala

Year 2 Collin (114 decks)

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