Neural control and Coordination Flashcards
As you know, the functions of the organs/organ systems in our body must be coordinated to maintain _________.
Homeostasis
The process through which two or more organs interact and complement the function of one another is called
Coordination
Endocrine system provides chemical integration by the chemicals called ______.
Hormones
The neural system of all animals is composed of highly specialised cells called
Neurons
The neural system of all animals is composed of highly specialised cells called neurons which can detect, receive and transmit different kinds of _______
Stimuli
A structure containing a number of nerve cell bodies, typically linked by synapses, and often forming a swelling on a nerve fibre.
Ganglia
The _____________________ includes the brain and spinal cords and is the site of information processing & control
Central Neural System (CNS)
All the nerves of the body associated with Central Nervous System (CNS) come under which neural system
Peripheral Neural System (PNS)
The nerve fibres that transmit impulses from tissue/organs to CNS are called
Afferent nerve fibres
The nerve fibres that transmit regulatory impulses from the CNS to the concerned peripheral tissue organs are called
Efferent fibres
The neural system which relays impulses forms CNS to skeletal muscles is called?
Somatic neural system
The neural system which relays impulses forms CNS to skeletal muscles is called?
Somatic neural system
The neural system which transmit impulses from the CNS to involuntary organs and smooth muscles of the body is called
Autonomic neural system
Organs like heart, blood vessels, lungs, stomach, glands and intestines which are controlled by the the autonomic nervous system are called
Involuntary organs
The autonomic nervous system is classified into two separate sub-systems, one is parasympathetic neural system and the other is
Sympathetic neural system
______________ is part of PNS that comprises the whole complex of nerves, fibres, ganglia and plexuses by which impulses travel from the CNS to the viscera and from the viscera to the CNS.
Visceral nervous system
A neuron is composed of three major parts. The part which contains cytoplasm with typical cell organelles and Nissl’s granules is called
Cell body
Short fibres which branch repeatedly and project out of the cell body also contain Nissl’s granules are called
Dendrites
______________ is a long fibre, the distal end of which is branched.
Axon
Granular bodies found in cytoplasm within the cell body of a neuron are called
Nissl’s granules
Each branch of an axon terminate in a bulb like structure called___________
Synaptic knob
Synaptic vesicles containing chemicals and found inside the synaptic knob are called
Neurotransmitters
A nerve impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another through junctions called ________
synapse
The axons transmit nerve impulses away from the cell body to a synapse or to a ______________
Neuro-muscular junction
There are three type of neurons. A neuron with cell body with one axon and two or more dendrites (found in cerebral cortex) is called
Multipolar neuron
The neuron which contains one axon and one dendrites and found in retina of eye is called
Bipolar neuron
The cell body of neuron which contains one axon only and no dendrites and found in embryonic stage is called
Unipolar neuron
The axon of neurons without myelinated sheath is called
Non-myelinated axon
The myelinated nerve fibres are enveloped with _________ cells, which form a myelin sheath around the axon.
Schwann
The myelin sheath is a non-continuous layer and the gaps are called
Nodes of Ranvier
The myelinated nerve fibres are present in ________________ & ___________________
Cranial nerves, Spinal nerves
_________ nerve fibre is commonly found in autonomous and the somatic neural systems.
Unmyelinated
Neurons are excitable cells because their membranes are in a __________
Polarised state
When a neuron is not conducting any impulse, i.e., resting, higher concentration of ions present inside the axonal membrane is of
Potassium ions
When a neuron is not conducting any impulse, i.e., resting, higher concentration of ions present outside the axonal membrane is of
Sodium ions
The cytoplasm of the axon which contains high concentration of potassium ions and negatively charged proteins and low concentration of sodium ions is called
Axoplasm
The electrical potential difference across the resting plasma membrane is called
Resting potential
The electrical potential difference across the plasma membrane for transmission of nerve impulse is called
Action potential
Signal transmitted along a nerve fibre is called
Nerve impulse
Transmission of nerve impulse from one neuron to another happens through junctions called
Synapses
The synapses in which the membrane of pre and post and synaptic neurons are in very close proximity are called ____________ synapses.
electrical
In ___________________ , membranes of pre and post synaptic neurones are separated by a fluid filled space called synaptic cleft
Chemical synapses
In a neuron, _______________ store various neurotransmitters that are released at the synapse.
Synaptic vesicles
Neurotransmitters released in synaptic cleft bind to their specific _______________ present on the post-synaptic membrane.
receptors
Inside the bony skull, the brain tissue or brain is covered by _______________ consisting of an outer layer called_______________, a very thin middle layer called___________and an inner layer called____________
cranial meninges, dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater
Part of the brain which consists of cerebrum, thalamus and hypothalamus is called
Forebrain
Part of brain which is located between the thalamus /hypothalamus of the forebrain and pons of the hindbrain is called
Midbrain
The pons, cerebellum and medulla are found in
Hindbrain
The prominent and major part of the human brain is
Cerebrum
The ________________ wraps around a structure called ________________, which is a major coordinating centre for sensory and motor signalling
cerebrum, thalamus
____________ is the part of the brain which contains a number of centres which control body temperature, urge for eating and drinking
Hypothalamus
A deep cleft divides the cerebrum longitudinally into two halves, which are termed as the left and right __________
cerebral hemispheres
The cerebral hemispheres are connected by a tract of nerve fibres called
Corpus callosum
The ________________________ contains motor areas, sensory areas and large regions that are neither clearly sensory nor motor in function
cerebral cortex
The inner part of cerebral hemisphere and group of associated deep structure like ________________ & _______________________ form a complex structure called the limbic lobe or limbic system
amygdala, hippocampus
Complex structure along with hypothalamus which is involved in the regulation of sexual behaviour, expression of emotional reactions (like excitement pleasure, rage and fear) and motivation is called
Limbic lobe
A canal called ______________________ passes through the midbrain
cerebral aqueduct
Dorsal portion of the midbrain consists mainly of four round swellings or lobes called_______________
corpora quadrigemina
______________ consists of fibre tracts that interconnect different regions of the brain
Pons
_________________ has very convoluted surface in order to provide additional space for many more neurons
Cerebellum
Part of human brain that contains centres to control respiration, cardiovascular reflexes and gastric secretion is
Medulla
The entire process of response to a peripheral nervous stimulation, that occurs involuntarily, i.e., without conscious effort or thought and requires the involvment of a part of the CNSis called a __________
Reflex action
The afferent neuron receives signal from a sensory organ and transmit the impulse via a __________________into the CNS (at the level of spinal cord)
Dorsal nerve root
The nose contains _________________ which are specialised for receiving the sense of smell and are called ___________________
mucus-coated receptors, olfactory receptors
Neurons of__________________ extend from outside environment directly into a pair of broad bean-sized organs called olfactory bulb
olfactory epithelium
The tongue detects tastes through taste buds, containing _____________________________ receptors
gustatory
Our paired eyes are located in sockets of the skull called ___________
orbits
The wall of eyeball is composed of three layers. External layer which is composed of dense connective tissue is called
Sclera
The anterior portion of sclera is called ______________
cornea
The middle layer ________________of the eyeball contains many blood vessels and looks bluish in colour.
choroid
The choroid layer is thin over the posterior two-thirds of the eye ball, but it becomes thick in the anterior part to form the _________
ciliary body
The ciliary body itself continues forward to form a pigmented and opaque structure called ______ which is the visible coloured portion of the eye
iris
The eyeball contains a transparent crystalline______ which is held in place by ligaments attached to the ______
lens, ciliary body
In front of the lens, the aperture surrounded by the iris is called the ___________
pupil
The inner layer of the wall of eyeball which contains three layers of cells from inside to outside (ganglio cells,bipolar cells and photo receptor cells) is called?
retina
Retina contains three layers of neural cell - from inside to outside - _________cell, __________ cell and __________ cells.
ganglion, bipolar, photoreceptor
_____________ and _______________ are two types of photoreceptor cells.
Rods, cones
Rods and cones contain light-sensitive proteins called
photopigments
Rods contain a purplish-red protein called
Rhodopsin
The __________leave the eye and the retinal blood vessels enter it at the point medial to and slightly above the posterior pole of the eye ball.
optic nerves
The region where photoreceptor cells are not present is called
blind spot
The ________ is a thinned out portion of the retina where only the cones are densely packed and visual activity (resolution) is the greatest.
fovea
The space between the cornea and the lens is called _________________ & contains a thin watery fluid called _________
aqueous chamber, aqueous humor
The space between the lens and the retina is called ____________ and is filled with a transparent gel called___________
vitreous chamber, vitreous humor
Photosensitive compounds or photopigments in the human eyes is composed of _________ (a protein) and _________ (an aldehyde of vitamin A)
opsin, retinal
Action potentials generated in the ganglion cell are transmitted by the optic nervers to the _______________
visual cortex
The outer ear consists of the ___________and __________________(canal)
pinna, external auditory meatus
____________collects the vibrations in the air which produces sound
Pinna
The external auditory meatus leads inwards and extends up to the __________________________(the ear drum)
tympanic membrane
There are very fine hairs and ________________glands in the skin of the pinna and the meatus
wax-secreting
