Neural control and Coordination Flashcards
As you know, the functions of the organs/organ systems in our body must be coordinated to maintain _________.
Homeostasis
The process through which two or more organs interact and complement the function of one another is called
Coordination
Endocrine system provides chemical integration by the chemicals called ______.
Hormones
The neural system of all animals is composed of highly specialised cells called
Neurons
The neural system of all animals is composed of highly specialised cells called neurons which can detect, receive and transmit different kinds of _______
Stimuli
A structure containing a number of nerve cell bodies, typically linked by synapses, and often forming a swelling on a nerve fibre.
Ganglia
The _____________________ includes the brain and spinal cords and is the site of information processing & control
Central Neural System (CNS)
All the nerves of the body associated with Central Nervous System (CNS) come under which neural system
Peripheral Neural System (PNS)
The nerve fibres that transmit impulses from tissue/organs to CNS are called
Afferent nerve fibres
The nerve fibres that transmit regulatory impulses from the CNS to the concerned peripheral tissue organs are called
Efferent fibres
The neural system which relays impulses forms CNS to skeletal muscles is called?
Somatic neural system
The neural system which relays impulses forms CNS to skeletal muscles is called?
Somatic neural system
The neural system which transmit impulses from the CNS to involuntary organs and smooth muscles of the body is called
Autonomic neural system
Organs like heart, blood vessels, lungs, stomach, glands and intestines which are controlled by the the autonomic nervous system are called
Involuntary organs
The autonomic nervous system is classified into two separate sub-systems, one is parasympathetic neural system and the other is
Sympathetic neural system
______________ is part of PNS that comprises the whole complex of nerves, fibres, ganglia and plexuses by which impulses travel from the CNS to the viscera and from the viscera to the CNS.
Visceral nervous system
A neuron is composed of three major parts. The part which contains cytoplasm with typical cell organelles and Nissl’s granules is called
Cell body
Short fibres which branch repeatedly and project out of the cell body also contain Nissl’s granules are called
Dendrites
______________ is a long fibre, the distal end of which is branched.
Axon
Granular bodies found in cytoplasm within the cell body of a neuron are called
Nissl’s granules
Each branch of an axon terminate in a bulb like structure called___________
Synaptic knob
Synaptic vesicles containing chemicals and found inside the synaptic knob are called
Neurotransmitters
A nerve impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another through junctions called ________
synapse
The axons transmit nerve impulses away from the cell body to a synapse or to a ______________
Neuro-muscular junction
There are three type of neurons. A neuron with cell body with one axon and two or more dendrites (found in cerebral cortex) is called
Multipolar neuron
The neuron which contains one axon and one dendrites and found in retina of eye is called
Bipolar neuron
The cell body of neuron which contains one axon only and no dendrites and found in embryonic stage is called
Unipolar neuron
The axon of neurons without myelinated sheath is called
Non-myelinated axon
The myelinated nerve fibres are enveloped with _________ cells, which form a myelin sheath around the axon.
Schwann
The myelin sheath is a non-continuous layer and the gaps are called
Nodes of Ranvier
The myelinated nerve fibres are present in ________________ & ___________________
Cranial nerves, Spinal nerves
_________ nerve fibre is commonly found in autonomous and the somatic neural systems.
Unmyelinated
Neurons are excitable cells because their membranes are in a __________
Polarised state
When a neuron is not conducting any impulse, i.e., resting, higher concentration of ions present inside the axonal membrane is of
Potassium ions
When a neuron is not conducting any impulse, i.e., resting, higher concentration of ions present outside the axonal membrane is of
Sodium ions
The cytoplasm of the axon which contains high concentration of potassium ions and negatively charged proteins and low concentration of sodium ions is called
Axoplasm
The electrical potential difference across the resting plasma membrane is called
Resting potential
The electrical potential difference across the plasma membrane for transmission of nerve impulse is called
Action potential
Signal transmitted along a nerve fibre is called
Nerve impulse
Transmission of nerve impulse from one neuron to another happens through junctions called
Synapses
The synapses in which the membrane of pre and post and synaptic neurons are in very close proximity are called ____________ synapses.
electrical
In ___________________ , membranes of pre and post synaptic neurones are separated by a fluid filled space called synaptic cleft
Chemical synapses
In a neuron, _______________ store various neurotransmitters that are released at the synapse.
Synaptic vesicles
Neurotransmitters released in synaptic cleft bind to their specific _______________ present on the post-synaptic membrane.
receptors
Inside the bony skull, the brain tissue or brain is covered by _______________ consisting of an outer layer called_______________, a very thin middle layer called___________and an inner layer called____________
cranial meninges, dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater
Part of the brain which consists of cerebrum, thalamus and hypothalamus is called
Forebrain
Part of brain which is located between the thalamus /hypothalamus of the forebrain and pons of the hindbrain is called
Midbrain
The pons, cerebellum and medulla are found in
Hindbrain
The prominent and major part of the human brain is
Cerebrum
The ________________ wraps around a structure called ________________, which is a major coordinating centre for sensory and motor signalling
cerebrum, thalamus
____________ is the part of the brain which contains a number of centres which control body temperature, urge for eating and drinking
Hypothalamus
A deep cleft divides the cerebrum longitudinally into two halves, which are termed as the left and right __________
cerebral hemispheres
The cerebral hemispheres are connected by a tract of nerve fibres called
Corpus callosum
The ________________________ contains motor areas, sensory areas and large regions that are neither clearly sensory nor motor in function
cerebral cortex
The inner part of cerebral hemisphere and group of associated deep structure like ________________ & _______________________ form a complex structure called the limbic lobe or limbic system
amygdala, hippocampus
Complex structure along with hypothalamus which is involved in the regulation of sexual behaviour, expression of emotional reactions (like excitement pleasure, rage and fear) and motivation is called
Limbic lobe
A canal called ______________________ passes through the midbrain
cerebral aqueduct
Dorsal portion of the midbrain consists mainly of four round swellings or lobes called_______________
corpora quadrigemina
______________ consists of fibre tracts that interconnect different regions of the brain
Pons
_________________ has very convoluted surface in order to provide additional space for many more neurons
Cerebellum
Part of human brain that contains centres to control respiration, cardiovascular reflexes and gastric secretion is
Medulla
The entire process of response to a peripheral nervous stimulation, that occurs involuntarily, i.e., without conscious effort or thought and requires the involvment of a part of the CNSis called a __________
Reflex action
The afferent neuron receives signal from a sensory organ and transmit the impulse via a __________________into the CNS (at the level of spinal cord)
Dorsal nerve root
The nose contains _________________ which are specialised for receiving the sense of smell and are called ___________________
mucus-coated receptors, olfactory receptors
Neurons of__________________ extend from outside environment directly into a pair of broad bean-sized organs called olfactory bulb
olfactory epithelium
The tongue detects tastes through taste buds, containing _____________________________ receptors
gustatory
Our paired eyes are located in sockets of the skull called ___________
orbits
The wall of eyeball is composed of three layers. External layer which is composed of dense connective tissue is called
Sclera
The anterior portion of sclera is called ______________
cornea
The middle layer ________________of the eyeball contains many blood vessels and looks bluish in colour.
choroid
The choroid layer is thin over the posterior two-thirds of the eye ball, but it becomes thick in the anterior part to form the _________
ciliary body
The ciliary body itself continues forward to form a pigmented and opaque structure called ______ which is the visible coloured portion of the eye
iris
The eyeball contains a transparent crystalline______ which is held in place by ligaments attached to the ______
lens, ciliary body
In front of the lens, the aperture surrounded by the iris is called the ___________
pupil
The inner layer of the wall of eyeball which contains three layers of cells from inside to outside (ganglio cells,bipolar cells and photo receptor cells) is called?
retina
Retina contains three layers of neural cell - from inside to outside - _________cell, __________ cell and __________ cells.
ganglion, bipolar, photoreceptor
_____________ and _______________ are two types of photoreceptor cells.
Rods, cones
Rods and cones contain light-sensitive proteins called
photopigments
Rods contain a purplish-red protein called
Rhodopsin
The __________leave the eye and the retinal blood vessels enter it at the point medial to and slightly above the posterior pole of the eye ball.
optic nerves
The region where photoreceptor cells are not present is called
blind spot
The ________ is a thinned out portion of the retina where only the cones are densely packed and visual activity (resolution) is the greatest.
fovea
The space between the cornea and the lens is called _________________ & contains a thin watery fluid called _________
aqueous chamber, aqueous humor
The space between the lens and the retina is called ____________ and is filled with a transparent gel called___________
vitreous chamber, vitreous humor
Photosensitive compounds or photopigments in the human eyes is composed of _________ (a protein) and _________ (an aldehyde of vitamin A)
opsin, retinal
Action potentials generated in the ganglion cell are transmitted by the optic nervers to the _______________
visual cortex
The outer ear consists of the ___________and __________________(canal)
pinna, external auditory meatus
____________collects the vibrations in the air which produces sound
Pinna
The external auditory meatus leads inwards and extends up to the __________________________(the ear drum)
tympanic membrane
There are very fine hairs and ________________glands in the skin of the pinna and the meatus
wax-secreting
The tympanic membrane is composed of connective tissues covered with skin outside and with ______________inside.
mucus membrane
The middle ear contains three ossicles called _______________, ___________________ and ____________
malleus, incus, stapes
Coiled portion of the Labyrinth is called
cochlea
The structure which connects the middle ear cavity with the pharynx and helps in equalising the pressure on either sides of the eardrum is called
Eustachian tube
The fluid-filled inner ear is called
Labyrinth
The bony labyrinth is a series of channels. Inside these channels lies the membranous labyrinth, which is surrounded by a fluid called ___________
perilymph
The membranes constituting cochlea, the reissner’s and basilar, divide the surrounding perilymph filled bony labyrinth into an _________vestibuli and a _________ tympani.
upper scala, lower scala
The space within cochlea called _____________ is filled with endolymph
scala media
The structure located on the basilar membrane which contains hair cells that act as auditory receptors is called
Organ of corti
Above the rows of the hair cells is a thin elastic membrane called
Tectorial membrane
Located above the cochlea, inner ear also contains a complex system called ________________
vestibular apparatus
Vestibular apparatus is composed of three ____________________ and the __________
semi-circular canals, otolith
Base of membranous canals is swollen and is called ___________, which contains a projecting ridge called __________which has hair cells.
ampulla, crista ampullaris
The saccule and utricle contain a projecting ridge called
macula
The daylight (photopic) vision and colour vision are functions of
Cones
The twilight (scotopic) vision is the function of the
Rods
When we do physical exercises, the ___________ demand is increased for maintaining an increased muscular activity.
energy
The increased supply of _________ necessitates an increase in the rate of respiration, heart beat and increased blood flow via blood vessels.
oxygen
The functions of muscles, lungs, heart, blood vessels, kidney and other organs are ____________ while performing physical exercises.
coordinated
In our body the __________ system and the ___________ system jointly coordinate and integrate all the activities of the organs.
neural, endocrine
In our body the neural system and the endocrine system function in a _____________ fashion.
synchronised
The neural system provides an organised network of ____________ connections for a quick coordination.
point-to-point
The neural system provides an organised network of ____________ connections for a quick coordination.
point-to-point
Neurons can detect, receive and ____________ different kinds of stimuli.
transmit
The neural organisation is very simple in ____________
lower invertebrates
In _________ neural system is composed of a network of neurons.
Hydra
The neural system is better organised in _________, where a brain is present along with a number of ganglia and neural tissues.
insects
The __________ have a more developed neural system.
vertebrates
The nerve fibres of the PNS are of _________ types.
two
A neuron is a microscopic structure composed of three major parts, namely, cell body, __________ and axon.
dendrites
Different types of _______ channels are present on the neural membrane.
ion
Different ion channels are __________ permeable to different ions.
selectively
When a neuron is not conducting any impulse it is in ______ stage.
resting
When a neuron is resting the axonal membrane is comparatively more permeable to __________ and nearly impermeable to ____________.
potassium ions (K+), sodium ions (Na+)
The axonal membrane is impermeable to negatively charged _________ present in the axoplasm in resting stage.
proteins
The ionic gradients across the resting membrane are maintained by the active transport of ions by the ______________ pump.
sodium-potassium
The sodium-potassium pump transports _______ outwards for _______ into the cel
3 Na+, 2 K+
In a polarised membrane the outer surface of the axonal membrane possesses a __________ charge while its inner surface becomes _________ charged.
positive, negatively
When a stimulus is applied at a site on the polarised membrane the membrane at that site becomes ______________ to Na+
freely permeable
Rapid influx of Na+ followed by the reversal of the polarity leads to ___________ of the membrane
depolarisation
In a depolarised membrane outer surface of the membrane becomes _________ charged.
negatively
In a depolarised membrane inner surface of the membrane becomes _________ charged.
positively
The rise in the stimulus-induced permeability to ________ is extremely short-lived.
Na+
Stimulus-induced permeability to Na+ is extremely short-lived and is quickly followed by a rise in permeability to ________.K+
K+
K+ diffuses outside the membrane and restores the ___________ of the membrane at the site of excitation
resting potential
A synapse is formed by the membranes of a ________ neuron and a post-synaptic neuron.
pre-synaptic
A synapse is formed by the membranes which may or may not be separated by a gap called _________synaptic cleft
synaptic cleft
There are ______ types of synapses.
two
Transmission of an impulse across electrical synapses is very similar to impulse conduction along a ___________.
single axon
Impulse transmission across an electrical synapse is always __________ than that across a chemical synapse.
faster
__________ synapses are rare in our system.
Electrical
Chemicals called ____________ are involved in the transmission of impulses at chemical synapses.
neurotransmitters
The binding of neurotransmitter opens ion channels allowing the entry of ions which can generate a new potential in the _________ neuron.
post-synaptic
The new potential developed may be either __________ or inhibitory.
excitatory
The __________ is the central information processing organ of our body.
brain
Brain acts as the ‘__________ and ________ system’
command, control
__________ controls the voluntary movements, balance of the body, functioning of vital involuntary organs, thermoregulation, hunger and thirst, circadian rhythms of our body, activities of several endocrine glands and human behaviour.
Brain
Circadian cycle refers to __________ of our body
24-hour rhythms
Brain is also the site for processing of vision, __________, speech, _________, intelligence, ________ and thoughts.
hearing, memory, emotions
The human brain is well protected by the _____
skull
The brain can be divided into ______ major parts.
three
The layer of cells which covers the cerebral hemisphere is called ____________ and is thrown into prominent folds.
cerebral cortex
The cerebral cortex is referred to as the ________ matter due to its greyish appearance.
grey
The neuron _________ are concentrated in grey area giving the colour.
cell bodies
Association areas are responsible for complex functions like _________ associations, __________ and communication.
intersensory, memory
Fibres of the tracts are covered with the myelin sheath, which constitute the _______ part of cerebral hemisphere.
inner
The myelin sheath gives an opaque white appearance to the inner layer and, hence, is called the __________.
white matter
________ lies at the base of the thalamus.
Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus also contains several groups of ____________ cells, which secrete hormones called hypothalamic hormones.
neurosecretory
The medulla of the brain is connected to the __________
spinal cord
Three major regions make up the brain stem; __________, ______ and medulla oblongata.
mid brain, pons
Brain stem forms the connections between the ______ and spinal cord.
brain
Reflex action does not require __________ effort or thought.
conscious
The reflex pathway comprises at least one ________ neuron (receptor) and one __________ (effector or excitor) neuron appropriately arranged in a series
afferent, efferent
The reflex pathway comprises at least one ________ neuron (receptor) and one __________ (effector or excitor) neuron appropriately arranged in a series
afferent, efferent
The efferent neuron then carries signals from _______ to the effector.
CNS
The ________ and _______ thus forms a reflex arc as in the,knee jerk reflex
stimulus, response
The _________ organs detect all types of changes in the environment.
sensory
The sensory organs send appropriate signals to the CNS, where all the inputs are ______ and analysed.
processed
Signals are then sent to different parts/ centres of the brain. This is how you can sense ________ in the environment.
changes
We smell things by our _____, taste by tongue, hear by ___ and see objects by eyes.
nose, ear
Olfactory receptors are made up of olfactory epithelium that consists of _______ kinds of cells.
three
Olfactory bulb are extensions of the brain’s _________ system
limbic
Both nose and ________ detect dissolved chemicals.
tongue
The chemical senses of __________ (taste) and ________ (smell) are functionally similar and interrelated.
gustation, olfactory
With each taste of food or sip of drink, the brain integrates the differential input from the _________ and a complex flavour is perceived
taste buds
The adult human eye ball is nearly a _________ structure
spherical
The diameter of the _______ is regulated by the muscle fibres of iris.
pupil
Daylight vision is also called as _______ vision.
photopic
Twilight vision is also called as _______ vision.
scotopic
Daylight vision and colour vision are functions of ______
cones
Twilight vision is the function of the _______.
rods
Rhodopsin or visual purple, contains a derivative of ________
Vitamin A
In the human eye, there are _____ types of cones which possess their own characteristic photopigments.
three
Three types of cones possess their own characteristic photopigments that respond to _____, ________ and _______ lights.
red, green, blue
The sensations of different colours are produced by various combinations of the ______ and their ____________.
cones, photopigments
When the cones are stimulated equally, a sensation of _______ light is produced.
white
At the posterior pole of the eye lateral to the blind spot, there is a yellowish pigmented spot called __________ with a central pit called the fovea.
macula lutea
The light rays in visible wavelength focus on the _______ through the ______
retina, cornea
_______ generate potentials (impulses) in rods and cones
Light rays
Light induces dissociation of the _________ from ______ resulting in changes in the structure of the opsin.
retinal, opsin
Changes in membrane permeability generate _______________ in the photoreceptor cells.
potential differences
Potential difference produces a signal that generates action potentials in the _________ cells through the __________ cells.
ganglion, bipolar
In the visual cortex area of the brain, the _____________ are analysed.
neural impulses
The image formed on the retina is recognised based on earlier _________ and ___________.
memory, experience
The ears perform two sensory functions, _______ and maintenance of body balance.
hearing
Anatomically, the ear can be divided into _________ major sections
three
Anatomically, the ear can be divided into the _______ ear, the _________ ear and the inner ear
outer, middle
Malleus, incus and stapes are attached to one another in a ________ fashion.
chain-like
The ________ is attached to the tympanic membrane.
malleus
The stapes is attached to the ____________ of the cochlea.
oval window
The _____________ increase the efficiency of transmission of sound waves to the inner ear.
ear ossicles
An Eustachian tube connects the __________ cavity with the _______
middle ear , pharynx
The _________ inner ear called labyrinth consists of two parts.
fluid-filled
Labyrinth consists of two parts, the _______ and the ____________ labyrinths.
bony, membranous
The ________ labyrinth is a series of channels.
bony
The membranous labyrinth is filled with a fluid called _________
endolymph
The membranes constituting ________, the _________ and ______, divide the surounding perilymph filled bony labyrinth.
cochlea, reissner’s, basilar
The membranes divide the bony labyrinth into an upper __________ and a lower ___________.
scala vestibuli, scala tympani
At the base of the cochlea, the _________ ends at the oval window.
scala vestibuli
The _________ terminates at the round window which opens to the middle ear.
scala tympani
The _______ are present in rows on the internal side of the organ of corti.
hair cells
The basal end of the hair cell is in close contact with the __________ nerve fibres.
afferent
A large number of processes called __________ are projected from the apical part of each hair cell.
stereocilia
_______ is the sensory part of saccule and utricle.
Macula
Each semi-circular canal lies in a different plane at __________ to each other.
right angles
The ____________ are suspended in the perilymph of the bony canals.
membranous canals
The ________ and ________ are the specific receptors of the vestibular apparatus.
crista, macula
Vestibular apparatus responsible for maintenance of balance of the _______ and ________.
body, posture
The __________ receives sound waves and directs them to the __________.
external ear, ear drum
The ear drum ________ in response to the sound waves
vibrates
Vibrations are transmitted through the ear ossicles to the __________
oval window
The vibrations are passed through the oval window on to the fluid of the ______, where they generate waves in the lymphs.
cochlea
The waves in the lymphs induce a _______ in the basilar membrane.
ripple
The movements of the basilar membrane bend the hair cells, pressing them against the ________________.
tectorial membrane
The nerve impulses are transmitted by the ____________ via auditory nerves to the auditory cortex of the brain.
afferent fibres
The impulses are analysed and the sound is recognised in the __________ area of the brain.
auditory cortex
