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Bio Repeater 2023 > Breathing and Exchange of Gases > Flashcards

Breathing and Exchange of Gases Flashcards

1
Q

The mode of exchange of gases in coelentrates is simple _______

A

diffusion

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2
Q

Amphibians like frogs respire through lungs and __________

A

Moist skin

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3
Q

The mode of respiration through gills is known as

A

Branchial respiration

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4
Q

Nasal chamber opens into a common passage for food and air called

A

Pharynx

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5
Q

Pharynx opens through larynx into _______

A

Trachea

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6
Q

The cartilaginous box helping in production of sound is

A

Larynx

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7
Q

Trachea divides into right and left primary bronchi at the level of which vertebra?

A

5th thoracic vertebra

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8
Q

Bronchi further undergo repeated sub-divisions and end up in very thin ____________

A

Terminal bronchioles

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9
Q

Terminal bronchioles give rise to?

A

Alveoli

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10
Q

Originating from terminal bronchioles are very thin, irregular-walled and vascularised bag like structures called

A

Alveoli

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11
Q

The double-layered membrane which covers lungs is ________.

A

Pleural membrane

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12
Q

The fluid that reduces friction on lung surface is

A

Pleural fluid

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13
Q

Outer pleural membrane stays in contact with which lining?

A

Thoracic lining

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14
Q

The part of respiratory system constituting external nostrils upto terminal bronchioles is called

A

Conducting part

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15
Q

The exchange part of respiratory system constitutes both __________ and ____________

A

Alveoli and alveolar ducts

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16
Q

The part of respiratory system involved in transportation of air to alveoli, its humidification and removal of foreign particles is

A

Conducting system

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17
Q

Actual diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and atmospheric air occurs at which system?

A

Exchange part of respiratory system

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18
Q

The lungs are situated in an airtight chamber called

A

Thoracic chamber

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19
Q

Thoracic chamber is formed dorsally by

A

Vertebral column

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20
Q

The thoracic chamber is formed ventrally by ______

A

Sternum

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21
Q

Thoracic chamber is formed laterally by

A

Ribs

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22
Q

Thoracic chamber on lower side is formed by

A

Diaphragm

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23
Q

The movement of air into and out of lungs is carried out by creating a ___________ gradient between lungs and atmosphere

A

Pressure

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24
Q

Contraction of diaphragm increases volume of thoracic chamber in which axis?

A

Antero-posterior axis

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25
The contraction of external intercoastal muscles increases the volume of thoracic chamber in which axis?
Dorso-ventral axis
26
Intra-pulmonary pressure ________ when pulmonary volume increases
decreases
27
Increased intra-pulmonary pressure with respect to atmospheric pressure leads to
Expiration
28
Device that can be used for the clinical assessment of pulmonary functions is
Spirometer
29
The volume of air inspired or expired during a normal respiration is called
Tidal volume
30
The approximate tidal volume for a healthy adult individual is
500 mL
31
The additional volume of air a person can inspire by forceful inspiration is
Inspiratory reserve volume
32
Average IRV for a healthy adult individual is
2500-3000 mL
33
The additional volume of air a person can expire by forceful expiration is
Expiratory reserve volume
34
Average volume of ERV is
1000-1100 mL
35
Volume of air remaining in lungs even after a forcible expiration is called
Residual volume
36
Average RV for a healthy adult individual is
1100-1200 mL
37
Total volume of air a person can inspire after a normal expiration is called
Inspiratory capacity
38
Inspiratory capacity is the sum of
TV+IRV
39
Tidal volume and expiratory reserve volume summed together gives _____________
Expiratory capacity
40
The volume of air that will remain in lungs after a normal expiration is called
Functional residual capacity
41
Functional residual capacity is the sum of _____ and ______
ERV and RV
42
The maximum volume of air a person can breathe in or out after a forced expiration or inspiration is called
Vital capacity
43
Vital capacity is the sum of
ERV, TV and IRV
44
Total volume of air accomodated in the lungs at the end of a forced inspiration is known as
Total lung capacity
45
The sum of RV, ERV, TV and IRV is equal to
Total lung capacity
46
The primary site for exchange of gases in lungs is
Alveoli
47
Apart from pressure gradient, rate of diffusion of gases also depends on thickness of membranes and _________________
Solubility of gases
48
The partial pressure of oxygen in alveoli is
104 mm Hg
49
The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in alveoli is
40 mm Hg
50
The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in deoxygenated blood is
45 mm Hg
51
Thin squamous epithelium of alveoli, endothelium of alveolar capillaries and basement substance together constitute the _______________ of lungs.
Diffusion membrane
52
The diffusion membrane is made up of three major layers namely, the thin squamous epithelium of alveoli, the endothelium of alveolar capillaries and the _____________
basement substance
53
The solubility of which gas is 20-25 times higher than that of oxygen during respiration?
Carbon dioxide
54
The medium for transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide is
Blood
55
The percentage of oxygen transported by RBCs is
97%
56
3% of oxygen is transported through
Plasma
57
20-25% of carbon dioxide is transported through
RBCs
58
70% of carbon dioxide is carried in the form of
Bicarbonate
59
The percentage of carbon dioxide transported in a dissolved state through plasma is
7%
60
The red-coloured iron containing pigment present in RBCs is
Haemoglobin
61
Oxygen binds with Hb in a reversible manner to form
Oxyhaemoglobin
62
Maximum number of oxygen molecules that can be carried by a molecule of Hb are
Four
63
Binding of oxygen with Hb is primarily dependent on partial pressure of which gas?
Oxygen
64
The shape of oxygen dissociation curve under normal physiological conditions is
Sigmoid
65
High pO2 , low pCO2 , lesser H+ concentration and lower temperature are the favourable conditions for formation of which Hb complex?
Oxyhaemoglobin
66
Oxyhaemoglobin is formed in
Alveoli
67
Low pO2 , high pCO2 , high H+ concentration and higher temperature are the favourable conditions for
Dissociation of oxyhaemoglobin
68
Dissociation of oxygen from oxyhaemoglobin takes place in _______
Tissues
69
The volume of oxygen that every 100 mL of oxygenated blood can provide to tissues under normal physiological conditions is
5 mL
70
Carbon dioxide is carried by Hb as
Carbamino-Hb
71
The major factor affecting the binding of carbon dioxide to haemoglobin is
pO2
72
Dissociation of CO2 from carbamino-Hb occurs when pCO2 is ______ and pO2 is _______
Low pCO2; high pO2
73
The enzyme that facilitates formation of bicarbonate ions is
Carbonic anhydrase
74
Due to high pCO2 at tissue site, CO2 diffuses in blood and forms __________ and _________
HCO−3HCO3- and H+
75
In which form carbon dioxide is trapped at tissue level?
Bicarbonate
76
Every 100 ml of deoxygenated blood delivers approximately ____ of CO2 to the alveoli.
4 mL
77
Respiratory rhythm centre is present in which part of brain?
Medulla
78
The centre primarily responsible for the regulation of respiration is
Respiratory rhythm centre
79
Pneumotaxic centre is located in
Pons
80
The duration of inspiration can be reduced by which centre in brain?
Pneumotaxic centre
81
The chemosensitive area located near rhythm centre is highly sensitive to
CO2 and H+ ions
82
Difficulty in breathing causing wheezing that occurs due to inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles is characteristic of _____
Asthma
83
The chronic disorder in which alveolar walls get damaged is
Emphysema
84
The major cause of emphysema is
Cigarette smoking
85
Occupational lung disorders eventually lead to
Lung damage
86
Occupational lung disorders can be prevented by using ___________
Protective masks

Bio Repeater 2023 (23 decks)

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