Biotechnology and its applications Flashcards
Biotechnology can be employed to increase food production by using agro-chemical based, ____ and ____ crop-based agriculture
organic; genetically engineered
The revolution that helped in increasing food supply was:
Green revolution
Increased Yields have partly been due to the use of improved crop varieties, but mainly due to the use of better _____ and use of _____
management practices ; agrochemicals
Agrochemicals used to increase crop yield during Green revolution were - ____ and ____
fertilisers; pesticides
Plants, bacteria, fungi and animals whose genes have been altered by manipulation are called
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO)
Genetic modification has made crops more tolerant to abiotic stresses like :
cold, drought, salt and heat
___ has helped to reduce post harvest losses
Genetic modification
Vitamin ‘A’ enriched rice is
Golden rice
GM has been used to create tailor made plants to supply alternative resources to industries, in the form of ____, ___ and ___
starches, fuels and pharmaceuticals
Bt toxin is produced by a bacterium called :
Bacillus thuringiensis
Bt toxin gene has been cloned from the ___
bacteria
Some strains of ___ produce proteins that kill certain insects such as lepidopterans
Bacilus thuringiensis
Lepidopterans that can be killed by Bt toxins are ____ and ___
Tobacco budworm; armyworm
Bt toxin is used to kill coleopterans like
beetles
Dipterans like flies and mosquitoes can be killed by :
Bt toxin
Bt toxin protein exists as ____ in Bacillus
inactive protoxins
Complementary dsRNA in RNAi is provided by an infection by viruses having RNA genomes or ______
mobile genetic elements/ transposons
In mammals, including humans, insulin is synthesised as a _____
pro-hormone
Insulin pro-hormone contains an extra peptide called the :
C peptide
In 1983, an American company that prepared recombinant insulin was
Eli Lily
A and B chains of human insulin were introduced in plasmids of ____ to produce insulin chains
E.coli
____ is a collection of methods that allows correction of a gene defect that has been diagnosed in a child/embryo
Gene therapy
The first clinical gene therapy was given in ___ to a 4-year old girl with adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency
1990
The first clinical gene therapy was given to a patient with _____ deficiency
adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency
ADA deficiency is caused due to deletion of gene for enzyme :
adenosine deaminase
In some children, ADA deficiency can be cured by _____ transplantation
bone marrow
In order to treat ADA deficiency, a functional ADA cDNA is transferred by using a ___ vector
retroviral
Due to mortal behaviour of cells introduced during bone marrow transplantation, the patient requires regular infusion of genetically engineered ______
lymphocytes
Permanent cure of ADA deficiency is to isolate gene producing ADA from bone marrow cells and introduce it into cells at an ___ stage
early embryonic
Techniques used for early diagnosis of disease are :
Recombinant DNA technology, PCR and ELISA
PCR stands for:
Polymerase Chain Reaction
ELISA stands for:
Enzyme Linked Immuno-sorbent Assay
Low concentration of pathogen can be detected by amplification of their nucleic acid by:
PCR
Technique now routinely used to detect HIV in suspected AIDS patients is :
PCR
A probe is allowed to hybridise to its complementary DNA in a clone of cells followed by detection using ____
autoradiography
ELISA is based on the principle of :
Antigen - antibody interaction
Animals that have had their DNA manipulated to possess and express an extra (foreign) gene are known as
transgenic animals
95% of all existing transgenic animals are :
mice
____ animals can be specifically designed to allow study of normal physiology and development
transgenic animals
Transgenic models exist for many human diseases such as :
cancer, cystic fibrosis, rheumatoid arthritis and Alzheimer’s
Transgenic animals can be used to produce _____ for treatment of emphysema
alpha-1-antitrypsin
First transgenic cow was :
Rosie
First transgenic cow produced _____ grams of protein-enriched milk per litre
2.4
Milk produced by Rosie contained the human protein-
alpha-lactalbumin
Testing the safety of vaccines is first used on _____ before using on humans
transgenic mice
______ could replace the use of monkeys to test the safety of batches of the vaccine
Transgenic mice
Transgenic animals designed for testing _____ carry genes which make them more sensitive to toxic substances than non-transgenic animals
chemical safety/ animals
The government organisation that makes decision regarding the validity of GM research is :
GEAC (Genetic Engineering Approval Committee)
How many documented varieties of Basmati rice are grown in India?
27
The term used to refer to the use of bio-resources by multinational companies and other organisation without proper authorisation from the countries and people concerned without complementary payment is
Biopiracy
The _____ amendment of Indian Patent Bill takes issues like patent terms emergency provisions and research and development initiative into consideration
second
Biotechnology, essentially deals with industrial scale production of _____ and biological
biopharmaceuticals
Biotechnology uses ____ modified microbes, fungi, plants and animals
genetically
The applications of biotechnology include therapeutics, _____, genetically modified crops for agriculture, processed food, _____, waste treatment and _____ production
diagnostic,bioremendiation, energy
Biotechnology has _____ critical research areas
three
Research areas of biotechnology involves providing the best catalyst in the form of improved organism usually a _____ or pure _______
microbe, enzyme
Research area of biotechnology involves creating optimal conditions through engineering for a _____ to act
catalyst
_____ processing technologies are used to purify the protein/ organic compound
Downstream
Human beings have used biotechnology to improve the quality of human life, especially in the field of _____ and ____
food production, health
The Green Revolution succeeded in ____ the food supply
trippling
For the farmers in the _____ world, agrochemicals are often too expensive
developing
Further increases in yield with existing varieties are not possible using _____ breeding
conventional
Genetic modification has reduced reliance on ____ (pest-resistant crops)
chemical pesticides
Genetic modification has increased efficiency of ______ usage by plants
mineral
Efficient mineral usage by plants prevents early exhaustion of ____ of soil
fertility
Production of pest resistant plants could decrease the amount of _____ used
pesticide
Bt toxin gene has been expressed in ____
plant
Bt toxin gene expressed in plants provides resistance to insects without the need for insecticides in effect created a ______
bio-pesticide
Examples of pest resistant plants are Bt cotton, Bt corn, ____, ____, _____ and soyabean, etc
rice, tomato, potato
Bt toxin eventually causes ____ of the insect
death
The choices of genes depends upon the crop and the ___
targeted pest
Most Bt toxins are _____ specific
insect-group
Several ____ parasite a wide variety of plants and animals including human beings
nematode
Sense and anti-sense RNA being ____ to each other formed a double stranded (dsRNA) that initiated RNAi
complementary
RNAi silenced the specific _____ of the nematode
mRNA
The parasite could not survive in a _____ host expressing specific interfering RNA
transgenic
The recombinant DNA technological processes have made immense impact in the area of healthcare by enabling ____ of safe and more effective ___ drugs
mass production, therapeutic
The ____ do not induce unwanted immunological responses
recombinant theraupeutics
Unwanted immunological responses are common in case of similar products isolated from _____ sources
non human
At pesent, about _____ recombinant therapeutics have been approved for huma-use the world over
30
In India, _____ recombinant therapeutics are presently being marketed
12
You can easily grow a large quantity of the _____ and make as much insulin as you need
bacteria
Insulin from an animal source, though caused some patients to develop _____ or other types of _____ to the foreign protein
allergy; reactions
Like a _____, the pro-hormone also needs to be processed before it becomes a fully mature and ____ hormone
pro-enzyme, functional
C peptide is not present in the mature insulin and is removed during ____ into insulin
maturation
The main challenge for production of insulin using rDNA techniques was getting insulin assembled into a ____ form
mature
In gene therapy, genes are inserted into a person’s ______ and ______ to treat a disease
cells, tissues
Correction of a genetic defect involves delivery of a _____ gene into the individual or embryo to take over the function of and compensate for the____ gene
normal, non-fuctional
Adenosine deaminase enzyme is crucial for the ____ to function
immune system
In enzyme replacement therapy, functional ADA is given to the patient by____
injection
Bone marrow transplantation and enzyme replacement therapy are not ____ for ADA deficiency
completely curative
As a first step towards gene therapy,_____ from the blood of the patient are grown in a culture outside the body
lymphocytes
For effective treatment of a disease, early diagnosis and understanding its ____ is very important
pathophysiology
Using _______ of diagnosis, early detection is not possible
conventional methods
Conventional methods of diagnosis involves ______ and ______ analysis
serum, urine
Presence of a pathogen (bacteria, viruses, etc) is normally suspected only when the pathogen has produced a _______
disease symptom
PCR is being used to detect mutations in genes in suspected ______ patients too
cancer
PCR is a powerful technique to identify many other _____ disorders
genetic
The clone having the _____ gene will hence not appear on the photographic film
mutated
The probe will not have ______ will the mutated gene
complementarity
Infection by pathogen can be detected by the presence of _____ or by detecting the ______ synthesised against the pathogen
antigens, antibodies
Many transgenic animals are designed to increase our understanding of how ____ contribute to the development of disease
genes
Transgenic animals are specially made to serve as models for _____ so that investigation of new treatments for diseases is made possible
human diseases
Medicines required to treat certain human diseases can contain biological products, but such products are often _____ to make
expensive
Transgenic animals that produce useful biological products can be created by the introduction of _______ which codes for a particular product
DNA (or genes)
Attempts similar to those used for emphysema are being made for treatment of _____ and ______
phenylketouria (PKU), cystic fibrosis
The milk contained the human alpha-lactalbumin and was nutritionally a more _____ product for human babies than natural cow-milk
balanced
Transgenic mice are being used to test the safety of the _____ vaccine
polio
Transgenic animals are made that carry genes which make them more _____ to toxic substances than non-transgenic animals
sensitive
Toxicity testing in transgenic animals will allow us to obtain results in ______
less time
The modification/usuage of living organisms for public services (as food and medicine sources, for example) has also created problems with ______ granted for the same
patents
There is growing public anger that certain companies are being granted patents for products and technologies that make use of the _____, ______ and other ______ resources that have long been identified, developed and used by farmers and indigenous people of a specific region/country
genetic materials, plants, biological
Rice is an important food grain, the presence of which goes back thousands of years in ______ agriculture history
Asia’s
There are an estimated _____ varieties of rice in India alone
200000
The diversity of ______ in India is one of the richest in the world
rice
Basmati rice id distinct for its unique _____ and ______
aroma, flavour
There is reference to Basmati in ancient texts, folklore and poetry, as it had been grown for ______
centuries
In 1997, an American company got patent rights on basmati rice through the __________
US Patent and Trademark Office
The ‘new’ variety of basmati had actually been derived from _______ farmer’s varieties
Indian
Indian Basmati was crossed with _____ varieties and claimed as an invention or a novelty
semi-dwarf
The patent extends to ________ equivalents, implying that other people selling Basmati rice could be restricted by the patents
functional
Several attempts have also been made to patent uses, products and processes based on Indian traditional herbal medicines,e.g., _____
tuemeric, neem
If we are not vigilant and we do not immediately counter these patent applications, other countries/ individuals may encash on our ______ and we may not be able to do anything about it
rich legacy
Most of the industrialised nations are rich financially but poor in ______ and ____ knowledge
biodiversity, traditional
The developing and the underdeveloped world is rich in biodiversity and traditional knowledge related to _______
bio-resources
Traditional knowledge related to bio-resources can be exploited to develop modern applications and can also be used to save _____, _____ and _____ during their commercialisation
time, efort, expenditure
There has been growing realisation of the ______, ______ and _____ sharing between developed and developing countries
injustice, inadequate compensation, benefit
Some nations are developing laws to prevent such unauthorised ______ of their bio-resources and traditional knowledge
exploitation
Identify A, B, C and D in the following figure
A) Proinsulin, B) A peptide, C) B peptide, D) Free C peptide
Find A and B in the given figure
A) Cotton Boll destroyed by bollworms, B) A fully mature Cotton Boll
In the given figure for nematode infection, amongst A and B which one is a transgenic plant ?
B
What is represented in the given figure?
Maturation of pro-insulin into insulin
Chains A and B were produced separately, ____ and ____ by creating disulpfide bonds to form human insulin
extracted, combined
Insulin used for diabetes was earlier extracted from
pancreas of slaughtered cattle and pigs
Insulin consists of two short polypeptide chains: chain A and chain B, that are linked together by :
disulphide bridges
Management of adult-onset diabetes is possible by taking _____ at regular time intervals
insulin
The introduction of DNA in RNAi was such that it produced both ____ and ____ RNA in the host cells
sense; anti-sense
Using ____ vectors, nematode-specific genes were introduced into the host plant
Agrobacterium
A novel strategy was adopted to prevent the infestation which was based on the process of _____
RNA interference (RNAi)
_____ takes place in all eukaryotic organisms as a method of cellular defense
RNA interference (RNAi)
dsRNA in RNAi prevents ____ of the mRNA
translation
Meloidegyne incognitia infects the ___ of tobacco plants
roots
A nematode ______ infects the roots of tobacco plants and causes great reduction in yield
Meloidegyne incognitia
In RNAi,a specific mRNA is silenced due to the binding of a complementary ____ to it
dsRNA
Death of the insect after ingesting Bt toxin is due to the creation of pores that cause ___ and ____
cell swelling; lysis
Cotton bollworms are controlled by the proteins encoded by the genes ____ and ___
cryIAc; cryIIAc
Bt toxin is encoded by a gene named ___
cry
Inactive protoxin is converted into active form in the gut of the insect due to :
alkaline pH
B. thuringiensis forms protein crystals during a particular phase of their growth. These crystals contain a toxic ____
insecticdial protein
_____ gene controls corn borer in plants
cryIAb
Activated Bt toxin protein binds to the surface of ___ cells in the gut of insects?
midgut epithelial cells
