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Bio Repeater 2023 > Biotechnology and its applications > Flashcards

Biotechnology and its applications Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Biotechnology can be employed to increase food production by using agro-chemical based, ____ and ____ crop-based agriculture

A

organic; genetically engineered

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2
Q

The revolution that helped in increasing food supply was:

A

Green revolution

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3
Q

Increased Yields have partly been due to the use of improved crop varieties, but mainly due to the use of better _____ and use of _____

A

management practices ; agrochemicals

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4
Q

Agrochemicals used to increase crop yield during Green revolution were - ____ and ____

A

fertilisers; pesticides

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5
Q

Plants, bacteria, fungi and animals whose genes have been altered by manipulation are called

A

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO)

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6
Q

Genetic modification has made crops more tolerant to abiotic stresses like :

A

cold, drought, salt and heat

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7
Q

___ has helped to reduce post harvest losses

A

Genetic modification

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8
Q

Vitamin ‘A’ enriched rice is

A

Golden rice

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9
Q

GM has been used to create tailor made plants to supply alternative resources to industries, in the form of ____, ___ and ___

A

starches, fuels and pharmaceuticals

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10
Q

Bt toxin is produced by a bacterium called :

A

Bacillus thuringiensis

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11
Q

Bt toxin gene has been cloned from the ___

A

bacteria

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12
Q

Some strains of ___ produce proteins that kill certain insects such as lepidopterans

A

Bacilus thuringiensis

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13
Q

Lepidopterans that can be killed by Bt toxins are ____ and ___

A

Tobacco budworm; armyworm

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14
Q

Bt toxin is used to kill coleopterans like

A

beetles

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15
Q

Dipterans like flies and mosquitoes can be killed by :

A

Bt toxin

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16
Q

Bt toxin protein exists as ____ in Bacillus

A

inactive protoxins

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17
Q

Complementary dsRNA in RNAi is provided by an infection by viruses having RNA genomes or ______

A

mobile genetic elements/ transposons

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18
Q

In mammals, including humans, insulin is synthesised as a _____

A

pro-hormone

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19
Q

Insulin pro-hormone contains an extra peptide called the :

A

C peptide

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20
Q

In 1983, an American company that prepared recombinant insulin was

A

Eli Lily

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21
Q

A and B chains of human insulin were introduced in plasmids of ____ to produce insulin chains

A

E.coli

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22
Q

____ is a collection of methods that allows correction of a gene defect that has been diagnosed in a child/embryo

A

Gene therapy

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23
Q

The first clinical gene therapy was given in ___ to a 4-year old girl with adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency

A

1990

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24
Q

The first clinical gene therapy was given to a patient with _____ deficiency

A

adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency

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25
Q

ADA deficiency is caused due to deletion of gene for enzyme :

A

adenosine deaminase

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26
Q

In some children, ADA deficiency can be cured by _____ transplantation

A

bone marrow

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27
Q

In order to treat ADA deficiency, a functional ADA cDNA is transferred by using a ___ vector

A

retroviral

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28
Q

Due to mortal behaviour of cells introduced during bone marrow transplantation, the patient requires regular infusion of genetically engineered ______

A

lymphocytes

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29
Q

Permanent cure of ADA deficiency is to isolate gene producing ADA from bone marrow cells and introduce it into cells at an ___ stage

A

early embryonic

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30
Q

Techniques used for early diagnosis of disease are :

A

Recombinant DNA technology, PCR and ELISA

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31
Q

PCR stands for:

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction

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32
Q

ELISA stands for:

A

Enzyme Linked Immuno-sorbent Assay

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33
Q

Low concentration of pathogen can be detected by amplification of their nucleic acid by:

A

PCR

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34
Q

Technique now routinely used to detect HIV in suspected AIDS patients is :

A

PCR

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35
Q

A probe is allowed to hybridise to its complementary DNA in a clone of cells followed by detection using ____

A

autoradiography

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36
Q

ELISA is based on the principle of :

A

Antigen - antibody interaction

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37
Q

Animals that have had their DNA manipulated to possess and express an extra (foreign) gene are known as

A

transgenic animals

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38
Q

95% of all existing transgenic animals are :

A

mice

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39
Q

____ animals can be specifically designed to allow study of normal physiology and development

A

transgenic animals

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40
Q

Transgenic models exist for many human diseases such as :

A

cancer, cystic fibrosis, rheumatoid arthritis and Alzheimer’s

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41
Q

Transgenic animals can be used to produce _____ for treatment of emphysema

A

alpha-1-antitrypsin

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42
Q

First transgenic cow was :

A

Rosie

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43
Q

First transgenic cow produced _____ grams of protein-enriched milk per litre

A

2.4

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44
Q

Milk produced by Rosie contained the human protein-

A

alpha-lactalbumin

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45
Q

Testing the safety of vaccines is first used on _____ before using on humans

A

transgenic mice

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46
Q

______ could replace the use of monkeys to test the safety of batches of the vaccine

A

Transgenic mice

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47
Q

Transgenic animals designed for testing _____ carry genes which make them more sensitive to toxic substances than non-transgenic animals

A

chemical safety/ animals

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48
Q

The government organisation that makes decision regarding the validity of GM research is :

A

GEAC (Genetic Engineering Approval Committee)

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49
Q

How many documented varieties of Basmati rice are grown in India?

A

27

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50
Q

The term used to refer to the use of bio-resources by multinational companies and other organisation without proper authorisation from the countries and people concerned without complementary payment is

A

Biopiracy

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51
Q

The _____ amendment of Indian Patent Bill takes issues like patent terms emergency provisions and research and development initiative into consideration

A

second

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52
Q

Biotechnology, essentially deals with industrial scale production of _____ and biological

A

biopharmaceuticals

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53
Q

Biotechnology uses ____ modified microbes, fungi, plants and animals

A

genetically

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54
Q

The applications of biotechnology include therapeutics, _____, genetically modified crops for agriculture, processed food, _____, waste treatment and _____ production

A

diagnostic,bioremendiation, energy

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55
Q

Biotechnology has _____ critical research areas

A

three

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56
Q

Research areas of biotechnology involves providing the best catalyst in the form of improved organism usually a _____ or pure _______

A

microbe, enzyme

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57
Q

Research area of biotechnology involves creating optimal conditions through engineering for a _____ to act

A

catalyst

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58
Q

_____ processing technologies are used to purify the protein/ organic compound

A

Downstream

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59
Q

Human beings have used biotechnology to improve the quality of human life, especially in the field of _____ and ____

A

food production, health

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60
Q

The Green Revolution succeeded in ____ the food supply

A

trippling

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61
Q

For the farmers in the _____ world, agrochemicals are often too expensive

A

developing

62
Q

Further increases in yield with existing varieties are not possible using _____ breeding

A

conventional

63
Q

Genetic modification has reduced reliance on ____ (pest-resistant crops)

A

chemical pesticides

64
Q

Genetic modification has increased efficiency of ______ usage by plants

A

mineral

65
Q

Efficient mineral usage by plants prevents early exhaustion of ____ of soil

A

fertility

66
Q

Production of pest resistant plants could decrease the amount of _____ used

A

pesticide

67
Q

Bt toxin gene has been expressed in ____

A

plant

68
Q

Bt toxin gene expressed in plants provides resistance to insects without the need for insecticides in effect created a ______

A

bio-pesticide

69
Q

Examples of pest resistant plants are Bt cotton, Bt corn, ____, ____, _____ and soyabean, etc

A

rice, tomato, potato

70
Q

Bt toxin eventually causes ____ of the insect

A

death

71
Q

The choices of genes depends upon the crop and the ___

A

targeted pest

72
Q

Most Bt toxins are _____ specific

A

insect-group

73
Q

Several ____ parasite a wide variety of plants and animals including human beings

A

nematode

74
Q

Sense and anti-sense RNA being ____ to each other formed a double stranded (dsRNA) that initiated RNAi

A

complementary

75
Q

RNAi silenced the specific _____ of the nematode

A

mRNA

76
Q

The parasite could not survive in a _____ host expressing specific interfering RNA

A

transgenic

77
Q

The recombinant DNA technological processes have made immense impact in the area of healthcare by enabling ____ of safe and more effective ___ drugs

A

mass production, therapeutic

78
Q

The ____ do not induce unwanted immunological responses

A

recombinant theraupeutics

79
Q

Unwanted immunological responses are common in case of similar products isolated from _____ sources

A

non human

80
Q

At pesent, about _____ recombinant therapeutics have been approved for huma-use the world over

A

30

81
Q

In India, _____ recombinant therapeutics are presently being marketed

A

12

82
Q

You can easily grow a large quantity of the _____ and make as much insulin as you need

A

bacteria

83
Q

Insulin from an animal source, though caused some patients to develop _____ or other types of _____ to the foreign protein

A

allergy; reactions

84
Q

Like a _____, the pro-hormone also needs to be processed before it becomes a fully mature and ____ hormone

A

pro-enzyme, functional

85
Q

C peptide is not present in the mature insulin and is removed during ____ into insulin

A

maturation

86
Q

The main challenge for production of insulin using rDNA techniques was getting insulin assembled into a ____ form

A

mature

87
Q

In gene therapy, genes are inserted into a person’s ______ and ______ to treat a disease

A

cells, tissues

88
Q

Correction of a genetic defect involves delivery of a _____ gene into the individual or embryo to take over the function of and compensate for the____ gene

A

normal, non-fuctional

89
Q

Adenosine deaminase enzyme is crucial for the ____ to function

A

immune system

90
Q

In enzyme replacement therapy, functional ADA is given to the patient by____

A

injection

91
Q

Bone marrow transplantation and enzyme replacement therapy are not ____ for ADA deficiency

A

completely curative

92
Q

As a first step towards gene therapy,_____ from the blood of the patient are grown in a culture outside the body

A

lymphocytes

93
Q

For effective treatment of a disease, early diagnosis and understanding its ____ is very important

A

pathophysiology

94
Q

Using _______ of diagnosis, early detection is not possible

A

conventional methods

95
Q

Conventional methods of diagnosis involves ______ and ______ analysis

A

serum, urine

96
Q

Presence of a pathogen (bacteria, viruses, etc) is normally suspected only when the pathogen has produced a _______

A

disease symptom

97
Q

PCR is being used to detect mutations in genes in suspected ______ patients too

A

cancer

98
Q

PCR is a powerful technique to identify many other _____ disorders

A

genetic

99
Q

The clone having the _____ gene will hence not appear on the photographic film

A

mutated

100
Q

The probe will not have ______ will the mutated gene

A

complementarity

101
Q

Infection by pathogen can be detected by the presence of _____ or by detecting the ______ synthesised against the pathogen

A

antigens, antibodies

102
Q

Many transgenic animals are designed to increase our understanding of how ____ contribute to the development of disease

A

genes

103
Q

Transgenic animals are specially made to serve as models for _____ so that investigation of new treatments for diseases is made possible

A

human diseases

104
Q

Medicines required to treat certain human diseases can contain biological products, but such products are often _____ to make

A

expensive

105
Q

Transgenic animals that produce useful biological products can be created by the introduction of _______ which codes for a particular product

A

DNA (or genes)

106
Q

Attempts similar to those used for emphysema are being made for treatment of _____ and ______

A

phenylketouria (PKU), cystic fibrosis

107
Q

The milk contained the human alpha-lactalbumin and was nutritionally a more _____ product for human babies than natural cow-milk

A

balanced

108
Q

Transgenic mice are being used to test the safety of the _____ vaccine

A

polio

109
Q

Transgenic animals are made that carry genes which make them more _____ to toxic substances than non-transgenic animals

A

sensitive

110
Q

Toxicity testing in transgenic animals will allow us to obtain results in ______

A

less time

111
Q

The modification/usuage of living organisms for public services (as food and medicine sources, for example) has also created problems with ______ granted for the same

A

patents

112
Q

There is growing public anger that certain companies are being granted patents for products and technologies that make use of the _____, ______ and other ______ resources that have long been identified, developed and used by farmers and indigenous people of a specific region/country

A

genetic materials, plants, biological

113
Q

Rice is an important food grain, the presence of which goes back thousands of years in ______ agriculture history

A

Asia’s

114
Q

There are an estimated _____ varieties of rice in India alone

A

200000

115
Q

The diversity of ______ in India is one of the richest in the world

A

rice

116
Q

Basmati rice id distinct for its unique _____ and ______

A

aroma, flavour

117
Q

There is reference to Basmati in ancient texts, folklore and poetry, as it had been grown for ______

A

centuries

118
Q

In 1997, an American company got patent rights on basmati rice through the __________

A

US Patent and Trademark Office

119
Q

The ‘new’ variety of basmati had actually been derived from _______ farmer’s varieties

A

Indian

120
Q

Indian Basmati was crossed with _____ varieties and claimed as an invention or a novelty

A

semi-dwarf

121
Q

The patent extends to ________ equivalents, implying that other people selling Basmati rice could be restricted by the patents

A

functional

122
Q

Several attempts have also been made to patent uses, products and processes based on Indian traditional herbal medicines,e.g., _____

A

tuemeric, neem

123
Q

If we are not vigilant and we do not immediately counter these patent applications, other countries/ individuals may encash on our ______ and we may not be able to do anything about it

A

rich legacy

124
Q

Most of the industrialised nations are rich financially but poor in ______ and ____ knowledge

A

biodiversity, traditional

125
Q

The developing and the underdeveloped world is rich in biodiversity and traditional knowledge related to _______

A

bio-resources

126
Q

Traditional knowledge related to bio-resources can be exploited to develop modern applications and can also be used to save _____, _____ and _____ during their commercialisation

A

time, efort, expenditure

127
Q

There has been growing realisation of the ______, ______ and _____ sharing between developed and developing countries

A

injustice, inadequate compensation, benefit

128
Q

Some nations are developing laws to prevent such unauthorised ______ of their bio-resources and traditional knowledge

A

exploitation

129
Q

Identify A, B, C and D in the following figure

A

A) Proinsulin, B) A peptide, C) B peptide, D) Free C peptide

130
Q

Find A and B in the given figure

A

A) Cotton Boll destroyed by bollworms, B) A fully mature Cotton Boll

131
Q

In the given figure for nematode infection, amongst A and B which one is a transgenic plant ?

A

B

132
Q

What is represented in the given figure?

A

Maturation of pro-insulin into insulin

133
Q

Chains A and B were produced separately, ____ and ____ by creating disulpfide bonds to form human insulin

A

extracted, combined

134
Q

Insulin used for diabetes was earlier extracted from

A

pancreas of slaughtered cattle and pigs

135
Q

Insulin consists of two short polypeptide chains: chain A and chain B, that are linked together by :

A

disulphide bridges

136
Q

Management of adult-onset diabetes is possible by taking _____ at regular time intervals

A

insulin

137
Q

The introduction of DNA in RNAi was such that it produced both ____ and ____ RNA in the host cells

A

sense; anti-sense

138
Q

Using ____ vectors, nematode-specific genes were introduced into the host plant

A

Agrobacterium

139
Q

A novel strategy was adopted to prevent the infestation which was based on the process of _____

A

RNA interference (RNAi)

140
Q

_____ takes place in all eukaryotic organisms as a method of cellular defense

A

RNA interference (RNAi)

141
Q

dsRNA in RNAi prevents ____ of the mRNA

A

translation

142
Q

Meloidegyne incognitia infects the ___ of tobacco plants

A

roots

143
Q

A nematode ______ infects the roots of tobacco plants and causes great reduction in yield

A

Meloidegyne incognitia

144
Q

In RNAi,a specific mRNA is silenced due to the binding of a complementary ____ to it

A

dsRNA

145
Q

Death of the insect after ingesting Bt toxin is due to the creation of pores that cause ___ and ____

A

cell swelling; lysis

146
Q

Cotton bollworms are controlled by the proteins encoded by the genes ____ and ___

A

cryIAc; cryIIAc

147
Q

Bt toxin is encoded by a gene named ___

A

cry

148
Q

Inactive protoxin is converted into active form in the gut of the insect due to :

A

alkaline pH

149
Q

B. thuringiensis forms protein crystals during a particular phase of their growth. These crystals contain a toxic ____

A

insecticdial protein

150
Q

_____ gene controls corn borer in plants

A

cryIAb

151
Q

Activated Bt toxin protein binds to the surface of ___ cells in the gut of insects?

A

midgut epithelial cells

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