Anatomy of Flowering Plants Flashcards
A group of cells having a common origin and usually performing a common function is
tissue
Plant tissues are divided into two groups, namely
Meristematic and permanent tissues
Growth in plants is largely restricted to specialised regions of active cell division called
Meristems
The meristems which occur at the tip of roots and produce primary tissues called
Apical meristems
Meristem present on the tip of root is called
Root apical meristem
During the formation of leaves and elongation of stem, some cells are left behind from shhot apical meristem, they constitute
axillary bud
The meristem which occurs between mature tissues is known as
intercalary meristem
Grasses possess which type of meristems?
Intercalary meristem
Meristem which contribute to the formation of primary plant body are called
primary meristem
Two primary meristems are
Apical and intercalary meristem
The meristem that occurs in mature regions of roots and shoots of plants and appear later in life than primary meristem are
Secondary/ lateral meristems
Meristem which produce woody axis are
Lateral meristems
Three examples of lateral meristems are
Fascicular vascular cambium, Interfascicular cambium and cork cambium
Newly formed cells which become structurally and functionally specialised and lose ability to divide are called
Permanent cells
Cells of which tissue does not divide further?
Permanent tissues
Permanent tissues having all cells similar in structure and functions are called
simple tissues
Permanent tissues with many different types of cells are called
complex tissues
The simple tissues in plants are
parenchyma, collenchyma and scelerenchyma
Cells of which simple tissue are involved in photosynthesis, storage and secretion?
Parenchyma
Packing of cells in parenchyma tissues is either ___ or may have ____ intercellular spaces
closed, small
Simple tissue of plant which forms major components within organs are
parenchyma
Isodiamteric cells is characteristic of which simple plant tissue?
parenchyma
Walls of parenchymal cells are thin and made up of ____
cellulose
Collenchyma occurs in layers below epidermis in most of the _____ plants
dicotyledonous
Collenchyma has cells thickened at corner due to deposition of
Cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin
Cells of which simple tissue often contain chloroplasts?
collenchyma and parenchyma (photosynthetic parenchyma)
In collenchyma, intercellular spaces are
Absent
Function of collenchyma is to provide ____ to growing parts of plant
mechanical support
The simple tissue of plant which consists of long, narrow cells with thick and lignified cells walls having a few or numerous pits is -
sclerenchyma
Simple tissue of plant which lacks protoplast and is dead is
sclerenchyma
The elongated, thick walled and pointed cells of sclerenchyma are called
fibres
Sclerenchyma may be present in the form of ____ and ____
fibres or sclereids
The spherical, oval or cylindrical cells with highly thickened walls with narrow lumen of sclerenchyma are called
sclereids
Simple tissue found in fruit walls of nuts is
sclerenchyma
Function of sclerenchyma is to provide ___ to organs in plants
mechanical support
The three examples of sclerenchyma in plants are
Fruit walls of nuts, pulp of guava and leaves of tea
Two types of complex tissue in plants are
xylem and phloem
Conducting tissue foe water and minerals in plants is
Xylem
Four different elements of xylem are, namely
Tracheids, vessels, xylem fibres and parenchyma
The element of xylem which gymnosperms lack are
vessels
Elongated tube-like cells of xylem with thick and lignified walls and tapering ends are
tracheids
All of the xylary elements are dead except :
Xylem parenchyma
Main water transporting elements of xylem in angiosperms are -
Tracheids and vessels
Long cylindrical tube - like structure made up of many cells called vessel members, each with lignified walls and a large central cavity are characteristics of which xylem elements?
Vessels
Presence of which xylem element is characteristic feature of angiosperms?
xylem vessels
___ cells are living and thin - walled, and their cell walls are made up of cellulose
xylem parenchyma
Radia water conduction of water takes place with the help of
ray parenchymatous cells
Protoxylem lie towards centre while metaxylem on the periphery in which plant organ?
stems
The first formed primary xylem is called
Protoxylem
Primary xylem which is formed later is called
metaxylem
The type of primary xylem present in stems is ?
Endarch
In roots, the protoxylem lies towards periphery and metaxylem and lies towards the centre. Such arrangement of primary xylem is called ___
Exarch
In angiosperms, phloem is composed of -
Sieve tube elements, companion cells, phloem parenchyma and phloem fibres
Phloem components of gymnosperms include ____ and ____
Albuminous cells and sieve cells
The elements of phloem which are long, tube like structures, arranged longitudinally and are associated with the companion cells are called
Sieve tube elements
Peripheral cytoplasm, a large vacuole but no nucleus are characteristics of which cell of phloem?
Sieve elements
Specialised parenchymatous cells of phloem are called
Companion cells
Companion cells help in maintaining the _____ in sieve tube elements
Pressure gradient
Elongated, tapering cylindrical cells of phloem with cellulosic walls and dense cytoplasm are
phloem parenchyma
Substances like resins, latex, mucilage and other food materials are stored in which tissue?
Phloem parenchyma
The phloem element which is absent in monocots is
phloem parenchyma
Phloem fibres are made up of _____ cells
sclerenchymatous
Phloem fibres are present in ____ phloem
secondary
Phloem fibres of _____, _____ and _____ are used commercially
Jute, hemp and flax
The first formed phloem with narrow sieve tubes is called
protophloem
Primary phloem which has bigger sieve tubes and is formed later is
metaphloem
Epidermal tissue system in plants is composed of
Epidermal cells, stomata and epidermal appendages
Outermost covering of the whole plant body is formed by ____ tissue system
epidermal
Epidermal cells are composed of which simple plant tissue ?
parenchyma
The outside of epidermis is covered with a thick waxy layer called
cuticle
Cuticle helps in prevention of ____
water loss
Cells located in epidermis of leaves regulating the process of transpiration and gaseous exchange are
stomata
The cells of stomata which enclose the stomatal pre are
guard cells
A few epidermal cells, in vicinity of gaurd cells, become specialised in their shape and size are known as
subsidary cells
Stomatal aperture, guard cells and subsidiary cells together consitute the
Stomatal apparatus
Unicellular elongation of epidermal cells which help absorb water and minerals from soil are
root hair
Multicellular epidermal hair on stem are called
trichomes
All tissues except epidermis and vascular bundles constitute
ground tissue
In primary stems and roots, which simple tissue is present in cortex, pericycle, pith and medullary rays?
parenchyma
In leaves, the ground tissue consists of thin walled chloroplast containing cells is called
mesophyll
In dicot stems, _____ is present between phloem and xylem
cambium
The vascular bundles because of the presence of cambium possess the ability to form secondary xylem and phloem tissues in dicot stem called
open vascular bundles
When xylem and phloem within a vascular bundle are arranged in an alternate manner along the different radii, the arrangement is called ____
Radial
In _____ type of vascular bundles, xylem and phloem are jointly situated along the same radius of vascular bundles
Conjoint
Conjoint type of vascular bundles are found in
Stems and leaves
The outermost layer of dicot root is
epiblema
The simple tissue forming cortex in dicot roots is
parenchyma
The innermost layer of cortex in dicot root is
endodermis
In dicot roots, endodermal cells have deposition of water impermeable, waxy material suberin in the form of
casparian strips
Thick walled parenchymatous cells lying next to endodermis of dicot root are called
Pericycle
In dicot roots, the pith is ___ or ____
Small or inconspicuous
Parenchymatous cells lying between xylem and phloem of dicot root form _____ tissue
Conjuctive
Number of xylem and phloem patches in dicot root is
2 to 4
All tissues on the inner side of endodermis constitute
stele
In monocot root, the number of xylem bundles present is more than ___
six
Size of pith in monocot roots is _____
Large
The roots which does not undergo secondary growth is
Monocot root
The outermost protective layer layer in dicot stem is
Epidermis
In dicot stem, layer between epidermis and pericycle constitute the
Cortex
In dicot stem, the cortical zone containing layers of collenchyma cells just below epidermis is
Hypodermis
The cortical layer which provides mechanical strength to young dicot stem is
Hypodermis
Middle layer of cortex in dicot stem is composed of
Parenchymatous cells
Innermost layer of cortex of dicot stem is
Endodermis
Cells of endodermis are rich in starch, thus also known as
starch sheath
The _____ is present on the inner side of endodermis but above the phloem in dicot stems
Pericycle
In dicot stem, few layers of radially placed parenchymatous cells in between vascular bundles constitute
Medullary rays
The ____ arrangement of vascular bundles is characteristic of dicot stem
ring
Conjoint, poen and endarch protoxylem are characteristics of which stem?
dicot stem
Pith in dicot syem is composed of _____ cells with large intercellular spaces
parenchymatous cells
Hypodermis in monocot stem is composed of which simple tissue?
Sclerenchyma
Vascular bundles in monocot stem are surrounded by bundle sheath composed of ____ and ground tissue composed of ____
sclerenchyma, parenchyma
Type of vascular bundles present in monocot stem are
conjoint and closed
Monocot stem does not possess phloem _____
parenchyma
Dicot plants possess _____ type of leaves
dorsiventral
The surface of dorsiventral leaf which possesses more stomata is
Abaxial epidermis/ lower epidermis
Tissue between upper and lower surface of dicot leaf is
Mesophyll
Parenchyma of mesophyll in dicot leaf is composed of two types of cells, namely
palisade and spongy parenchyma
In dicot leaf, vascular bundles are surrounded by a layer of thick walled _____ cells
bundle sheath
The type of leaf in which stomata are present on both surfaces of the epidermis is
isobilateral leaf
Mesophyll is not differentiated into palisade and spongy parenchyma in which type of leaf?
Isobilateral leaf
In grasses, adaxial epidermal cells along the veins modify themselves into large, empty, colourless cells called
bulliform cells
The type of venation isobilateral leaf possesses is
parallel
The tissues involved in secondary growth are called
lateral meristem
Lateral meristem involved in secondary growth are, namely
cork cambium and vascular cambium
The meristematic layer which is responsible for cutting off vascular tissues is
vascular cambium
In dicot stems, cells of cambium present between primary xylem and primary phloem are called
Intrafascicular cambium
When cambial ring cuts off cells towards pith, they mature into
secondary xylem
When cambial ring cuts of cells towards periphery, they mature into
secondary phloem
When secondary vascular tissue is produced in more amounts?
secondary xylem
Narrow band of parenchyma formed by cambium passing through secondary xylem and phloem in radial directions form ______
secondary medullary rays
In which season, activity of cambium is high and produces large amount of xylary elements?
spring
Wood formed during spring season is called
Early/ spring wood
Cambium is less active during winter and forms
autumn/ late wood
Wood formed during which season is darker and has higher density?
winter
Two kinds of wood i.e. spring and autumn wood, appear as alternate concentric rings are called
Annual ring
Annual ring in stem gives an estimate of _____ of a tree
age
The greater part of secondary xylem comprises dead elements with highly lignified walls, is called
heartwood
Heartwood does not conduct water but provides _____ support to plants
Mechanical
The peripheral region of secondary xylem is known as
sapwood
Meristematic tissue developing usually in cortex region of stem to provide new protective layers is called
phellogen or cork cambium
The outer and inner cells cut by phellogen differentiate into _____ and _____ respectively
phellem/ cork and phelloderm/ secondary cortex
Phellogen, phellem and phelloderm are collectively known as
periderm
Secondary cortex is composed of which type of simple tissue?
parenchyma
Bark refers to all tissues lying exterior to ______
vascular cambium
Phellogen cuts of closely arranged parenchymatous cells n outer side which rupture the epidermis forming lens shaped openings called
lenticels
Exchange of gases between the outer atmosphere and internal tissue of the stem is carried out by ___
lenticels
In which type of root, vascular cambium is completely secondary in origin?
Dicot root
Secondary growth does not occur in which type of angiosperms?
Monocotyledons
Different ____ in a plant show differences in their internal structure
organs
Within _____, the monocots and dicots are also seen to be anatomically different
angiosperms
Internal structures also show ____ to diverse environments
adaptations
A plant is made up of different kinds of _____
tissues
Tissues are classified into two main groups, based on whether the cells being formed are capable of ____ or not
dividing
The _____ meristem occupies the distant most region of the stem axis
shoot apical
Axillary buds are present in the axils of leaves are are capable of forming a _____ or a ____
branch, flower
Lateral meristems are responsible for producing the _____ tissues
secondary
During the formation of primary plant body, specific region of the apical meristem produces _____ tissues, ____ tissues and ____ tissues
dermal, ground, vascular
Collenchyma tissues are found either as a _____ layer or in patches
homogenous
The _____ are thick walled, elongated and pointed cells, generally occuring in groups, in various parts of the plant
fibres
Xylem ____ have highly thickened walls and obliterated central lumens
fibres
Xylem fibres may either be _____ or _____
septate, aseptate
Xylem parenchyma store food materials in the form of ____, and other substances like _____
starch or fat, tannins
Primary xylem is of two types -
protoxylem and metaxylem
The first formed primary xylem elements are called _____ and the later formed primary xylem is called ____
protoxylem, metaxylem
In stem, the ____ lies towards the centre(pith) and the ____ towards the periphery of the organ
protoxylem, metaxylem
In roots, the _____ lies towards periphery and ___ lies towards the centre
protoxylem, metaxylem
_____ transports food materials, usually from leaves to other parts of the plants
Phloem
Study of internal structure of plants is called _____
anatomy
The end wals of sieve tubes are perforated in a sieve - like manner to form the ___
sieve plates
The functions of sieve tubes are controlled by the nucleus of ____ cells
companion
Parenchymatous cells, which are closely associated with sieve tubes elements are ____
companion cells
The sieve tube elements and companion cells are connected by ____ present between their common ____ walls
pit fields, longitudinal
The cell wall of phloem parenchyma is composed of ____ and has pits through which ______ connection exist between the cells
cellulose, plasmodesmatal
Phloem fibres are absent in ___ phloem
primary
Phloem fibres are much elongated, ______ and have pointed, _____ like apices
unbrached, needle
The _____ of phloem fibres is quite thick
cell wall
At maturity, phloem fibres lose their _____ and become dead
protoplasm
On the basis of their structure and location, there are _____ types of tissue systems
three
Nme two epidermal appendages
trichomes and hairs
Epidermis is made up of _____, compactly arranged cells, which form a _____ layer
elongated, continous
______ is usually single - layered
Epidermis
Epidermis cells have a small amount of _____ lining the cell wall and a large _____
cytoplasm, vacuole
Cuticle is absent in _____
roots
Each stoma is composed of two bean - shaped cells known as _____ which enclose stomatal pore
guard cells
In grasses, the guard cells are _____ shaped
dumb - bell
The outer walls of guard cells (away from the stomatal pore) are _____
thin
The inner walls of guard cells (towards the stomatal pore) are highly ___
thickened
The guard cells possess _____ and regulate the opening aand closing of _____
chloroplasts, stomata
The cells of ___ bear a number of hairs
epidermis
On the stem the epidermal hairs are called _____
trichomes
The trichomes in the shoot system are usually _____
multicellular
Trichomes on stem may be branched or unbranched and ____
soft or stiff
The trichomes help in preventing water loss due to ______
transpiration
Ground tissue consists of simple tissues such as ___, collenchyma and sclerenchyma
parenchyma
The arrangement of vascular bundle where xylem and phloem are jointly situated along same radius is called
Conjoint
The _____ system consists of complex tissues, the phloem and the xylem
vascular
The ___ and _____ together constitute vascular bundles
xylem, phloem
Some vascular bundles because of the presence of cambium possess the ability to form secondary xylem and phloem tissues, and hence are called ____ vascular bundles
open
In the ___, the vascular bundles have no cambium present in them
monocotyledons
Vascular bundles that do not form secondary tissues they are referred to as _____ vascular bundles
closed
When xylem and phloem within a vascular bundle are arranged in an alernate manner along the ____, the arrangement is called radial
different radii
The conjoint vascular bundles usually have the ___ located only on the outer side of _____
phloem, xylem
Many of the cells of epiblema protude in the form ____ root hairs
unicellular
In dicot roots, the endodermis comprises a single layer of _____ cells without any intercellular spaces
barrel -shaped
Initiation of ______ and ____ during the secondary growth in dicot roots takes place in pericycle
lateral roots, vascular cambium
The _____ of the monocot root is similar to the dicot root in many respects
anatomy
Epidermis of dicot stem is covered with a thin layer of ____ and may bear trichomes and a few ____
cuticle, stomata
Cortex in dicot stem consists of ____ sub zones
three
Cortical layers below hypodermis consist of rounded thin walled parenchymatous cells with ____ intercellular spaces
conspicous
The vertical section of dorsiventral leaf through the lamina shows three main parts, namely, ____, ______ and ______
epidermis, mesophyll, vascular system
The upper surface of leaf is also called ____ epidermis
adaxial
The lower surface of leaf is also called ____ epidermis
abaxial
The epidermis of dicot the leaf has a conspicous ______
cuticle
Mesophyll possesses ______ and carries out photosyntesis
chloroplast
The adaxially placed palisade parenchyma is made up of _____ cells, which are arranged _____ and parallel to each other
elongated, vertical
The oval or round and arranged spongy parenchyma is situated below the ____ cells and extends to the lower epidermis
loosely, palisade
There are numerous large space and air cavities between the cells of _____ parenchyma in dicot leaf
spongy parenchyma
Vascular system in dicot leaf includes vascular bundles, which can be seen in ___ and the _______
veins, midrib
The veins vary in ___ in the reticulate venation of the dicot leaves
thickness
The anatomy of ___ leaf is similar to that of the dorsiventral leaf in many ways
isobilateral
When the buliform cells in the leaves have absorbed water and are _____, the leaf surface is exposed
turgid
When the bulliform cells are ____ due to water stress, they make the leaves curl inwards to minimise water loss
flaccid
The parallel venation in monocot leaves is reflected in the near similar sizes of _____ (except in main veins)
vascular bundles
The growth of the roots and stems in length with the help of apical meristem is called the _____ growth
primary
Apart from the primary groth most dicotyledonous exhibit an increase in ___. This increase in _______ is called secondary growth
grith
In young stem vascular cambium is present in patches as a _____ layer between the xylem and phloem. Later it forms a ______
single, complete ring
The cells of medullary rays, adjoining the intrafascicular cambium become meristematic and form the ______ cambium
interfascicular
The ____ becomes active and begins to cut of new cells, both towards the inner and outer sides
cambial ring
The cambium is generally more active on the _____ side than on the ____
inner, outer
The primary and secondary phloem gets gradually crushed due to the continurd formation and accumulation of ___
secondary xylem
The ______ however remains more or less intact, in or around the centre
primary xylem
The activity of cambium is under the control of many ______ and _____ factors
physiological, environmental
In ____ regions, the climatic condition are not uniform through the year
temperate
______ have fewer xylary elements that have narrow vessels
Autumn/ late wood
The ______ wood is lighter in colour and has a lower density
spring
The atumn wood is ______ and has a higher _____
darker, density
In old trees, the greater part of ______ is dark brown due to deposition of organic compounds
secondary xylem
Organic compounds that deposit in stem include ____, resins, oils, _____, aromatic substances and _____
tannins, gums, essential oils
Deposition of organic compounds occur in the ____ or ____ layers of the stem
central, innermost
The deposition of organic substances makes stem ____, ____ and ____ to the attacks of micro-organisms and _____
hard, durable, resistant, insects
____ is involves in the conduction of water and minerals from root to leaf
sapwood
As the stem continues to increse in grith due to activity of vascular cambium, the outer ____ and ___ layer gets broken and need to be replaced
cortical, epidermis
Sooner or later, another meristematic tissue called cork cambium or phellogen develops, usually in the ___ region
cortex
Cork cambium is also known as _____
phellogen
Phellogen is a couple of layers thick and made of ____, _____ and nearly _____ cells
narrow, thin-walled, rectangular
The cork is impervious to water due to ______ deposition in the cell wall
suberin
Cork is also known as _____
phellem
Secondary cortex is also known as ______
phelloderm
Due to activity of the ___, pressure builds up on the remaining layers peripheral to phellogen and ultimately these layers die and slough off
cork cambium
Bark includes secondary phloem. true or false ?
true
____ refers to a number of tissue types, viz., periderm and secondary phloem
Bark
Bark that is formed early in the season is called ____ bark
early or soft
Bark that is formed late in the season is called _____ bark
late or hard
At certain regions, the ____ cuts off closely arranged parenchymatous cells on the outer side instead of cork cells
phellogen
The parenchymatous cells soon rupture the epidermis, forming a lens-shaped openings called _____
lenticels
Lenticels occur in most _____ trees
woody
In dicot roots, vascular cambium originates from the tissues-
located just below the phloem bundles, a portion of pericycle tissue, above the protoxylem
Secondary growth also occurs in ____ and _____ of gymnosperms
stems, roots
