Human Health and Disease Flashcards by Panjwani Tuition

Who discovered blood circulation?

William Harvey

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______ is affected by genetic disorders, infections and lifestyle

Health

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Deficiency or defects with which an individual is born are called

genetic

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What is defined as a state of complete physical, mental and social well -being?

Health

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Health reduces ______ and _____ mortality

infant; maternal

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Diseases which are easily transmitted from one person to another are called :

Infectious diseases

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Name a non-infectious disease which is the major cause of death

Cancer

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Name disease causing pathogens in humans

Bacteria/virus/fungi/protozoan/helminth

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Disease causing organisms are called?

Pathogens

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Typhoid in humans is caused by bacterium-

Salmonella typhi

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Salmonella typhi enters small intestine through contaminated _____ and _____

food; water

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Three common symptoms of typhoid are:

High fever, stomach pain, constipation(weakness, headache, loss of appetite)

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________ and death may occur in severe cases of typhoid

Intestinal perforation

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Typhoid fever could be confirmed by-

Widal test

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Mary Mallon spread which disease through the food prepared by her for several years?

Typhoid

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Two bacteria responsible for causing pneumonia are:

Streptococcus pneumonia and Haemophilus influenzae

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In pneumonia which part of human body is infected specifically?

Alveoli of lungs

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Symptoms of pneumonia include fever,chills, _____ and ____

cough; headache

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Healthy person acquires pneumonia by inhaling infected _______

droplets/ Aerosols

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Dysentry, plague, diptheria and pneumonia are diseases caused by_____

bacteria

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Common cod in human beings is caused by ____

Rhino viruses

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Symptoms of common cold last for ____ days

3-7

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Rhino viruses usually infect _____ and _____

nose; respiratory passage

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Nasal congestion, sore throat, cough, headache and tiredness are symptoms of which viral disease?

Common cold

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A protozoan causing malaria in human is ______

plasmodium

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Protozoan responsible for causing malaria is _____

plasmodium

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Name three different species of plasmodium that cause malaria:

P. vivax, P.malaria, P. falciparum

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Malignant malaria is caused by :

Plasmodium falciparum

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Mature infective stages of plasmodium injected in humans with mosquito bite is:

Sporozoites

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Sporozoites enter human body through the bite of infected:

Female anopheles mosquito

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In malaria, parasites initially multiply within _____ cells

liver

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Parasites of malaria attack which cells in blood?

red blood cells

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In malaria, rupture of RBCs is associated with release of which toxic substance?

Haemozoin

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Toxic substance released during malaria, responsible for chills and high fever recurring every three to four days, is:

Haemozoin

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Sporozoites in mosquito are stored within their _______

salivary glands

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Two hosts required by the malarial parasite to complete its life cycle are:

humans and mosquitoes

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Vector for transmitting malaria is:

Female anopheles mosquito

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Gametocytes of malaria are formed in which host?

humans

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Fertilization of malarial parasities occurs in which host?

mosquito

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Amoebiasis in humans is caused by protozoan:

Entamoeba histolytica

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Amoebiasis causing agent is a type of _____ parasite:

protozoan

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Amoebiasis is commonly known as

Amoebic dysentery

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Stools with excess mucous and blood clots is symptom of which protozoan disease?

Amoebiasis

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Mechanical carriers which transmit parasite causing amoebiasis are:

houseflies

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Main source of infection of amoebiasis are drinking water and food contaminated by:

Faeces

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Name a common round worm

Ascaris

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Name a filarial worm

Wuchereria

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Name two pathogenic helminths in humans

Ascaris and Wuchereria

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_______ is caused by Ascaris in humans

Ascariasis

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The symptoms of ascariasis are:

internal bleeding, muscular pain, fever, anemia and blockage of the intestinal passage

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Name two species of filarial worms which cause filariasis

W. bancrofti and W. malayi

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Characteristics of filariasis is inflammation in ______ of lower limbs

lymphatic vessels

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Filiriasis is also known as:

Elephantiasis

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In filariasis, the _____ organs are also often affected, resulting in gross deformities

genital

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Ringworms are caused by fungi belonging to genera _______, ______ and _______

Microsporum, Trichophyton, Epidermophyton

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Appearance of dry, scaly lesions on skin, nails or scalp are main symptoms of:

Ringworms

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What helps fungi to thrive in skin folds such as between the toes?

heat and moisture

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Name two air borne diseases

Pneumonia and common cold

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Most important measure to control diseases such as malaria and filiriasis is to eliminate:

Vectors

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Fish, that feeds on mosquito larvae is:

Gambusia

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Chikungunya and dengue are transmitted by the vector:

Aedes mosquito

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The overall ability of host to fight disease-causing organism, conferred by the immune system is called:

immunity

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Non-specific type of defence to human body is provided by:

Innate immunity

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Type of immunity present at the time of birth is:

Innate immunity

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Mucus coating of epithelium lining the various tracts of human body is a type of _______ barrier of innate immunity

physical

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The main barrier on human body which prevents entry of micro-organisms is:

skin

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Physical barrier which traps microbes entering human body is:

mucus coating

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Physiological barrier in our stomach is:

gastric acid

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Physiological barrier preventing microbial growth in eyes is

tears

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Polymorpho-nuclear leukocytes of human body are:

Neutrophiles

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Name a few leukocytes oh human body that act as cellular barriers

neutrophils, monocytes, NK cells and macrophages

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Examples of a cytokine barrier is:

Interferons

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Proteins secreted by virus-infected cells are:

Interferons

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Pathogen specific immunity of humans is:

Acquired immunity

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A characteristic of acquired immunity is:

Immune memory

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Our body, when it encounters a pathogen for the first time, produces a response called a ______ which is of intensity

primary response

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Highly intensified response generated in the body due to encounter with the same pathogen after primary response is called:

Secondary or anamnestic response

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Cells of immune system involved in primary and secondary immune responses are:

B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes

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Army of proteins produced by B-lymphocytes to fight pathogens are:

Antibodies

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Cells which help B cells to produce antibody are:

T-lymphocytes

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Number of peptide chains in an antibody molecule are:

Four

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Each antibody molecule has two small peptide chains called:

Light chains

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An antibody is represented by the formula:

H2L2

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IgA, IgM, IgE and IgG are different types of human:

Anitibodies

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Immune response which involves production of antibodies in blood is:

Humoral immune response

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Immune response which involves T cells is called:

Cell-mediated immunity

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What is essential before tissue transplantation?

Tissue and blood group matching

An individual who has undergone transplantation is prescribed to take ______ throughout his life

immuno-suppresants

The type of immunity in which antibody is produced when host is exposed to antigens in the form of living or dead microbes or other proteins, is called

Active immunity

When ready-made antibodies are directly given to protect the body against foreign agents, it is called:

passive immunity

The yellowish fluid secreted by the mother during initial days of lactation is:

Colostrum

Colostrum is rich in which in which antibody?

IgA

Antibodies recieved by the foetus from the mother, is an example of:

passive immunity

Principle of immunisation or vaccination is based on the property of _____ of the immune system

memmory

Antigenic proteins of pathogens or inactivated/weakened pathogens are introduced into the body during the process of:

Vaccination

Cases where preformed antibodies or antitoxins are directly injected are:

Tetanus and snake bite

Antibodies against snake venom is an example of ______ immunisation

Passive

In recombinant DNA technology, antigenic polypeptides of pathogens are produced in _____ or ______

bacteria, yeast

A vaccine produced in yeast using rDNA technology on a large scale is:

Hepatitis B

The exaggerated response of the immune system to certain antigens present in the environment is called :

allergy

Some common allergens are:

pollens, mites in dust and animal dander

Sneezing, watery eyes, running nose and difficulty in breathing are some symptoms of ______ reaction

allergic

Antibodies produced against allergens are _____ type

IgE

Allergy is due to the release of chemicals like _____ and _____

histamine and serotonin

Histamine and serotonin are secreted by which cells?

Mast cells

Symptoms of allergy can be reduced by using:

Anti-histamine, adrenalin and steroids

When body attacks self-cells, disease is called:

Auto immune disease

Example of an auto-immune disease is:

Rheumatoid arthritis

The organs where origin or maturation and proliferation of lymphocytes occur are called:

lymphoid tissue

Primary lymphoid organs are:

Bone marrow and thymus

Immature lymphocytes differentiate into antigen-sensitive lymphocytes in ______ organs of the immune system

primary lymphoid

Name three secondary lymphoid organs

Spleen, lymph nodes and tonsils

Effector cells are produced in ______ lymphoid organs

secondary

Lymphocytes interact with antigen in which type of lymphoid organs?

secondary lymphoid organs

The main lymphoid organ where all blood cells including lymphocytes are produced is:

bone marrow

Lobed lymphoid organ located near heart and beneath the breastbone is:

thymus

Size of thymus is largest at the time of _____ of an individual

birth

Microenvironment for development and maturation of T-lymphocytes is provided by _____ and ______

bone marrow; thymus

A large bean-shaped lymphoid organ containing lymphocytes and phagocytes is:

spleen

Spleen is responsible for the filtration of ______ by trapping microorganisms

blood

In addition of lymphocytes and phagocytes, spleen has a large reservoir of which blood cells?

Erythrocytes

Structures that serve to trap the micro-organisms or other antigens, which happen to get into the lymph and tissue fluid are:

lymph nodes

Lymphoid tissues which constitute 50% of lymphoid tissue of human body is:

MALT

Lymphoid tissue located within the lining of major tract is called:

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue

AIDS stands for:

Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome

______ means a group of symptoms

Syndrome

Virus causing AIDS is:

Human Immuno Deficiency Virus(HIV)

HIV belongs to which group of virus?

Retrovirus

Envelope of retrovirus encloses ____ genome

RNA

Transmission of HIV-infection occurs by ______ contact with an infected person

sexual

Transmission of HIV-infection occurs by transfusion of _______ blood and blood products

contaminated

HIV is transmitted to a child from an infected mother through-

placenta

Time lag between infection and appearance of AIDS symptoms varies from few months to _____ years

5-10

HIV spreads only through body _____

fluids

RNA genome of HIV replicates to form viral DNA in which blood cells of human beings?

Macrophages

Enzyme involved in synthesis of viral DNA in macrophages is:

Reverse transcriptase

Along with macrophages, other immune cells infected by HIV are:

Helper T lymphocytes

HIV infection leads to progressive decrease in the number of ______ in an individual

Helper T lymphocytes

HIV patients are prone to common bacteria like ______ and parasite _______

Mycobacterium; Toxoplasma

Diagnosis of AIDS is done by:

Enzyme linked immuno-sorbent assay (ELISA)

The national organisation dedicated to spread awareness about AIDS in India is:

National AIDS Control Organisation

Cancer cells lose the property of:

contact inhibition

Cancerous cells continue to divide giving rise to a mass of cells called:

tumors

Two types of tumors are:

Benign and malignant

Tumors that normally remain confined to their original location and do not spread to other parts of the body are called:

Benign tumors

Tumors composed of mass of proliferative cells that can spread to other parts are:

Malignant tumors

Proliferative cells, of malignant tumor, are also called:

Neoplastic cells

The most feared property of malignant tumors is:

Metastasis

Transformation of normal cells into cancerous neoplastic cells may be induced by physical, chemical or biological agents called:

Carcinogenic

Ionizing radiations that cause damage to DNA are:

X-rays and gamma rays

Non-ionizing radiations that may act as a carcinogenic are:

UV rays

Chemical carcinogens in tobacco smoke are major cause of _____ cancer

lung

Cancer causing viruses are called:

oncogenic viruses

Genes found in normal cells which can lead to oncogenic transformation of cells are called:

Cellular or proto oncogens

Cancer detection is usually based on _____ and ______ studies of tissues

biopsy, histopathological

Blood and bone marrow tests are done for increased cell counts to detect:

Leukemias

Cancers of internal organs can be detected by:

X-ray, CT scan and MRI

CT stands for:

computed tomography

MRI stands for:

magnetic resonance imaging

CT uses ______ to generate a three-dimensional image of the internals of the object

X-rays

Diagnostic technique which uses strong magnetic fields and non-ionising radiations to accurately detect pathological and physiological changes in the living tissue is:

MRI

______ against cancer-specific antigens are also used for detection of certain cancers

Antibodies

Common approaches for treatment of cancer are ________,________ and _______

surgery, radiation therapy and immunotherapy

Tumor cells are irradiated lethally in:

radiotherapy

Side effects of anti-cancer drugs are ______ and _____

loss of hair; anemia

Biological response modifiers which activate immune system and help in destroying tumor are:

Alpha-interferon

Drugs which bind to specific opioid receptors present in central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract are:

opioids

Name an opioid

Heroin/ smack/ diacetylmorphine

A white, odourless, bitter crystalline compound, commonly called as smack is:

Opioid/diacetylmorphine/ heroin

Heroin is obtained by acetylation of:

morphine

Heroin is generally taken by _____ and _____

snorting; injection

Morphine is extracted from latex of the plant

Papaver somniferum

Receptors for cannabinoids are present principally in the ____-

brain

Natural cannabinoids are obtained from which plant?

Cannabis sativa

Natural cannabinoids are obtained from which part of Cannabis plant?

Inflorescence

Marijuana, hashish, charas and ganja are produced by using different combination of which parts of the plant Cannabis?

Flower tops, leaves and resin

Cannabinoids are taken by ______ and ____

inhalation; oral ingestion

Cannabinoids are known to have effects on _____ of the body

Cardiovascular system

Coca plant is native to:

south america

Cocaine is obtained from which plant?

Erythroxylum coca

Cocaine interferes with transport of which neuro-transmitter?

Dopamine

Cocaine is taken through:

snorting

Cocaine has potent stimulating action on:

CNS

Excessive dosage of cocaine causes:

hallucinations

A plant other than Coca possessing hallucinogenic properties is:

Atropa belladona and Datura

A drug which is a very effective sedative and painkiller is:

morphine

Name some drugs which are used to cope with depression and insomnia

Barbiturates, amphetamines, benzodiazepines

Tobacco contains an alkaloid:

nicotine

Nicotine stimulates release of _____ and ______

adrenaline, nor-adrenaline

Tobacco chewing is associated with increased risk of cancer of:

oral cavity

Smoking increases content of which gas in blood, leading to oxygen deficiency?

carbon monoxide

Which phase of life is most vulnerable phase of mental of mental and psychological development of an individual?

adolescence

Curosity, experimentation, peer pressure, stress and unsupportive family structure are some of the factors associated with:

drug and alcohol abuse

A psychological attachment to effects like euphoria while using drugs and alcohol is called:

addiction

_______ is the tendency of the body to manifest a characteristic and unpleasant withdrawal syndrome if regular dose of drugs/ alcohol is abruptly discontinued.

dependence

What is characterised by anxiety, shakiness, nausea and sweating when drugs are discontinued?

Withdrawal syndrome

Excessive use of drugs may lead to coma and death due to respiratory failure, heart failure and ______

cerebral hemorrhage

Individuals taking drugs intravenously are much more likely to acquire serious infections like:

AIDS/ Hepatitis B

The chronic use of drugs and alcohol affect the liver, causing:

cirrhosis

Narcotic analgesics, anabolic steroids and diuretics are used by sportsperson to increase _______ strength and athletic performance

muscle

Use of anabolic steroids by women causes: