Biological Classification Flashcards
1
Q
Who was the earliest to attempt a more scientific basis for classification and used simple morphological characters to classify plants?
A
Aristotle
2
Q
On the basis of which characters Aristotle classified plants into trees, shrubs and herbs?
A
Simple morphological characters
3
Q
Name of the two kingdoms that were developed during Linnaeus time
A
Plantae and Animalia
4
Q
Who proposed the five kingdom classification system?
A
R-H Whittaker
5
Q
Name the five kingdoms defined by the Whittaker-
A
Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia
6
Q
Sole members of Kingdom Monera are
A
Bacteria
7
Q
Most abundant micro-organisms are
A
Bacteria
8
Q
Spherical shaped bacteria are grouped under which category?
A
Coccus
9
Q
Rod-shaped bacteria are under which category?
A
Bacillus
10
Q
Comma-shaped bacteria are grouped under which category?
A
Vibrium(pl.:vibrio)
11
Q
Spiral-shaped bacteria are grouped under which category?
A
Spirillium
12
Q
Compared to many other organisms, which group show the most extensive metabolic diversity?
A
Bacteria
13
Q
Archaebacteria that live in the salty areas are known as
A
halophiles
14
Q
Archaebacteria that live in the hot springs are known as
A
thermoacidophiles
15
Q
Archaebacteria that live in the marshy areas are known as
A
methanogens
16
Q
Methanogens are reponsible for the production of which gas?
A
Methane (biogas)
17
Q
The eubacteria are also referred as blue green algae
A
Cyanobacteria
18
Q
Which chlorophyll pigment is present in cyanobacteria for photosynthesis
A
Chlorophyll a
19
Q
Some of blue green algae can fix atmospheric nitrogen in specialised cells called
A
Heterocyst
20
Q
The colonies of cyanobacteria are generally surrounded by
A
gelatinous/ mucilagnous sheath
21
Q
Examples of blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen
A
Nostoc and Anabaena
22
Q
Bacteria that oxidise various inorganic substances such as nitrates, nitrites and ammonia
A
Chemosynthetic autotrophic
23
Q
Bacteria which play an important role in recycling nutrients, phosphorus, iron and sulphur
A
Chemosynthetic autotrophic
24
Q
The bacteria that are used in making curd from milk, production of antibiotics and fixing nitrogen in legume roots is called
A
Heterotrophic bacteria
25
Cholera, typhoid, tetanus, citrus canker are well known diseases caused by
Bacteria
26
Bacteria reproduce mainly by
fission
27
Under unfavourable conditions, bacteria produce
spores
28
Bacteria that completely lack cell wall is
Mycoplasma
29
Smallest living cells known and can survive without oxygen is
Mycoplasma
30
Under which kingdom all single-celled eukaryotes are placed
Protista
31
Which group includes diatoms and golden algae(desmids) ?
Chryosphytes
32
The cell wall forms two thin overlapping shells, which fit together as in a soap box is known as
Diatoms
33
____ are the chief producers in the oceans
Diatoms
34
Two flagella; one lies longitudinal and other transversely in a furrow between the wall plates is present in
Dinoflagellates
35
Red dinoflagellates that undergo rapid multiplication and make the sea appear red(red tides)-
Gonyaulax
36
Instead of cell wall, euglenoids have a protein rich layer called
Pellicle
37
Which protista group when deprived of sunlight behave like heterotrophs by predating on other smaller organisms-
Euglenoids
38
Pigments of ____ are identical to those present in higher plants -
Euglenoids
39
Under suitable conditions, slime moulds form an aggregation called
Plasmodium
40
Which protista group is primitive relatives of animals ?
Protozoans
41
Entamoeba is which type of Protozoan?
Amoeboid protozoans
42
Amoeboid protozoans move and capture their prey by putting out
pseudopodia
43
Example of flagellated protozoan is
Trypanosoma
44
Example of ciliated protozoan is
Paramoecium
45
Example of sporozoan that is malarial parasite is
Plasmodium
46
Name the unicellular fungi which is used to make bread and beer
Yeast
47
Which rust-causing fungi is known as
Puccinia
48
Examples of fungus which is source of antibiotics
Penicillium
49
Fungi body consists of long, slender thread-like structures called
hyphae
50
The network of hyphae is known as
mycelium
51
Hyphae that are continous tubes with multinucleated cytoplasm- these are called
coenocytic hyphae
52
The cell wall of fungi is composed of
chitin and polysaccharides
53
Fungi can live as symboints- in association with algae known as
lichens
54
Symbiotic association of fungus with roots of higher plants is known as
mycorrhiza
55
Fusion of protoplasms between two motile or non-motile gametes are called
plasmogamy
56
Fusion of two nuclei is called
karyogamy
57
In fungi (ascomycetes and basidiomycetes), an intervening dikaryotic stage (n + n, i.e. two nuclei per cell) occurs; such a condition is called
dikaryon
58
In Phycomycetes mycelium is
aseptate and coenocytic
59
Name the fungi which is also known as bread mould
Rhizopus
60
Ascomycetes are commonly known as
sac fungi
61
Fungi that grow on dung are known as
corprophilous
62
Mycelium in Ascomycetetes is
branched and septate
63
Asexual spores of Ascomycetes are known as
conidia
64
Sexual spores of Ascomycetes are known as
ascospores
65
An example of Ascomycetes that is extensively in biochemical and genetic work
Neurospora
66
Many members like ___ and ___ are edible and are considered delicacies
Morels and Truffles
67
The basidiospores are exogenously produced on the
basidium
68
Example of smut fungus is
Ustilago
69
Example of rust fungus is
Puccinia
70
Deuteromycetes is commonly known as
Imperfect fungi
71
Mycelium of Deuteromycetes is
Septate and branched
72
The deuteromycetes reproduce only by asexual spores known as
conidia
73
Examples of Deuteromycetes is
Alternaria, Collectotrichum
74
Examples of partially heterotrophic plants is
Bladderwort and venus fly trap and cuscuta
75
Example of plant as a parasite is
Cuscuta
76
Members of Kingdom Animalia store food reserves as
glycogen or fat
77
In member of Kingdom Animalia mode of nutrition is
holozoic
78
Name thescientist who gave the definition of virus as venom or poisonous fluid
Louis Pasteur
79
Certain microbes recognised as casual organism of the mosaic disease of tobacco is called
Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)
80
Who demonstrated that the extract of the infected plants of tobacco could cause infection in healthy plants?
M.W Beijerinek
81
Who showed that viruses could be crystallised and crystals consists largely of proteins?
W M Stanley
82
In virus capsid is made of small subunits is known as
capsomeres
83
Who discovered a new infectious agent that was smaller than viruses and caused potato spindle tuber disease?
T O Diener
84
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) commonly called mad cow disease in cattle is caused by
Prions
85
Analogous variant of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is ____ in humans
Cr Jacob Disease
86
Symbiotic association i.e. mutually useful associations, between algae and fungi is known as
Lichens
87
The algal component in Lichens is known as
phycobiont
88
The fungal component in Lichens is known as
mycobiont
89
Since the drawn of civilisation, there have been many attemy to classify ___ organisma
living
90
Earliest attempts of classifications were borne out of need to use organisms for our own use - for ____, _____ and ______
food, shelter and chlothing
91
Aristotle divided animals into two groups on the basis of presence of ___
red blood
92
____ didnot distinguish between the eukaryotes and prokaryotes, unicellular and multicellular organisms and photosynthetic (green algae) and non-photosynthetic (fungi) organism
Two kingdom system of classification
93
Classification of organisms into ___ and ___ was easily done and was easy to understand, but, a large number of organisms did not fall into either category
plants, animals
94
Besides, gross morphology a need was also felt for including other characteristics like ____, nature of wall, _____, habitat, methods of reproduction, _____, etc
cell structure, mode of nutrition, evolutionary relatonships
95
____ and ___ kingdoms have been a constant under all different classification systems.
Plant, animal
96
The ____ and ___ of other kingdoms have also been understood differently by differernt scientists over the time.
number, nature
97
The main criteria for classifcation used by Whittaker include cell structure, ____, mode of nutrition, ___ and phylogenetic relationships.
body organisation, reproduction
98
Earlier classification systems include bacteria, blue green algae, ___, mosses, ___, ____ and the angiosperms under 'plants'
fungi, ferns, gymnsperms
99
The character that unified whole kingdom pf plant under earlier classification was that all the organisms included had a ___ in their cells.
cell wall
100
Earlier classification systems for plants brought together the ___ bacteria and blue green algae (cyanobacteria) with other groups which were _____
prokaryotic, eukaryotic
101
Earlier classification systems grouped together the unicellular organisms and the multicellular ones, say, for example, _____ and _____ were placed together under algae
Chlamydomonas, Spirogyra
102
Noncellulosic cell wall containing polysaccharide amino acid is found in kingdom _____
Monera
103
Cell wall is absent in kingdom _____
Animalia
104
Nuclear membrane is present in all kingdoms except _____
Monera
105
Loose tissue body organisation is found in kingdom ______
Fungi
106
Cellular body organisation is found in kingdom ____ and _____
Monera, Protista
107
Autotrophic mode of nutrition is present in kingdom _____, ______ and ______
Monera, Protista and plantae
108
Heterotrophic mode of nutrition is present in kingdom ____ and _____
Fungi and Animalia
109
The fungi had ___ in their walls while green plants had a _____ cell wall.
chitin, cellulosic
110
All prokaryotic organisms were grouped together under kingdom ____ and the unicellular eukaryotic eukaryotic organisms were placed in kingdom ____
Monera, Protista
111
Over time, an attempt has been made to evolve a classification system which reflects not only the morphological, ____ and ____ similarities, but is also phylogenetic.
physiological, reproductive
112
Phylogenetic relationships are based on ____ relationships.
evolutionary
113
_____ occur almost everywhere
bacteria
114
Bacteria also live in extreme habitats sucha as ___, deserts, snow and _____ where very few life forms can survive
hot springs, deep oceans
115
Many bacteria live in or on other organisms as ______
parasites
116
Through the bacterial structure is very _____, they are very complex in ____.
simple, behaviour
117
____ bacteria synthesise their own food from inorganic substrates.
Autotrophic
118
Autotrophic bacteria may be ____ or _____
photosynthetic autotrophic or chemosynthetic autotrophic.
119
The vast majority of bacteria are ____, i.e., they depend on other organisms or on dead ____ matter for food
heterotrophs, organic
120
Archaebacteria are special since they live in some of the most ____ habitants
harsh
121
Archaebacteria differ from other bacteria in having a different _____ structure.
cell wall
122
Having a different cell wall structure is responsible for survival of ______ in extreme conditions
archaebacteria
123
Methanogens are present in the gut of several ____ animals such as cows and buffaloes.
ruminant
124
There are thousands of different ___ or 'true bacteria'
eubacteria
125
Eubacteria are characterised by the presence of rigid ____, and if motile, a ____
cell wall, flagellum
126
The cyanobacteria are ____, colonial or filamentous, freshwater/ marine or _____ algae
unicellular, terrestrial
127
Blue green algae often form ___ in polluted water bodies.
blooms
128
___ bacteria are most abundant in nature
heterotropic
129
Majority of heterotrophic bacteria are important _____
decomposers
130
Bacteria also reproduce by a sort of sexual reproduction by adapting a primitive type of _____ from one bacterium to the other
DNA transfer
131
Many mycoplasma are ____ in animals and plants.
pathogenic
132
All single-celled eukaryotes are placed under _____
protista
133
The boundaries of kingdom _____ are not well defined
protista
134
What may be 'a photosynthetic protistian' to one biologist may be '____' to another
plant
135
Members of Protista are primarily _____
aquatic
136
Kingdoms protista forms a link with the others dealing with _____, ______ and _______.
plants, animals and fungi
137
Being eukaryotes, the protistan cell body contains a well defined nucleus and other ____ organelles.
membrane-bound
138
Some members of kingdom protista have _____ or ______
flagella, cilla
139
Protists reproduce asexually and sexually by a process involving _____ and ____ formation
cell fusion, zygote
140
Chrysophytes are found in _____ as well as in ____ environments
freshwater, marine
141
Chrysophytes are ____ and float passively in water currents
microscopic
142
Most of the chrysophytes are ___
photosynthetic
143
The walls of diatoms are embedded with ____ and thus the walls are indestructible
silica
144
Diatoms have left behind large amount of ____ deposits in their habitat
cell wall
145
Accumulation of diatom's cell wall deposits over billions of years is referred to as ___
diatomaceous earth
146
Being ___ diatomaceous earth is used in _____, filtration of oils and syrups
gritty, polishing
147
Dinoflagellates are mostly marine and ____
photosynthetic
148
Dinoflagellates appear yellow, green, brown, blue or red depending on the main ___ present in their cells
pigments
149
The cell wall in dinoflagellates has stiff _____ plates on the outer surface
cellulose
150
____ released by large number of dinoflagellates may even kill other marine animals such as fishes
toxins
151
Majority of euglenoids are fresh water organisms found in ____ water
stagnant
152
Due to pellicle, the body of euglenoids is ___
flexible
153
Euglenoids are ____ in the presence of sunlight
photosynthetic
154
Slime moulds are ____ protists
saprophytic
155
The body of slime moulds moves along decaying twigs and leaves ____ organic material
engulfing
156
During unfavourable conditions, the ____ differentiates and forms ______ bearing spores at their tips
plasmodium; fruiting bodies
157
The spores of plasmodium possess true ____
walls
158
The spores of ____ are extremely ____ and survive for many years, even under adverse conditions
plasmodium; resistant
159
In plasmodium, the spores are dispersed by _____
air currents
160
All protozoans are heterotrophs and live as ____ or _____
predators, parasites
161
There are ____ major groups of protozoans
four
162
Amoeboid protozoans live in freshwater, ____ or ____
seawater, moist soil
163
Marine form of amoeboid protozoans have _____ on their surface
silica shells
164
Examples of an amoeboid protozoan which is parasitic is _____
Entamoeba
165
Flagellated protozoans are characterised by the presence of ___
flagella
166
Flagellated protozoans are either _____ or _____
free - living, parasitic
167
____ is a parasitic form that causes diseases such as sleeping sickness
Trypanosoma
168
Ciliated protozoans are aquatic, actively moving organisms because of the presence of thousands of ____
cilia
169
Ciliated protozoans have a cavity (___) that opens to the outside of the cell surface
gullet
170
The ____ movement of rows of cilia causes the water laden with food to be steered into the ____
coordinated, gullet
171
Sporozoans include diverse organisms that have an infectious ___ stage in their life cycle
spore-like
172
The fungi constitute a unique kingdom of ___ organisms
heterotrophic
173
The fungi show a great diversity in __ and habitat
morphology
174
The common mushroom you eat and _____ are ____
toadstools, fungi
175
White spots seen on _____ leaves are due to a parasitic fungus
mustard
176
Fungi are ____ and occur in air, water, soil and on animals and plants
cosmopolitan
177
Fungi prefer to grow in ___ and ____ places
warm, humid
178
We keep food in the refrigerator to prevent food from going bad due to ____ or ___ infections
bacterial, fungal
179
With the exception of yeats which are _____, fungi are ____
unicellular, filamentous
180
Some fungi may have ___ or ____ in their hyphae
septate, cross walls
181
Most fungi are heterotrophic and absorb soluble organic matter from dead substrates and hence are called ____
saprophytes
182
Those fungi that depend on living plants and animals are called ____
parasites
183
Vegetative means of reproduction in fungi include _____
fragmentation, fission and budding
184
What are the asexual spores found in fungi?
conidia, sporangiospores, zoospores
185
What are the sexual spores found in fungi ?
oospores, ascospores and basidiospores
186
The various spores are produced in distinct structures called ____
fruiting bodies
187
The sexual cycle in fungi involves ___ steps
three
188
___ in zygote results in the formation of ____ spores
Meiosis, haploid
189
When a fungus reproduces sexually, two haploid hyphae of ____ mating types come together and fuse
compatible
190
In some fungi the fusion of two haploid cells immediately results in ____ cells
diploid
191
Phase of occurence of an intervening dikaryotic stage (n + n, i.e. two nuclei per cell) is called _____ of fungus
dikaryophase
192
The fungi form ____ in which reduction division occurs, leading to formation of ____ spores
fruiting bodies, haploid
193
The morphology of the mycelium, ___ and fruiting bodies from the basis for the division of the kingdom into various classes
mode of spore formation
194
Members of _____ are found in aquatic habitats and on decaying wood in moist and damp places or as ___ on plants
phycomycetes, obligate parasites
195
Asexual reproduction in phycomycetes takes place by motile ____
zoospores
196
Asexual reproduction in phycomycetes takes place by non-motile _____
aplanospores
197
The asexual spores are endogenously produced in ____
sporangium
198
A ____ is formed by fusion of two gametes
zygospore
199
The gametes that are similar in morphology are called ___
isogamous
200
The gametes that are dissimilar in morphology are called___
anisogamous or oogamous
201
___ is the parasitic fungi found on mustard
Albugo
202
An example of multicellular ascomycetes is ___
Penicillium
203
An example of unicellular ascomycetes is ___
yeast (Saccharomyces)
204
Conidia are produces exogenously on the special mycelium called ____
conidiophores
205
Conidia on germination produce ____
mycelium
206
Ascospores are produces ___ in sac like asci (singular ascus)
endogenously
207
The asci are arranged in different types of fruiting bodies called ____
ascocarps
208
Aspergillus and Claviceps belong to which class of fungi ?
Ascomycetes
209
Commonly known forms of basidiomycetes are ____ bracket fungi or _____
mushrooms, puffballs
210
Basidiomycetes grow in soil, on logs and tree stumps and in living plant bodies as parasites, e.g., ____ and ____
rusts, smuts
211
The mycelium is ___ and ____ in basidiomycetes
branched, septate
212
The asexual spores are generally not found in ___
basidiomycetes
213
In basidiomycetes vegetative reproduction by ____ is common
fragmentation
214
In basidiomycetes sex organs are ____
absent
215
In basidiomycetes ____ is brought about by fusion of two vegetative or somatic cells of different ___ or ______
plasmogamy, strains, genotypes
216
The resultant structure of plasmogamy in basidiomycetes is ____ which ultimately gives rise to basidium
dikaryotic
217
Plasmogamy in basidiomycetes results in a dikaryotic structure which ultimately gives rise to ____
basidium
218
Karyogamy and meiosis take place in the basidium producing ____ basidiospores
four
219
The basidia are arranged in fruiting bodies called _____
basidiocarps
220
In deuteromycetes only the ___ or ____ phases of these fungi are known
asexual, vegetative
221
Fungi belonging to class ___ are decomposers of litter and help in mineral cycling
deuteromycetes
222
Kingdom Plantae include all eukaryotic _____containing organisms commonly called plants
chlorophyll
223
The plants have eukaryotic structure with prominent ___ and cell wall mainly made of cellulose
chloroplasts
224
Plants includes _____
algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms
225
Life cycle of plants has ___ distinct phases
two
226
The diploid sporophytic and the haploid ____ phase alternate with each other in plants
gametophytic
227
The length of haploid and diploid phases, and whether the phases are ____ or ___ on others, vary among different groups in plants
free-living, dependent
228
The phenomenon called alternation of generation is found in kingdom ____
plantae
229
The kingdom animalia is characterised by heterotrophic eukaryotic organisms that are
multicellular
230
Members of kingdom animalia lack ____ in their cells
cell walls
231
Members of kingdom animalia directly or indirectly depend on ____ for food
plants
232
Mode of nutrition by ingestion of food is called ____
holozoic
233
Animals follow a definite growth pattern and grow into adults that have a definite ____ and _____
shape, size
234
Higher forms of animals show elaborate ____ and _____ mechanism
sensory, neuromotor
235
Most members of kingdom _____ are capable of locomotion
animalia
236
In kingdom animalia sexual reproduction is by copulation of male and female followed by _____ development
embryological
237
In the five kingdom classification of Whittaker there is no mention of _____ and some acellular organisms
lichens
238
Name some acellular organisms
viruses, viroids and prions
239
Common cold or 'flu' is caused by ____
viruses
240
Viruses did not find a place in classification since they are not considered truly _____
living
241
The viruses are non-cellular organisms that are characterized by having an ___ structure outside the living cell
Crystalline
242
Once a virus infects a cell they take over the machinery of the host cell to ____ themselves, killing the host
replicate
243
Dmitri Ivanowsky found causal organism of the mosaic disease of tobacc to be smaller than ____
bacteria
244
M.W. Beijerinek called the infectious living fluid as _____
Contagium vivum fluidum
245
Viruses are inert outside their specific ____ cell
host
246
Viruses are obligate ____
parasites
247
In addition to ___ viruses also contain genetic material, that could be either ____
proteins, DNA or RNA
248
No virus contains both ___ and ____
RNA, DNA
249
A virus is a nucleoprotein and the ____ material is infectious
genetic
250
In general, viruses that infect plants have ____ RNA
single stranded
251
In general, viruses that infect animals have either ____ RNA or _____ DNA
single or double stranded, double stranded
252
___ are viruses that infect the bacteria
Bacteriophages
253
Bacterial viruses or bacteriophages are usually _____ DNA viruses
double stranded
254
____ protects the nuclei acid
capsid
255
The ____ are arranged in helical or polyhedral geometric forms
capsomers
256
_____ causes diseases like mumps, small pox, herpes and influenza
Viruses
257
AIDS in humans is also caused by a _____
virus
258
In plants, the symptoms of viral infection can be ___
mosaic formation, leaf rolling and curling
259
In plants, the symptoms of viral infections can be ____ and vein clearing, dwarfing and _____ growth
yellowing, stunted
260
The protein coat of virus is called ____
capsid
261
____ were found to be a free RNA
Viroids
262
Viroids lacked the ____ that is found in viruses
protein coat
263
The RNA of the viroid was of low ____
molecular weight
264
In moder medicine certain infectious _____ disease were found to be transmitted by an agent consisting of abnormally ____
neurological, folded protein
265
___ are similar in size to viruses
Prions
266
Phycobionts and mycobionts are ___ and ____, respectively
autotrophic, heterotrophic
267
In case of lichens, ____ prepare food for fungi
algae
268
In lichens, fungi provide ____ and mineral nutrients and ____ for its parter
shelter, water
269
If one saw a ____ in nature one would never imagine that two different organisms within them
lichen
270
Lichens are very good ____ indicators
pollution
271
___ do not grow in polluted areas
Lichens
272
Viruses are inert outside their specific ____ cell
host
273
Mark A, B, C and D in the given figure
A - Cocci
B - Bacilli
C - Spirilla
D - Vibrio
274
Mark A and B in the given figure
A - Heterocyst
B - Mucilagenous Sheath
275
Mark A, B and C in the given figure
A - Cell wall
B - Cell Membrane
C - DNA
276
Mark A and B in the given figure
A - Euglena
B - Paramoecium
277
Mark A, B and C in the given figure.
A - Mucor
B - Aspergillus
C - Agaricus
278
Mark A and B in the given figure
A - RNA
B - Capsid
279
Mark A, B , C, and D in the given figure
A - Head
B - Collar
C - Sheath
D - Tail Fibres
280
Mark A & B in the given figure.
A - Dinoflagellates, B - Slime moulds
