Locomotion and Movement Flashcards
A simple form of movement in the unicellular organisms like Amoeba is __________ of protoplasm.
streaming
The voluntary movements result in a change of place or location are called
locomotion
Walking, running, climbing, flying, swimming are all some forms of
locomotory movements
In Paramoecium, cilia helps in the movement of food through
cytopharynx
Hydra can use its ____ for capturing its prey
tentacles
Cells of the human body exhibit three main types of movements which are -
amoeboid, ciliary and muscular
Name two specialised cells in blood which exhibit amoeboid movement
macrophages and leucocytes
amoeboid movement is effected by _____ formed by the streaming of protoplasm
pseudopodia
Which Cytoskeletal element is involved in amoeboid movement?
microfilaments
Ciliary movement occurs in most of our internal tubular organs which are lined by
ciliated epithelium
The coordinated movements of ____ in the trachea help us in removing dust particles and some of the foreign substances
cilia
Passage of ova through the female reproductive tract is also facilitated by the
ciliary movement
Movement of our limbs, jaws, tongue, etc, requires
muscular movement
The ____ property of muscles are effectively used for locomotion and other movements by human beings
contractile
The cilia and flagella are the outgrowths of the
cell membrane
Which movement helps in the swimming of spermatozoa?
Flagellar movement
Flagellar movement helps in the maintenance of water current in the _____ of sponges
canal system
Flagellar movement helps in the locomotion of Protozoans like ____
Euglena
Muscle is a specialised tissue of ____ origin
mesodermal origin
What percent of the body weight of a human adult is contributed by muscles
40-50 per cent
Name four special properties of muscles
excitability, contractility, extensibility and elasticity
Based on their location, name three types of muscles identified
Based on their location, name three types of muscles identified
Which muscles are closely associated with the skeletal components of the body?
Skeletal muscles
Skeletal muscles have a striped appearance under the microscope and hence are called
striated muscles
Skeletal muscles activities are under the voluntary control of the nervous system, they are known as
voluntary muscles
Which muscles are primarily involved in locomotory actions and changes of body postures?
Skeletal muscles
Visceral muscles are located in the inner walls of _____ of the body
hollow visceral organ
Name two hollow visceral organs of the body in which visceral muscles are located
alimentary canal, reproductive tract
Visceral muscles do not exhibit any ___ and are ____ in appearance
striation; smooth
Visceral muscles are also called
smooth muscles(nonstriated muscle)
Which muscles assist the transportation of food through the digestive tract and gametes through the genital tract?
Visceral muscles
The muscles of heart are
Cardiac muscles
Based on appearance, cardiac muscles are
striated
Name two involuntary muscles
Visceral muscles & Cardiac muscles
Each organised skeletal muscle in our body is made of a number of
muscle bundles / fascicles
muscle bundles are also called
fascicles
Muscle bundles are held together by a common collagenous connective tissue layer called _______.
fascia
Each muscle bundle contains a number of
muscle fibres
Each muscle fibre is lined by the plasma membrane called
sarcolemma
Muscle fibre is a __ as the sarcoplasm contains many nuclei
syncitium
_____ of the muscle fibres is the store house of calcium ions
sarcoplasmic recticulum
The presence of a large number of parallelly arranged filaments in the sarcoplasm called
myofilaments or myofibrils
Each myofibril has alternate ______ and ______ bands on it
dark, light
The myofibril has the distribution pattern of two important proteins
Actin and Myosin
The light bands contain
Actin
The dark bands contain
myosin
The light bands is called
I-band or Isotropic band
The dark band is called
A’ or Anisotropic band
Actin filaments are thinner as compared to the myosin filaments, hence are commonly called
thin and thick filaments
In the centre of each ‘I’ band is an elastic fibre called
‘Z’ line
The thick filaments in the ‘A’ band are also held together in the middle of this band by a thin fibrous membrane called
‘M’ line
The portion of the myofibril between two successive ‘Z’ lines is considered as the functional unit of contraction and is called a
sarcomere
The central part of thick filament, not overlapped by thin filaments is called the
‘H’ zone
Each actin (thin) filament is made of two
‘F’ (filamentous) actins
Each ‘F’ actin is a polymer of monomeric
‘G’ (Globular) actins
Two filaments of another protein, _________ also run close to the ‘F’ actins throughout its length.
tropomyosin
Which complex protein is distributed at regular intervals on the tropomyosin?
Troponin
Each myosin (thick) filament is a ___ protein
polymerised protein-
Many monomeric proteins called __________ constitute one thick filament.
meromyosins
Each meromyosin has two important partsa _______with a short arm and a ______
globular head , tail
A globular head with a short arm is called
heavy meromyosin (HMM)
Each meromyosin has a tail called
light meromyosin (LMM)
The HMM component projects outwards at regular distance and angle from each other from the surface of a polymerised myosin filament and is known as
cross arm
The globular head is an ___enzyme
active ATPase enzyme
The globular head has binding sites for ___ and active sites for ___
ATP; actin
Mechanism of muscle contraction is best explained by which theory?
sliding filament theory
The sliding filament theory states that contraction of a muscle fibre takes place by the sliding of the ___ over the ___
thin filaments; thick filaments
Muscle contraction is initiated by a signal sent by the___ via a ____
central nervous system; motor neuron
A motor neuron alongwith the muscle fibres connected to it constitutes a _______
motor unit
The junction between a motor neuron and the sarcolemma of the muscle fibre is called the
neuromuscular junction or motor-end plate
A neural signal reaching neuromuscular junction releases which neurotransmitter?
Acetyl choline
Acetyl choline generates an action potential in the ___
sarcolemma
An action potential spreads through the muscle fibre and causes the release of ____
calcium ions
Action potential causes the release of calcium ions into the ____
sarcoplasm
Increase in Ca++level leads to the binding of calcium with a subunit of troponin on ___
actin filaments
Utilising the energy from _____, the myosin head binds to the exposed active sites on actin
ATP hydrolysis
Utilising the energy from ATP hydrolysis, the myosin head binds to the exposed active sites on actin to form a ____
cross bridge
The ‘Z’ line attached to these actins are pulled inwards thereby causing a _____
shortening of the sarcomere
shortening of the sarcomere
lactic acid
Repeated activation of the muscles can lead to the accumulation of lactic acid due to
anaerobic breakdown of glycogen
Muscle contains a red coloured oxygen storing pigment called
myoglobin
Muscles which gives a reddish appearance are called
Red fibres
Red fibres contain plenty of _____
mitochondria
Red fibres are also known as
aerobic muscles
Some of the muscles possess very less quantity of myoglobin and appear _______
pale or whitish
Muscles which appear pale or whitish are called as
White fibres
In White fibres, the amount of _____ is high
sarcoplasmic reticulum
Bone has a very hard matrix due to ____
calcium salts
Cartilage has slightly pliable matrix due to ___
chondroitin salts
In human beings, skeletal system is made up ___ bones
206 bones
Skeletal system is grouped into two principal divisions
the axial and the appendicular skeleton
How many bones are present in the Axial skeleton?
80 bones
Which four things constitute axial skeleton?
skull, vertebral column, sternum and ribs
How many bones are there in skull?
22 bones
The skull is composed of two sets of bones –
cranial and facial
How many bones are there in Cranial bones?
8
Cranial bones form the hard protective outer covering, ___ for the brain
cranium
The facial region is made up of ___ skeletal elements which form the front part of the skull
14
A single Ushaped bone which is present at the base of the buccal cavity called
hyoid
Each middle ear contains three tiny bones
Malleus, Incus and Stapes,
Malleus, Incus and Stapes, are collectively called
Ear Ossicles
The skull region articulates with the superior region of the vertebral column with the help of ____
two occipital condyles
The skull region having two occipital condyles is called _______ skull.
dicondylic
Our vertebral column is formed by _____ units.
26 serially arranged units
Our vertebral column is formed by 26 serially arranged units called
vertebrae
Each vertebra has a central hollow portion called ____ through which the spinal cord passes.
neural canal
First vertebra is
atlas
First vertebra articulates with the ___.
occipital condyles
Name the five regions starting from the skull of vertebral column
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal
How many cervical vertebrae are there ?
7
How many thoracic vertebrae are there ?
12
How many lumbar vertebrae are there ?
5
How many sacral vertebrae are there ?
1-fused
How many coccygeal vertebrae are there ?
1-fused
A flat bone on the ventral midline of thorax called
Sternum
How many pairs of ribs are there?
12 pairs
Each rib is a thin flat bone connected ____ to the vertebral column.
dorsally
Each rib is connected ___ to the sternum
ventrally
Rib has two articulation surfaces on its dorsal end and is hence called
bicephalic
First seven pairs of ribs are called
true ribs
True ribs are attached ventrally connected to the sternum with the help of
hyaline cartilage
Which three pairs of ribs do not articulate directly with the sternum?
8th, 9thand 10th
The 8th, 9thand 10thpairs of ribs join which rib with the help of hyaline cartilage?
7thrib
The 8th, 9thand 10thpairs of ribs are called
vertebrochondral ribs
Last 2 pairs (11thand 12th) of ribs are called
floating ribs
Thoracic vertebrae, ribs and sternum together form the _______
rib cage
The bones of the limbs along with their girdles constitute the _______
appendicular skeleton
How many bones are there in each limb?
30 bones
Name all the bones of the hand (fore limb).
humerus, radius and ulna, carpals, metacarpals and phalanges
How many bones are there in wrist bones?
8
How many bones are there in palm bones?
5
How many bones are there in phalanges bones?
14
Name all the bones of the legs (hind limb).
Femur, tibia and fibula, patella, tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges
The longest bone is called
Femur
How many bone are there in ankle bones?
7
How many bone are there in metatarsals in legs?
5
A cup shaped bone which cover the knee ventrally (knee cap)?
patella
Which bones help in the articulation of the upper and the lower limbs respectively with the axial skeleton?
Pectoral and Pelvic girdle
Each half of pectoral girdle consists of ____ and ____
a clavicle and a scapula
A large triangular flat bone which is situated in the dorsal part of the thorax between the second and the seventh ribs is called
scapula
The dorsal, flat, triangular body of scapula has a slightly elevated ridge called
spine
The spine projects as a flat, expanded process called
acromion
Below the acromion is a depression which articulates with the head of the humerus to form the shoulder joint called
glenoid cavity
Each clavicle is a long slender bone which is commonly called the
collar bone
Pelvic girdle consists of ___ bones
two coxal bones
Each coxal bone is formed by the fusion of three bones –
ilium, ischium and pubis
At the point of fusion of the three bones is a cavity to which the thigh bone articulates called
acetabulum
The two halves of the pelvic girdle meet ventrally to form the ____ containing fibrous cartilage
pubic symphysis
Force generated by the muscles is used to carry out movement through joints, where the joint acts as a ___
fulcrum
Joints have been classified into three major structural forms
fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial
Which joints do not allow any movement?
Fibrous joints
In which joints, the bones involved are joined together with the help of cartilages?
cartilaginous joints
Which joints are characterised by the presence of a fluid filled synovial cavity between the articulating surfaces of the two bones?
Synovial joints
Which joints allows considerable movement?
Synovial joints
Example of Ball and socket joint
humerus and pectoral girdle
Example of hinge joint
knee joint
Example of pivot joint
between atlas and axis
Joint between the carpals are called
gliding joint
Joint between carpal and metacarpal of thumb is called
saddle joint
Which auto immune disorder affect neuromuscular junction leading to fatigue, weakening and paralysis of skeletal muscle?
Myasthenia gravis
In which genetic disorder, progressive degeneration of skeletal muscle occurs?
Muscular dystrophy
Rapid spasms (wild contractions) in muscle due to low Ca++in body fluid occurs in which disease?
Tetany
Inflammation of joints is called
Arthritis
Which age related disorder is characterised by decreased bone mass and increased chances of fractures?
Osteoporosis
Inflammation of joints due to accumulation of uric acid crystals is called
Gout
