Locomotion and Movement Flashcards
A simple form of movement in the unicellular organisms like Amoeba is __________ of protoplasm.
streaming
The voluntary movements result in a change of place or location are called
locomotion
Walking, running, climbing, flying, swimming are all some forms of
locomotory movements
In Paramoecium, cilia helps in the movement of food through
cytopharynx
Hydra can use its ____ for capturing its prey
tentacles
Cells of the human body exhibit three main types of movements which are -
amoeboid, ciliary and muscular
Name two specialised cells in blood which exhibit amoeboid movement
macrophages and leucocytes
amoeboid movement is effected by _____ formed by the streaming of protoplasm
pseudopodia
Which Cytoskeletal element is involved in amoeboid movement?
microfilaments
Ciliary movement occurs in most of our internal tubular organs which are lined by
ciliated epithelium
The coordinated movements of ____ in the trachea help us in removing dust particles and some of the foreign substances
cilia
Passage of ova through the female reproductive tract is also facilitated by the
ciliary movement
Movement of our limbs, jaws, tongue, etc, requires
muscular movement
The ____ property of muscles are effectively used for locomotion and other movements by human beings
contractile
The cilia and flagella are the outgrowths of the
cell membrane
Which movement helps in the swimming of spermatozoa?
Flagellar movement
Flagellar movement helps in the maintenance of water current in the _____ of sponges
canal system
Flagellar movement helps in the locomotion of Protozoans like ____
Euglena
Muscle is a specialised tissue of ____ origin
mesodermal origin
What percent of the body weight of a human adult is contributed by muscles
40-50 per cent
Name four special properties of muscles
excitability, contractility, extensibility and elasticity
Based on their location, name three types of muscles identified
Based on their location, name three types of muscles identified
Which muscles are closely associated with the skeletal components of the body?
Skeletal muscles
Skeletal muscles have a striped appearance under the microscope and hence are called
striated muscles
Skeletal muscles activities are under the voluntary control of the nervous system, they are known as
voluntary muscles
Which muscles are primarily involved in locomotory actions and changes of body postures?
Skeletal muscles
Visceral muscles are located in the inner walls of _____ of the body
hollow visceral organ
Name two hollow visceral organs of the body in which visceral muscles are located
alimentary canal, reproductive tract
Visceral muscles do not exhibit any ___ and are ____ in appearance
striation; smooth
Visceral muscles are also called
smooth muscles(nonstriated muscle)
Which muscles assist the transportation of food through the digestive tract and gametes through the genital tract?
Visceral muscles
The muscles of heart are
Cardiac muscles
Based on appearance, cardiac muscles are
striated
Name two involuntary muscles
Visceral muscles & Cardiac muscles
Each organised skeletal muscle in our body is made of a number of
muscle bundles / fascicles
muscle bundles are also called
fascicles
Muscle bundles are held together by a common collagenous connective tissue layer called _______.
fascia
Each muscle bundle contains a number of
muscle fibres
Each muscle fibre is lined by the plasma membrane called
sarcolemma
Muscle fibre is a __ as the sarcoplasm contains many nuclei
syncitium
_____ of the muscle fibres is the store house of calcium ions
sarcoplasmic recticulum
The presence of a large number of parallelly arranged filaments in the sarcoplasm called
myofilaments or myofibrils
Each myofibril has alternate ______ and ______ bands on it
dark, light
The myofibril has the distribution pattern of two important proteins
Actin and Myosin
The light bands contain
Actin
The dark bands contain
myosin
The light bands is called
I-band or Isotropic band
The dark band is called
A’ or Anisotropic band
Actin filaments are thinner as compared to the myosin filaments, hence are commonly called
thin and thick filaments
In the centre of each ‘I’ band is an elastic fibre called
‘Z’ line
The thick filaments in the ‘A’ band are also held together in the middle of this band by a thin fibrous membrane called
‘M’ line
The portion of the myofibril between two successive ‘Z’ lines is considered as the functional unit of contraction and is called a
sarcomere
The central part of thick filament, not overlapped by thin filaments is called the
‘H’ zone
Each actin (thin) filament is made of two
‘F’ (filamentous) actins
Each ‘F’ actin is a polymer of monomeric
‘G’ (Globular) actins
Two filaments of another protein, _________ also run close to the ‘F’ actins throughout its length.
tropomyosin
Which complex protein is distributed at regular intervals on the tropomyosin?
Troponin
Each myosin (thick) filament is a ___ protein
polymerised protein-
Many monomeric proteins called __________ constitute one thick filament.
meromyosins
Each meromyosin has two important partsa _______with a short arm and a ______
globular head , tail
A globular head with a short arm is called
heavy meromyosin (HMM)
Each meromyosin has a tail called
light meromyosin (LMM)
The HMM component projects outwards at regular distance and angle from each other from the surface of a polymerised myosin filament and is known as
cross arm
The globular head is an ___enzyme
active ATPase enzyme
The globular head has binding sites for ___ and active sites for ___
ATP; actin
Mechanism of muscle contraction is best explained by which theory?
sliding filament theory
