Biomolecules Flashcards
Acid soluble pool or filtrate form a living tissue is rich in
Organic compounds
The carbon compounds extracted from living tissues are called
Biomolecules
A fully burnt tissue i.e., ash will give you access to ____ elements
Inorganic elements
The predominant element in human body, after oxygen is
Carbon
Amino acids are organic compounds containing an amino group and an acidic group and an acidic group as substituents on the same carbon i.e., the alpha-carbon. Hence, they are called
alpha - amino acids
Alpha amino acids are substituted _____
Methanes
Amino acids which occur in proteins are only ____ in number
Twenty
The R group of glycine is
Hydrogen
The amino acid possessing methyl group as an R group is
Alanine
The R group of serine is
Hydroxy methyl
Chemically, glutamic acid is an
Acidic amino acid
An example of a basic amino acid is
Lysine
The charge on valine under normal conditions is
Zero
The three aromatic amino acids are
Tyrosine, phenylalanine and tryptophan
Structurally, Phenylalanine is an
Aromatic amino acid
Two ionisable groups of amino acids are particulary ___ and ____
-COOH and -NH2
The net charge on zwitter ionic form an amino acid is
Zero
Simple fatty acids which are not soluble in water are called
Lipids
In a fatty acid, R group is attached to ____ group
Carboxyl
Carbon atoms in an R group of fatty acid, excluding carboxyl carbon, can vary upto
19
A fatty acid containing 16 carbons in total is named as
Palmitic acid
Carbon atoms present in arachidonic acid are
20
Fatty acid without double bond are called
Saturated fatty acid
Unsaturated fatty acids contains one or more ____ bonds
C = C double
Glycerol is common name for
Trihydroxy propane
Monoglycerides are composed of both ___ and ____
Fatty acids and glycerol
Oils remain as liquid even during winter due to
low melting point
Lecithin is an example of
Phosphoipid
The tissues having lipids with more compex structures are
Neutral tissues
A nitrogen base attached to sugar forms a
nucleoslide
Nucleotide is composed of nucleoslide and ___
phosphate group
Uridine is a
Nucleoside
A phosphate group attached to thymidine forms ____
Thymidylic acid (a nucleotide)
The building block of DNA and RNA is
Nucleotide
In nucleotide, phosphate group is attached to
Sugar
The two most abundant elements found in living organism, other than oxygen are
Carbon and nitrogen
The metabolite compounds other than primary metabolites found in plants, fungal and microbial cells are called ____
Secondary metabolites
Morphine and codeine are secondary metabolites categorized under
Alkaloids
The two secondary metabolites which function as plant pigments are ____ and ____
Carotenoids and anthocyanins
A terpenoid of ecological importance is
Monoterpenes or diterpenes
Name three compounds which are secondary metabolites used as polymeric substances
Rubber, gum and cellulose
The metabolites which are important for normal physiological processes are
Primary metabolites
A toxin produced as a secondary metabollite
Ricin or abrin
Antibiotics and spices are the examples of
secondary metabolites
The molecular weight of compounds in acid-soluble pool ranges from
18 - 800 daltons
The biomolecules having molecular weight of less than 1000 daltons are referred to as
micromolecules
Proteins, nuclei acids, lipids and polysaccharides are found in acid ____ fraction
insoluble
The compound of acid insoluble pool which is not polymeric substance is
Lipids
The molecular weight of lipid molecular does not exceed ____ daltons
800
Compounds in acid insoluble pool with the exception of _____, have molecular weights in the range of ten thousand daltons and above
lipids
Acid insoluble pool includes macromolecules from both ____ and ____
cytoplasm and organelles
The most abundant chemical found in living organisms is
water
Proteins are linear chains of
Amino acids
Amino acids in a polypeptide are linked by ____
peptide bond
The type of amino acids supplied through our diet are called
Essential amino acids
The building blocks of enzymes are some hormones are
Proteins
Proteins which enables glucose transport in cells is
GLUT-4
The most abundant protein in animal world is
Collagen
The most abundant protein in whole biosphere is
RuBisCO
Polysaccharides are macromolecules that are composed of ____
Sugars
Cellulose is a polymer of
Glucose
Polymer of fructose is known as
Inulin
The store house of energy in plant tissues is
Starch
The molecules starch can hold in its helical structure are
I2 (iodine)
Plant cell walls are made of ____
Cellulose
The major component of paper and cotton fibre is
Cellulose
Exoskeleton of arthropods is composed of
Chitin
The fraction of living tissue in which nuclei acids are found is
Acid insoluble pool
The building block of nuclei acid is
Nucleotide
Nucleotide is composed of a heterocyclic compound, monosaccharide and _____
phosphate group
The heterocyclic component of nucleotide is
nitrogenous base
Adenine and guanine are substitued ____
Purines
Cytosine is a substituted _____
Pyrimidine
The sugar found in RNA is
Ribose or a monosaccharide pentose
The sugar found in DNA is
2ā deoxyribose
The pyrimidines found in nuclei acid are ____, _____ and ____
cytosine, uracil and thymine
The structure of protein depicting the sequence of amino acids is
primary structure
The first amino acid of a polypeptide chain is referred as
N-terminal amino acid
The last structure of the primary structure of protein is
C - terminal amino acid
The type of helix observed in secondary structure of protein is
Right-handed helix
The protein structure which gives a 3-dimensional view is
Tertiary structure
The structure of protein required for most of the biological activites is
Tertiary structure
Proteins arranged as linear string of spheres and spheres arranged upon one another gives ____ structures
Quaternary
Two types of subunits making up adult human haemoglobin are ____ and ____
Alpha and beta
Total number of subunits making up the structure of adult human haemoglobin are
Four
The chemical process involved in the formation of a peptide bond is
Dehydration
Peptide bond is formed between carboxyl group of one amino acid and ____ group of next amino acid
amino
The molecule that get eliminated during the formation of peptide bond is
Water
Individual monosaccharides in a polysaccharide are linked together by
Glycosidic bond
Formation of glycosidic bond leads to the elimination of
water molecule
The bond between phosphate and hydroxyl group of sugar in a nuclei acid is
Ester bond
Nucleotides in a nucleic acid are linked by
Phosphodiester bond
According to Watson Crick model, DNA exists in secondary structure as
Double helix
The backbone of DNA is formed by
Sugar phosphate sugar chain
The component of nuclei acid projecting inwards in DNA helix is
Nitrogenous base
In DNA, A and T are linked to each other by
Two hydrogen bonds
G and C in nucleic acid are bonded by
Three hydrogen bonds
The number of base pairs involved in one full turn of helical strand are
10
The pitch of DNA helix is
34 A
The rise per base pair in B- DNA is
3.4 A
Metabolites are converted into each other in series of linked reactions called
Metabolic pathways
The catalyst which increase the rate of metabolic reaction in living system are called
Enzymes
Enzymes are composed of
proteins
Metabolic pathways that lead to synthesis of complex structures from simpler structures are called
Anabolic pathways
Metabolic pathways that involve degradation of complex substances to yield simpler structures are called
Catabolic pathways
During anabolic reactions, energy is
Consumed
Degradation of glucose to lactic acid in skeletal muscles is an example of
Catabolic pathways
The most important energy currency of living systems is
ATP
The concentration of glucose in blood of a normal healthy individual is _____ mmol/L
4.2 - 6.1
The nuclei acids that behave as enzymes are called
Ribozymes
The structure of enzyme that depicts its active site is
Tertiary structure
The site of enzymes where the substrate fits is called
Active site
The catalyst that can work at high temperatures and high pressures are
Inorganic catalyst
The catalyst which get damaged at high temperatures are
enzymes
Rate of reaction doubles or decreases by half for every ___ change in either direction
10 C
The enzyme catalysing the formation of carbonic acid from carbon dioxide and water is
Carbonic anhydrase
Under anaerobic conditions, glucose in skeletal muscles is converted to ____
lactic acid
In yeast, during fermentation, breakdown of glucose leads to the formation of
ethanol
What is converted by enzymes into product?
substrate
Transition state structure is formed when substrate binds to ____ site
Enzyme active
The formation of which complex in an enzymatic process is a transient phenomenon?
ES complex
When energy of product is lower that that of substrate, the rate of reaction is
Exothermic
The difference in energy content of āSā from that of transition state is called
activation energy
Formation of which complex is essential for catalysis in a chemical reaction?
ES complex
Enzyme shows its highest activity at a particular temperature called
Optimum temperature
Enzyme remains inactive at low temperature while enzymatic structure denatures at ____ temperatures
High
Velocity of an enzymatic reaction does not exceed beyond ___
Maximum velocity
When an inhibitor closely resembles the substrates in its molecular structure and inhibits the activity of the enzyme, it is known as
Competitive inhibitor
Malonate closely resembles the substrate ____
succinate
Dehydrogenases generally catalyse the reaction of ___
oxireduction
Enzymes catalysing hydrolysis fall under the class-
Hydrolases
Enzymes that catalyse removal of groups from substrate by mechanism other than hydrolysis, leaving double bonds are categorised under class-
Lyases
Reaction linking together two compounds are catalysed by
ligases
Enzymes involved in interconversion of optical, geometric or positional isomers are
isomerases
Non-protein constituents that are bound to enzymes to make them catalytically active are called
Co-factors
The protein part of enzymes is called
Apoenzyme
Prosthetic groups, coenzymes and metal ions are
Co-factors
The cofactors that are organic compounds tightly bound to apoenzyme are known as
Prosthetic groups
The prosthetic group in peroxidase and catalase which catalyse the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen is
Haem
The organic compounds whose association with apoenzyme is transient, usually occurring during the course of catalysis are known as ___
Co-enzymes
Coenzyme NAD contains vitamin-
Niacin
The bond formed by metal ions during their association with active site as well as substrate are
Co-ordination bonds
The metal ion acting as a cofactor for carboxypeptidase is
Zinc
Write the name of amino acid which does not contain chiral centre?
NH2 - CH2- COOH (glycine)
