Chemical coordination and Intergration Flashcards
1
Q
Glands without ducts are called
A
Endocrine glands
2
Q
_______ is the basal part of diencephalon, forebrain and regulates a wide spectrum of body functions.
A
Hypothalamus
3
Q
Hypothalamus contains several groups of cells called ____________which produce hormones
A
nuclei
4
Q
Hormones released from the hypothalamus regulate the synthesis and secretion of
A
Pituitary hormones
5
Q
A hypothalamic hormone called ___________ stimulates the pituitary synthesis and release of ____________
A
GnRH, gonadotrophins
6
Q
_____________ released from hypothalamus inhibits the release of growth hormone from the pituitary.
A
Somatostatin
7
Q
The _______________ is under the direct neural regulation of the hypothalamus.
A
posterior pituitary
8
Q
The pituitary gland is located in a bony cavity called ____________ and is attached to the hypothalamus by a __________
A
sella tursica, stalk
9
Q
The pituitary gland is divided into two parts, namely, anterior pituitary (also called______________) and posterior pituitary (also called_________________)
A
adenohypophysis, neurohypophysi
10
Q
Name the hormones secreted by anterior pituitary
A
1) Growth Hormone (GH)
2) Prolactin (PRL)
3) Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
4) Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
5) Luteinizing hormone (LH)
6) Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
11
Q
Pars intermedia secretes only one hormone called _______________
A
melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
12
Q
The hormones stored & released by posterior pituitary or neurohypophysis are___________ & ______________
A
oxytocin, vasopressin
13
Q
Over secretion of GH stimulates abnormal growth of the body leading to _____________
A
gigantism
14
Q
Low secretion of GH results in stunted growth resulting in ___________
A
pituitary dwarfism
15
Q
Excess secretion of GH in adults especially in middle age can result in severe disfigurement (especially of the face) called_________
A
Acromegaly
16
Q
______________regulates the growth of mammary glands and formation of milk in them
A
Prolactin
17
Q
____________ stimulates the synthesis & secretion of thyroid hormones from thyroid gland.
A
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
18
Q
ACTH stimulates the synthesis and secretion of steroid hormones called ______________ from the adrenal cortex
A
glucocorticoids
19
Q
LH and FSH stimulate gonadal activity and hence are called _________
A
gonadotrophins
20
Q
LH stimulates the synthesis and secretion of hormones called _____________from testis
A
androgens
21
Q
In males, FSH and androgens regulate ________
A
spermatogenesis
22
Q
in females LH induces ovulation of fully mature-
A
graafian follicles
23
Q
In females, LH induces ___________ of fully mature ________________and maintains the _______
A
ovulation, graafian follicles, corpus luteum
24
Q
MSH acts on the _____________________and regulates ________________ of the skin
A
melanocytes ,pigmentation
25
___________ acts on the smooth muscles of our body and stimulates a vigorous contraction of uterus at the time of child birth.
Oxytocin
26
________acts mainly on the kidney and stimulates resorption of water and electrolytes by the distal tubules and thereby reduces loss of water through urine (diuresis)
Vasopressin
27
Vasopressin is also called _______________
anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)
28
An impairment affecting synthesis or release of ADH results in a diminished ability of the kidney to conserve water leading to water loss and dehydration. This condition is known as
Diabetes Insipidus
29
Pineal gland is located on the ____________side of forebrain
dorsal
30
Melatonin is secreted by ____________
pineal gland
31
_______________ influences metabolism, pigmentation, menstrual cycle as well as our defense capability
Melatonin
32
The two lobes of thyroid gland are interconnected with thin flap of connective tissue called_____
isthmus
33
thyroid gland is composed of _____________ & _____________
follicles, stromal tissues
34
Folicular cells of the thyroid gland synthesise two hormones called _________________ and _________
tetraiodothyronine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3)
35
Tetraiodothyronine is also called
Thyroxine (T4)
36
The essential element for the synthesis of thyroid hormones is
Iodine
37
Deficiency of iodine in our diet results in ______________
hypothyroidism
38
Enlargement of thyroid gland due to deficiency of iodine is commonly called _________
goitre
39
Increased secretion of thyroid hormone above the normal level leads to a condition called
Hyperthyroidism
40
____________ is a form of hyperthyroidism, characterised by enlargement of the thyroid gland, protrusion of the eyeballs, increased basal metabolic rate and weight loss.
Exopthalmic goitre
41
Exopthalmic goitre is also called _______
Graves’ disease
42
Thyroid gland also secretes a protein hormone called ___________________ which regulates the blood calcium levels
thyrocalcitonin (TCT)
43
PTH increases the ____________levels in the blood.
calcium
44
PTH increases the blood calcium levels so it is also called
hypercalcemic hormone
45
Along with ___________, PTH plays a significant role in calcium balance in the body
TCT
46
The thymus gland is a _____________structure located between the __________ behind sternum on the ventral side of __________
lobular, lungs, aorta
47
___________ plays a major role in the development of the immune system
Thymus
48
Peptide hormones secreted by the thymus gland are called
Thymosins
49
Thymosins play a major role in the differentiation of ______________, which provide _____________immunity
T-lymphocytes, cell mediated
50
thymosins also promote production of ____________ to provide __________immunity
antibodies, humoral
51
Thymus is ______________ in old individuals resulting in a decreased production of thymosins. As a result, the immune responses of old persons become weak.
degenerated
52
Adrenal gland is gland composed of two types of tissues. Centrally located tissue is called ______________ and outside this lies the _______________
adrenal medulla, adrenal cortex
53
Underproduction of hormones by the adrenal cortex alters ___________metabolism causing acute weakness and fatigue leading to a disease called __________
carbohydrate, Addison's disease
54
Another name for adrenaline is
epinephrine
55
Another name for noradrenaline is
norepinephrine
56
Two hormones are commonly called as catecholamines. Name the hormones.
adrenaline, noradrenaline
57
the two hormones are called Adrenaline or epinephrine and noradrenaline or norepinephrine are secreted by-
adrenal medulla
58
The hormones adrenaline and noradrenaline are rapidly secrted in response to stress of any kind and during emergency situations and are called ____________ hormones or hormones of ________ or ______
emergency, Fight, Flight
59
_____________ & _____________ increase the heart beat, the strength of heart contraction and rate of respiration.
adrenaline, noradrenaline
60
_____________ also stimulate the breakdown of ______________ resulting in an increased concentration of glucose in blood.
Catecholamines, glycogen
61
The adrenal cortex can be divided into three layers, called _____________(inner layer), _______________(middle layer) and ________________(outer layer)
zona reticularis, zona fasciculata, zona glomerulosa
62
The adrenal cortex secretes many hormones commonly called as
Corticoids
63
Corticoids, which are involved in carbohydrate metabolism are called ________________
glucocorticoid
64
The main glucocorticoid in our body is ______
cortisol
65
Corticoids, which regulate the balance of water and electrolytes in our body are called __________
mineralocorticoids
66
_____________ is the main mineralocorticoid in our body
Aldosterone
67
_____________stimulate gluconeogenesis, lipolysis and proteolysis and inhibit cellular uptake and utilisation of amino acids
Glucocorticoid
68
__________is also involved in maintaining the cardio-vascular system as well as the kidney functions.
Cortisol
69
______________acts mainly at the renal tubules and stimulates the reabsorption of sodium ions, water and excretion of potassium and phosphate ions
Aldosterone
70
Small amount of ______________are also secreted by the adrenal cortex which play a role in the growth of axial hair, pubic hair and facial hair during puberty.
androgenic steroids
71
Pancreas is a composite gland which acts as both _____________ and ______________ gland
exocrine, endocrine
72
There are about 1 to 2 million _________________ in a normal human pancreas representing only 1 to 2 percent of the pancreatic tissue.
Islets of Langerhans
73
The two main type of cells in the Islet of langerhans are called
α-cells & β-cells
74
α-cells secret a hormone called ________________ while β-cells secrete ____________
glucagon, insulin
75
Glucagon plays an important role in maintaining the normal _____ levels.
blood glucose
76
Glucagon mainly acts on the _____________ and stimulates ______________ resulting in an increased blood sugar (hyperglycemia)
liver cells (hepatocytes), glycogenolysis
77
___________________reduces the celluar glucose uptake and utilisation. Thus it is a hyperglycemic hormone
Glucagon
78
Insulin is a ________ hormone, which plays a major role in the regulation of glucose homeostasis.
peptide
79
Insulin acts mainly on _______________ and ______________ and enhances cellular glucose uptake and utilisation
hepatocytes, adipocytes
80
Decreased blood glucose level is called
hypoglycemia
81
Insulin also stimulates conversion of __________ to ________ in the target cells
glucose, glycogen
82
Prolonged hyperglycemia leads to a complex disorder called _____________which is associated with loss of glucose through urine and formation of harmful compounds knows as _____________
diabetes mellitus, ketone bodies
83
The ______________ or interstitial cells, which are present in the intertubular spaces produce a group of hormones called androgens mainly testosterone
Leydig cells
84
_____________regulate the development, maturation and functions of male accessory organs like epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland & urethra
Androgens
85
Androgens play a major stimulatory role in the process of
Spermatogenesis
86
Androgens produce ___________ on protein and carbohydrate metabolism-
anabolic effects
87
Ovaries produce two groups of steroid hormones called
estrogen & progesterone
88
After ovulation, ruptured follicle is converted into a structure called ___________________, which secretes mainly ____________
corpus luteum, progesterone
89
Progesterone acts on the mammary glands and stimulates the formation of ________________(sac like structures which store milk) and milk secretion
alveoli
90
The atrial wall of our heart secretes a very important peptide hormone which decreases blood pressure called__________________________
atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)
91
The cells of kidney that produce a peptide hormone called erythropoietin are called
juxtaglomerular cells
92
The juxtaglomerular cells of kidney produce a peptide hormone called ________ which stimulate formation of RBC.
erythropoietin
93
The hormone which acts on the gastric glands and stimulates the secretion of hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen is
gastrin
94
Endocrine cells present in different parts of the gastro-intestinal tract secrete four major peptide hormones. These four hormones are
gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin (CCK) and gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)
95
The hormone which acts on both pancreas and gall bladder and stimulates the secretion of pancreatic enzymes and bile juice respectively is
cholecystokinin (CCK)
96
The hormone which inhibits gastric secretion and motility is
gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)
97
Several other non endocrine tissues secretes hormones called ________________________ which are essential for the normal growth of tissues and their repairing/ regeneration.
growth factors
98
hormones produce their effects on target tissues by binding to specific proteins called
hormone receptors
99
Examples of 4 peptide, polypeptide, protein hormones are
insulin, glucagon, pituitary hormones and hypothalamic hormones are
100
Examples of 4 steroid hormones are
cortisol, testosterone, estradiol and progesterone
101
Thyroid hormones are iodine containing hormones called
iodothyronines
102
One example of amino-acid derivative hormone is
epinephrine
103
The __________ provides a point-to-point rapid coordination among organs.
neural system
104
The neural coordination is fast but __________.
short-lived
105
The nerve fibres do not _______ all cells of the body
innervate
106
The cellular functions need to be ____________ regulated.
continuously
107
A special kind of coordination and integration is provided by __________.
hormones
108
The __________ and the __________ jointly coordinate and regulate the physiological functions in the body.
neural system, endocrine system
109
The classical definition of hormone states that is a chemical produced by __________ and released into the _______ and transported to a distantly located target organ
endocrine gland, blood
110
Hormones are non-nutrient chemicals which act as ______________ messengers and are produced in trace amounts.
intercellular
111
___________ possess very simple endocrine systems with few hormones
Invertebrates
112
A large number of chemicals act as hormones and provide coordination in the ____________.
vertebrates
113
The __________ and ____________ producing diffused tissues/cells located in different parts of our body constitute the endocrine system.
endocrine glands, hormone
114
Pituitary, pineal, _________, adrenal, _________, parathyroid, __________ and gonads are the organised endocrine bodies in our body.
thyroid, pancreas, thymus
115
Gonad found in males is
testis
116
Gonad found in females is
ovary
117
Full form of GnRH is -
Gonadotrophin releasing hormone
118
Hormones originating in the hypothalamic neurons, pass through axons and are released from their ___________.
nerve endings
119
Hormones reach the pituitary gland through a ________________ system and regulate the functions of the anterior pituitary.
portal circulatory
120
Adenohypophysis consists of two portions, __________ and ____________.
pars distalis, pars intermedia
121
However, in humans, the _____________ is almost merged with pars distalis.
pars intermedia
122
___________ is also known as posterior pituitary.
Pars nervosa
123
Oxytocin and vasopressin, are actually synthesised by the ___________ and are transported axonally to neurohypophysis.
hypothalamus
124
Acromegaly, may lead to serious complications, and __________ if unchecked.
premature death
125
Acromegaly is hard to diagnose in the early stages and often goes undetected for many years, until changes in ___________ become noticeable.
external features
126
______ stimulates the growth and development of the ovarian follicles in females.
FSH
127
In females,oxytocin stimulates a vigorous contraction of _______ at the time of child birth, and __________ from the mammary gland.
uterus, milk ejection
128
_________ plays a very important role in the regulation of a 24-hour (diurnal) rhythm of our body.
Melatonin
129
Melatonin helps in maintaining the normal _________ of sleep-wake cycle, body temperature.
rhythms
130
Each thyroid follicle is composed of ________ cells, enclosing a cavity
follicular
131
________ is essential for the normal rate of hormone synthesis in the thyroid.
Iodine
132
Hypothyroidism during pregnancy causes defective development and maturation of the growing baby leading to stunted growth, called __________.
cretinism
133
Hypothyroidism during pregnancy can cause _____ retardation, low intelligence quotient, ___________ skin, deaf-mutism, etc. in developing baby.
mental, abnormal
134
In adult women, hypothyroidism may cause _________ to become irregular.
menstrual cycle
135
Due to ________ of the thyroid gland or due to development of ___________ of the thyroid glands, the rate of synthesis and secretion of the thyroid hormones is increased to abnormal high levels.
cancer, nodules
136
Thyroid hormones play an important role in the regulation of the ______________
basal metabolic rate
137
Thyroid hormones support the process of _____________cell formation.
red blood
138
Thyroid hormones control the metabolism of __________, proteins and ________.
carbohydrates, fats
139
Maintenance of ________ and __________ balance is also influenced by thyroid hormones.
water, electrolyte
140
In humans, four ___________ glands are present on the back side of the thyroid gland.
parathyroid
141
Parathyroid glands are present as one pair each in the two lobes of the _______ gland.
thyroid
142
The __________ glands secrete a peptide hormone called parathyroid hormone.
parathyroid
143
Expand PTH.
parathyroid hormone
144
The secretion of PTH is regulated by the circulating levels of __________ ions.
calcium
145
_______/____________ is the process of bone resorption.
Dissolution/ Demineralisation
146
PTH also stimulates reabsorption of Ca2+ by the _____________
renal tubules
147
PTH increases ________ absorption from the digested food.
Ca2+
148
The immune responses of old persons become weak due to decreased production of ________
thymosins
149
Our body has one pair of adrenal glands, one at the anterior part of each ________
kidney
150
Emergency hormones increase alertness, ____________ dilation, piloerection , sweating etc
pupilary
151
Raising of hairs during emergency is known as _______________
Piloerection
152
In addition to glycogen,catecholamines also stimulate the breakdown of _________ and ________
lipids, proteins
153
Glucocorticoids, particularly _______, produces anti-inflammatory reactions and suppresses the immune response.
cortisol
154
Aldosterone helps in the maintenance of _________, body fluid volume, _________ pressure and blood pressure.
electrolytes, osmotic
155
Glucagon stimulates the process of gluconeogenesis which also contributes to ____________
hyperglycemia
156
Cells of adipose tissue are known as-
adipocytes
157
Due to insulin, there is a rapid movement of glucose from blood to ______________ and adipocytes resulting in decreased blood glucose levels.
hepatocytes
158
Conversion of glucose to glycogen is called ________
glycogenesis
159
The glucose homeostasis in blood is thus maintained jointly by the two – _________ and _________
insulin, glucagons
160
A pair of testis is present in the __________ (outside abdomen) of male individuals.
scrotal sac
161
Testis performs dual functions as a primary __________ as well as an ___________ gland.
sex organ, endocrine
162
Testis is composed of _______________ and _______ or interstitial tissue.
seminiferous tubules, stromal
163
Androgens stimulate __________ growth, growth of _______ and _________ hair, aggressiveness, low pitch of voice etc.
muscular, facial, axillary
164
Spermatogenesis is the process of formation of ___________.
spermatozoa
165
________ act on the central neural system and influence the male sexual behaviour.
Androgens
166
Sexual behaviour is also called as ________
libido
167
______ is the primary female sex organ.
Ovary
168
Ovary produces one ovum during each _________ cycle.
menstrual
169
Ovary is composed of _______ and stromal tissues.
ovarian follicles
170
The __________ is synthesised and secreted mainly by the growing ovarian follicles.
estrogen
171
Estrogens produce wide-ranging actions such as stimulation of growth and activities of ______ secondary sex organs
female
172
Female secondary sex characters include _______ pitch of voice.
high
173
Estrogen also stimulate _______ gland development.
mammary
174
Estrogens also regulate female _______ behaviour.
sexual
175
__________ supports pregnancy.
Progesterone
176
Sac-like structures which store milk are ________
alveoli
177
When blood pressure is ________, ANF is secreted.
increased
178
ANF causes ________ of the blood vessels which reduces the blood pressure.
dilation
179
_________ is the process of formation of RBC.
Erythropoiesis
180
Endocrine cells present in different parts of the ____________ secrete four major peptide hormones.
gastro-intestinal tract
181
Secretin acts on the __________ pancreas and stimulates secretion of ________ and bicarbonate ions
exocrine, water
182
Growth factors are essential for the normal growth of tissues and their _________________.
repairing/regeneration
183
Hormone receptors present on the cell membrane of the target cells are called _______________ receptors
membrane-bound
184
Hormone receptors present inside the target cell are called _________ receptors.
intracellular
185
Receptors present in the nucleus are called _______ receptors.
nuclear
186
Intracellular receptors are mostly _________ receptors.
nuclear
187
__________ of a hormone to its receptor leads to the formation of a hormone-receptor complex.
Binding
188
Each receptor is specific to one ________ only and hence receptors are specific
hormone
189
Hormone-Receptor complex formation leads to certain ___________ changes in the target tissue.
biochemical
190
Target tissue metabolism and hence ____________ functions are regulated by hormones.
physiological
191
On the basis of their __________ nature, hormones can be divided into groups.
chemical
192
Hormones that interact with membrane-bound receptors normally do not enter the ______ cell.
target
193
Hormones that interact with membrane-bound receptors generate _______ messengers.
second
194
Cyclic AMP, IP3, Ca++ are all _____________
second messengers
195
Second messengers regulate cellular _______
metabolism
196
Steroid hormones and iodothyronines have __________ receptors
intracellular
197
Intracellular receptors mostly regulate ___________ or chromosome function.
gene expression
198
Intracellular receptors function by the interaction of hormone-receptor complex with the ________
genome
199
Cumulative biochemical actions result in ___________ and ___________ effects.
physiological , developmental
