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Bio Repeater 2023 > Body Fluids and Circulation > Flashcards

Body Fluids and Circulation Flashcards

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1
Q

Blood is a special connective tissue consisting of a ___, ____ and ____

A

fluid matrix, plasma, and formed elements

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2
Q

A straw coloured, viscous fluid in the blood is called

A

plasma

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3
Q

Plasma constitutes nearly ________ of the blood.

A

55 percent

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4
Q

What percentage of plasma is water?

A

90-92 percent

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5
Q

What percentage of proteins is present in plasma?

A

6-8 percent

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6
Q

Name three major proteins in plasma

A

Fibrinogen, globulins and albumins

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7
Q

Which protein is needed for clotting or coagulation of blood?

A

Fibrinogen

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8
Q

Which protein is primarly involved in defense mechanisms of the body?

A

globulins

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9
Q

Which protein help in osmotic balance?

A

albumins

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10
Q

Clotting is also known as

A

coagulation

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11
Q

Name five small amounts of minerals present in Plasma

A

Na+, Ca++, Mg++, HCO3-, Cl-

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12
Q

Plasma without the clotting factors is called

A

serum

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13
Q

% of formed elements in the blood is

A

45%

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14
Q

Which cells are most abundant of all the cells in blood?

A

Erythrocytes or red blood cells

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15
Q

A healthy adult man has, on an average, ____ of RBCs mm–3 of blood

A

5 million to 5-5 million

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16
Q

Where are RBCs formed in adults?

A

red bone marrow

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17
Q

RBCs are ___ of nucleus in most of the mammals

A

devoid

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18
Q

Shape of RBCs is

A

biconcave

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19
Q

RBCs have iron containing complex protein called

A

haemoglobin

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20
Q

What amount of haemoglobin in every 100 ml of blood is present in a healthy individual?

A

12-16 gms

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21
Q

haemoglobin play a significant role in transport of ____

A

respiratory gases

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22
Q

RBCs have an average life span of

A

120 days

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23
Q

Graveyard of RBCs is

A

spleen

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24
Q

white blood cells (WBC) are also known as

A

Leucocytes

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25
Q

WBCs are colourless due to the lack of

A

haemoglobin

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26
Q

Amount of leucocytes in blood is

A

6000-8000 mm–3 of blood

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27
Q

Two main categories of WBCs are

A

granulocytes and agranulocytes

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28
Q

Three types of granulocytes are

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils & basophils

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29
Q

Two types of agranulocytes are

A

lymphocytes & monocytes

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30
Q

The most abundant cells of the total WBCs are

A

Neutrophils

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31
Q

% of Neutrophils of the total WBCs

A

60-65 percent

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32
Q

The least abundant cells of the total WBCs

A

basophils

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33
Q

% of basophils of the total WBCs

A

0.5 -1 per cent

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34
Q

Monocytes constitute what percent of the total WBCs?

A

6-8 per cent

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35
Q

___ and ____ are phagocytic cells which destroy foreign organisms entering the body

A

Neutrophils and monocytes

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36
Q

Three chemicals secreted by Basophils are

A

histamine, serotonin & heparin

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37
Q

% of eosinophils of the total WBCs

A

2-3 per cent

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38
Q

WBCs which resist infections and are also associated with allergic reactions are called

A

Eosinophils

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39
Q

Which category of WBCs is responsible for immune responses of the body?

A

B and T lymphocytes

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40
Q

% of lymphocytes of the total WBCs

A

20-25 per cent

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41
Q

Lymphocytes are of two major types ____ and _____ forms.

A

‘B’ and ‘T’

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42
Q

Which cellular component of blood can release a variety of substances most of which are involved in the coagulation or clotting of blood?

A

Platelets

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43
Q

Platelets are also called

A

thrombocytes

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44
Q

Platelets are cell fragments produced from

A

megakaryocytes

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45
Q

megakaryocytes are special cells present in the

A

bone marrow

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46
Q

Amount of platelets in blood is

A

1,500,00-3,500,00 mm–3

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47
Q

Two types of grouping of blood which are widely used all over the world

A

the ABO and Rh

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48
Q

The chemicals that can induce immune response

A

surface antigens

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49
Q

ABO grouping is based on the presence or absence of ___ on the RBCs

A

two surface antigens

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50
Q

Proteins produced in response to antigens

A

antibodies

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51
Q

Destruction of RBC is called _____

A

clumping

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52
Q

Group ‘O’ blood can be donated to persons with any other blood group and hence ‘O’ group individuals are called

A

universal donors

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53
Q

Persons with ‘AB’ group can accept blood from persons with AB as well as the other groups of blood Such persons are called

A

universal recipients

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54
Q

In Rh grouping, Rh represents the

A

Rhesus

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55
Q

In what % of majority of humans, the Rh antigen is observed on the surface of RBCs?

A

80 percent

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56
Q

Individuals in which Rh antigen is present are called

A

Rh positive

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57
Q

Individuals in which Rh antigen is absent are called

A

Rh negative

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58
Q

Rh antibodies from the mother (Rh -ve) can destroy the foetal RBCs (Rh+ve) and could cause ____ and ____ to the baby

A

severe anaemia and jaundice

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59
Q

A special case of Rh incompatibility that could be fatal to the foetus or could cause severe anaemia and jaundice to the baby is ___________.

A

erythroblastosis foetalis

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60
Q

Erythroblastosis foetalis can be avoided by administering ____ to the mother immediately after the delivery of the first child

A

anti-Rh antibodies

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61
Q

Blood exhibits ________ or_________ in response to an injury or trauma.

A

coagulation,clotting

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62
Q

Mechanism to prevent excessive loss of blood from the body

A

Coagulation

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63
Q

A dark reddish brown ___ forms at the site of a cut or an injury over a period of time

A

Scum

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64
Q

Clot or coagulam is formed mainly of a network of threads called

A

fibrins

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65
Q

A network of threads called fibrins in which dead and damaged ___ of blood are trapped

A

formed elements

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66
Q

Fibrins are formed by the conversion of inactive ____

A

fibrinogens

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67
Q

The conversion of inactive fibrinogens into fibrins in the plasma is done by the

A

enzyme thrombin

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68
Q

Thrombins are formed from inactive substance present in the plasma called

A

prothrombin

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69
Q

An enzyme complex required for the formation of thrombin from prothrombin

A

thrombokinase

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70
Q

A series of linked enzymatic reactions is called _______ process.

A

cascade process

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71
Q

Ions of which element play a very important role in clotting of blood?

A

Calcium

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72
Q

Some water along with many small water soluble substances move out into the spaces between the cells of tissues This fluid released out is called

A

interstitial fluid or tissue fluid

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73
Q

Tissue fluid has the same ____ as that in plasma

A

mineral distribution

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74
Q

An elaborate network of vessels which collects tissue fluid and drains it back to the major veins is called

A

lymphatic system

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75
Q

The fluid present in the lymphatic system is called the

A

lymph

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76
Q

Lymph is a colourless fluid containing ___ which are responsible for the immune responses of the body

A

specialised lymphocytes

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77
Q

Lymph is an important carrier for ____,_____, etc

A

nutrients, hormones,

78
Q

Fats are absorbed through lymph in the ________ present in the intestinal villi.

A

lacteals

79
Q

Lacteals are present in the ___

A

intestinal villi

80
Q

The circulatory patterns are of two types

A

open or closed

81
Q

The circulatory system present in arthropods and molluscs

A

Open circulatory system

82
Q

In Open circulatory system, blood pumped by the heart passes through large vessels into open spaces or body cavities called

A

sinuses

83
Q

Annelids and chordates have a ___ circulatory system

A

closed circulatory system

84
Q

In a closed circulatory system, the blood pumped by the heart is always circulated through a ____

A

closed network of blood vessels

85
Q

All ____ possess a muscular chambered heart

A

vertebrates

86
Q

Fishes have a _____ heart

A

2-chambered heart

87
Q

Fishes have a 2chambered heart with an ___ and a ___

A

atrium & ventricle

88
Q

Amphibians and the reptiles have a _____heart

A

3-chambered heart

89
Q

Which reptile does not have a 3chambered heart?

A

crocodiles

90
Q

Amphibians and the reptiles have a 3chambered heart with ____ and ____

A

two atria and a single ventricle

91
Q

Crocodiles, birds and mammals possess a ___heart

A

4-chambered heart

92
Q

4chambered heart have __ atria and two ____

A

two, ventricles

93
Q

In fishes the heart pumps out ___ blood

A

deoxygenated blood

94
Q

In fishes, deoxygenated blood is oxygenated by the ___ and supplied to the body parts

A

gills

95
Q

In amphibians and reptiles, the left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the

A

gills/lungs/skin

96
Q

In birds and mammals, deoxygenated and oxygenated blood is received by ____ and ____ respectively.

A

the right and left atria

97
Q

Human circulatory system is also called the

A

blood vascular system

98
Q

Human circulatory system consists of a ______, a network of closed branching ___ and ___

A

muscular chambered heart, blood vessels and blood

99
Q

Heart is the ____ derived organ

A

mesodermally

100
Q

Heart is situated in the ____

A

thoracic cavity

101
Q

Heart has the size of a ____

A

clenched fist

102
Q

Heart is protected by a double walled membranous bag called

A

pericardium

103
Q

Heart is protected by a double walled membranous bag enclosing the _____

A

pericardial fluid

104
Q

Human heart has ___ chambers

A

four chambers

105
Q

Heart has two relatively small upper chambers called

A

atria

106
Q

Heart has two larger lower chambers called

A

ventricles

107
Q

A thin, muscular wall which separates the right and the left atria is called

A

inter-atrial septum

108
Q

A thickwall which separates the left and the right ventricles is called

A

inter-ventricular septum

109
Q

The atrium and the ventricle of the same side are separated by a thick fibrous tissue called

A

atrio-ventricular septum

110
Q

The opening between the right atrium and the right ventricle is guarded by a valve formed of three muscular flaps or cusps called

A

tricuspid valve

111
Q

Valve that guards the opening between the left atrium and the left ventricle is called

A

bicuspid

112
Q

Bicuspid valve is also known as

A

mitral valve

113
Q

The openings of the right and the left ventricles into the pulmonary artery and the aorta respectively are provided with the ____

A

semilunar valves

114
Q

The valves present in the heart prevent any ___ flow

A

backward

115
Q

The entire heart is made of ___ muscles

A

cardiac

116
Q

The walls of ____ are much thicker than that of the ___

A

ventricles; atria

117
Q

A specialised cardiac musculature distributed in the heart is called the

A

nodal tissue

118
Q

A patch of nodal tissue is present in the right upper corner of the right atrium called the

A

sino-atrial node (SAN)

119
Q

A mass of nodal tissue is seen in the lower left corner of the right atrium close to the atrioventricular septum called the

A

atrio-ventricular node (AVN)

120
Q

A bundle of nodal fibres, _____________ continues from the AVN which passes through the atrio-ventricular septa.

A

atrioventricular bundle (AV bundle)

121
Q

The branches in heart give rise to minute fibres throughout the ventricular musculature of the respective sides and are called

A

purkinje fibres

122
Q

The ______ has the ability to generate action potentials without any external stimuli

A

nodal musculature

123
Q

Which node can generate the maximum number of action potentials?

A

SAN

124
Q

The maximum number of action potentials generated by SAN

A

70-75 min-1

125
Q

SAN is responsible for initiating and maintaining the ______ activity of the heart

A

rhythmic contractile

126
Q

How many times the human heart normally beats in a minute?

A

70-75 times

127
Q

All the four chambers of heart are in a relaxed state They are in ___

A

joint diastole

128
Q

The atrial systole increases the flow of blood into the ventricles by about ____ percent

A

30

129
Q

The action potential is conducted to the ventricular side by the

A

AVN and AV bundle

130
Q

The action potential is conducted to the ventricular side from where the ____ transmits it through the entire ventricular musculature

A

bundle of His

131
Q

The contraction of ventricular muscles is called

A

ventricular systole

132
Q

The relaxed state of atria is called

A

atrial diastole

133
Q

Ventricular systole increases the ___ pressure

A

ventricular

134
Q

Increase in the ventricular pressure cause the closure of which valves?

A

tricuspid & bicuspid valves

135
Q

As the ventricular pressure increases further, the ___ valves are forced open

A

semilunar valves

136
Q

The relaxation of ventricles is called

A

ventricular diastole

137
Q

The sequential event in the heart which is cyclically repeated is called

A

cardiac cycle

138
Q

The cardiac cycle consists of ___ and __ of both the atria and ventricles

A

systole & diastole

139
Q

How many times the cardiac cycles are performed per minute?

A

72 times

140
Q

What is the duration of a cardiac cycle?

A

0.8 seconds

141
Q

Value of stroke volume is

A

70 mL of blood

142
Q

During a cardiac cycle, each ventricle pumps out approximately 70 mL of blood which is called the

A

stroke volume

143
Q

The stroke volume multiplied by the heart rate gives the

A

cardiac output

144
Q

The volume of blood pumped out by each ventricle per minute in a healthy individual

A

5000 mL or 5 litres

145
Q

During each cardiac cycle two prominent sounds are produced which can be easily heard through a

A

stethoscope

146
Q

The first heart sound in the cardiac cycle is called

A

lub

147
Q

The first heart sound is associated with the closure of the

A

tricuspid and bicuspid valves

148
Q

The second heart sound is called

A

dub

149
Q

The second heart sound is associated with the closure of the

A

semilunar valves

150
Q

Lub and Dub sounds are of _______ significanc

A

clinical diagnostic

151
Q

The machine which is used to obtain an ECG

A

electrocardiograph

152
Q

Full form of ECG

A

electrocardiogram

153
Q

A graphical representation of the electrical activity of the heart during a cardiac cycle

A

electrocardiogram

154
Q

Where are three electrical leads of the electrocardiograph are connected to the patient to monitor the heart activity?

A

one to each wrist and to the left ankle

155
Q

The Pwave in ECG represents the electrical

A

excitation (or depolarisation) of the atria,

156
Q

The QRS complex represents the

A

depolarisation of the ventricles

157
Q

The depolarisation of the ventricles initiates the

A

ventricular contraction

158
Q

In ECG, the ventricular contraction starts shortly after

A

Q

159
Q

Which letter in ECG marks the beginning of the ventricular systole?

A

Q

160
Q

The Twave represents

A

repolarisation

161
Q

The end of the _______ marks the end of ventricular systole.

A

T-wave

162
Q

One can determine the heart beat rate of an individual by counting the number of __ that occur in a given time period

A

QRS complexes

163
Q

Each artery and vein consists of an inner lining of

A

squamous endothelium

164
Q

Each artery and vein consists of an inner lining called

A

tunica intima

165
Q

Each artery and vein consists of a middle layer of ____muscle and_______ fibres

A

smooth,elastic

166
Q

Each artery and vein consists of a middle layer called

A

tunica media

167
Q

Each artery and vein consists of an external layer of

A

fibrous connective tissue with collagen fibres

168
Q

Each artery and vein consists of an external layer called

A

tunica externa

169
Q

Which layer is comparatively thin in the veins?

A

tunica media

170
Q

The _______ provides nutrients, O2 and other essential substances to the tissues and takes CO2 and other harmful substances away for elimination

A

systemic circulation

171
Q

A unique vascular connection exists between the digestive tract and liver called

A

hepatic portal system

172
Q

The ___ vein carries blood from intestine to the liver

A

hepatic portal vein

173
Q

A special ___ of blood vessels is present in the body exclusively for the circulation of blood to and from the cardiac musculature

A

coronary system

174
Q

Normal activities of the heart are auto regulated by

A

nodal tissue

175
Q

Normal activities of the heart are regulated intrinsically hence the heart is called

A

myogenic

176
Q

____ hormones can increase the cardiac output

A

Adrenal medullary hormones

177
Q

the term for blood pressure that is higher than normal

A

Hypertension

178
Q

Value of normal blood pressure

A

120/80

179
Q

mm Hg represents

A

millimetres of mercury pressure

180
Q

The systolic, or pumping, pressure is

A

120 mm hg

181
Q

The diastolic, or resting, pressure is

A

80 mm Hg

182
Q

High blood pressure affects vital organs like

A

brain and kidney

183
Q

Coronary Artery Disease, often referred to as

A

atherosclerosis

184
Q

CAD is caused by deposits of ___,____,____ & _____ which makes the lumen of arteries narrower

A

calcium, fat, cholesterol and fibrous tissues

185
Q

Angina is also called

A

angina pectoris

186
Q

A symptom of ____ appears when no enough oxygen is reaching the heart muscle

A

acute chest pain

187
Q

Angina occurs due to conditions that affect the

A

blood flow

188
Q

The state of heart when it is not pumping blood effectively enough to meet the needs of the body called

A

Heart Failure

189
Q

Heart failure is sometimes called

A

congestive heart failure

190
Q

Heart failure is sometimes called congestive heart failure because congestion of the _____ is one of the main symptoms of this disease.

A

lungs

191
Q

The state of heart when it stops beating called

A

cardiac arrest

192
Q

The state of heart when its muscle is suddenly damaged by an inadequate blood supply is called

A

heart attack

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