Body Fluids and Circulation Flashcards
Blood is a special connective tissue consisting of a ___, ____ and ____
fluid matrix, plasma, and formed elements
A straw coloured, viscous fluid in the blood is called
plasma
Plasma constitutes nearly ________ of the blood.
55 percent
What percentage of plasma is water?
90-92 percent
What percentage of proteins is present in plasma?
6-8 percent
Name three major proteins in plasma
Fibrinogen, globulins and albumins
Which protein is needed for clotting or coagulation of blood?
Fibrinogen
Which protein is primarly involved in defense mechanisms of the body?
globulins
Which protein help in osmotic balance?
albumins
Clotting is also known as
coagulation
Name five small amounts of minerals present in Plasma
Na+, Ca++, Mg++, HCO3-, Cl-
Plasma without the clotting factors is called
serum
% of formed elements in the blood is
45%
Which cells are most abundant of all the cells in blood?
Erythrocytes or red blood cells
A healthy adult man has, on an average, ____ of RBCs mm–3 of blood
5 million to 5-5 million
Where are RBCs formed in adults?
red bone marrow
RBCs are ___ of nucleus in most of the mammals
devoid
Shape of RBCs is
biconcave
RBCs have iron containing complex protein called
haemoglobin
What amount of haemoglobin in every 100 ml of blood is present in a healthy individual?
12-16 gms
haemoglobin play a significant role in transport of ____
respiratory gases
RBCs have an average life span of
120 days
Graveyard of RBCs is
spleen
white blood cells (WBC) are also known as
Leucocytes
WBCs are colourless due to the lack of
haemoglobin
Amount of leucocytes in blood is
6000-8000 mm–3 of blood
Two main categories of WBCs are
granulocytes and agranulocytes
Three types of granulocytes are
Neutrophils, eosinophils & basophils
Two types of agranulocytes are
lymphocytes & monocytes
The most abundant cells of the total WBCs are
Neutrophils
% of Neutrophils of the total WBCs
60-65 percent
The least abundant cells of the total WBCs
basophils
% of basophils of the total WBCs
0.5 -1 per cent
Monocytes constitute what percent of the total WBCs?
6-8 per cent
___ and ____ are phagocytic cells which destroy foreign organisms entering the body
Neutrophils and monocytes
Three chemicals secreted by Basophils are
histamine, serotonin & heparin
% of eosinophils of the total WBCs
2-3 per cent
WBCs which resist infections and are also associated with allergic reactions are called
Eosinophils
Which category of WBCs is responsible for immune responses of the body?
B and T lymphocytes
% of lymphocytes of the total WBCs
20-25 per cent
Lymphocytes are of two major types ____ and _____ forms.
‘B’ and ‘T’
Which cellular component of blood can release a variety of substances most of which are involved in the coagulation or clotting of blood?
Platelets
Platelets are also called
thrombocytes
Platelets are cell fragments produced from
megakaryocytes
megakaryocytes are special cells present in the
bone marrow
Amount of platelets in blood is
1,500,00-3,500,00 mm–3
Two types of grouping of blood which are widely used all over the world
the ABO and Rh
The chemicals that can induce immune response
surface antigens
ABO grouping is based on the presence or absence of ___ on the RBCs
two surface antigens
Proteins produced in response to antigens
antibodies
Destruction of RBC is called _____
clumping
Group ‘O’ blood can be donated to persons with any other blood group and hence ‘O’ group individuals are called
universal donors
Persons with ‘AB’ group can accept blood from persons with AB as well as the other groups of blood Such persons are called
universal recipients
In Rh grouping, Rh represents the
Rhesus
In what % of majority of humans, the Rh antigen is observed on the surface of RBCs?
80 percent
Individuals in which Rh antigen is present are called
Rh positive
Individuals in which Rh antigen is absent are called
Rh negative
Rh antibodies from the mother (Rh -ve) can destroy the foetal RBCs (Rh+ve) and could cause ____ and ____ to the baby
severe anaemia and jaundice
A special case of Rh incompatibility that could be fatal to the foetus or could cause severe anaemia and jaundice to the baby is ___________.
erythroblastosis foetalis
Erythroblastosis foetalis can be avoided by administering ____ to the mother immediately after the delivery of the first child
anti-Rh antibodies
Blood exhibits ________ or_________ in response to an injury or trauma.
coagulation,clotting
Mechanism to prevent excessive loss of blood from the body
Coagulation
A dark reddish brown ___ forms at the site of a cut or an injury over a period of time
Scum
Clot or coagulam is formed mainly of a network of threads called
fibrins
A network of threads called fibrins in which dead and damaged ___ of blood are trapped
formed elements
Fibrins are formed by the conversion of inactive ____
fibrinogens
The conversion of inactive fibrinogens into fibrins in the plasma is done by the
enzyme thrombin
Thrombins are formed from inactive substance present in the plasma called
prothrombin
An enzyme complex required for the formation of thrombin from prothrombin
thrombokinase
A series of linked enzymatic reactions is called _______ process.
cascade process
Ions of which element play a very important role in clotting of blood?
Calcium
Some water along with many small water soluble substances move out into the spaces between the cells of tissues This fluid released out is called
interstitial fluid or tissue fluid
Tissue fluid has the same ____ as that in plasma
mineral distribution
An elaborate network of vessels which collects tissue fluid and drains it back to the major veins is called
lymphatic system
The fluid present in the lymphatic system is called the
lymph
Lymph is a colourless fluid containing ___ which are responsible for the immune responses of the body
specialised lymphocytes
Lymph is an important carrier for ____,_____, etc
nutrients, hormones,
Fats are absorbed through lymph in the ________ present in the intestinal villi.
lacteals
Lacteals are present in the ___
intestinal villi
The circulatory patterns are of two types
open or closed
The circulatory system present in arthropods and molluscs
Open circulatory system
In Open circulatory system, blood pumped by the heart passes through large vessels into open spaces or body cavities called
sinuses
Annelids and chordates have a ___ circulatory system
closed circulatory system
In a closed circulatory system, the blood pumped by the heart is always circulated through a ____
closed network of blood vessels
All ____ possess a muscular chambered heart
vertebrates
Fishes have a _____ heart
2-chambered heart
Fishes have a 2chambered heart with an ___ and a ___
atrium & ventricle
Amphibians and the reptiles have a _____heart
3-chambered heart
Which reptile does not have a 3chambered heart?
crocodiles
Amphibians and the reptiles have a 3chambered heart with ____ and ____
two atria and a single ventricle
Crocodiles, birds and mammals possess a ___heart
4-chambered heart
4chambered heart have __ atria and two ____
two, ventricles
In fishes the heart pumps out ___ blood
deoxygenated blood
In fishes, deoxygenated blood is oxygenated by the ___ and supplied to the body parts
gills
In amphibians and reptiles, the left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the
gills/lungs/skin
In birds and mammals, deoxygenated and oxygenated blood is received by ____ and ____ respectively.
the right and left atria
Human circulatory system is also called the
blood vascular system
Human circulatory system consists of a ______, a network of closed branching ___ and ___
muscular chambered heart, blood vessels and blood
Heart is the ____ derived organ
mesodermally
Heart is situated in the ____
thoracic cavity
Heart has the size of a ____
clenched fist
Heart is protected by a double walled membranous bag called
pericardium
Heart is protected by a double walled membranous bag enclosing the _____
pericardial fluid
Human heart has ___ chambers
four chambers
Heart has two relatively small upper chambers called
atria
Heart has two larger lower chambers called
ventricles
A thin, muscular wall which separates the right and the left atria is called
inter-atrial septum
A thickwall which separates the left and the right ventricles is called
inter-ventricular septum
The atrium and the ventricle of the same side are separated by a thick fibrous tissue called
atrio-ventricular septum
The opening between the right atrium and the right ventricle is guarded by a valve formed of three muscular flaps or cusps called
tricuspid valve
Valve that guards the opening between the left atrium and the left ventricle is called
bicuspid
Bicuspid valve is also known as
mitral valve
The openings of the right and the left ventricles into the pulmonary artery and the aorta respectively are provided with the ____
semilunar valves
The valves present in the heart prevent any ___ flow
backward
The entire heart is made of ___ muscles
cardiac
The walls of ____ are much thicker than that of the ___
ventricles; atria
A specialised cardiac musculature distributed in the heart is called the
nodal tissue
A patch of nodal tissue is present in the right upper corner of the right atrium called the
sino-atrial node (SAN)
A mass of nodal tissue is seen in the lower left corner of the right atrium close to the atrioventricular septum called the
atrio-ventricular node (AVN)
A bundle of nodal fibres, _____________ continues from the AVN which passes through the atrio-ventricular septa.
atrioventricular bundle (AV bundle)
The branches in heart give rise to minute fibres throughout the ventricular musculature of the respective sides and are called
purkinje fibres
The ______ has the ability to generate action potentials without any external stimuli
nodal musculature
Which node can generate the maximum number of action potentials?
SAN
The maximum number of action potentials generated by SAN
70-75 min-1
SAN is responsible for initiating and maintaining the ______ activity of the heart
rhythmic contractile
How many times the human heart normally beats in a minute?
70-75 times
All the four chambers of heart are in a relaxed state They are in ___
joint diastole
The atrial systole increases the flow of blood into the ventricles by about ____ percent
30
The action potential is conducted to the ventricular side by the
AVN and AV bundle
The action potential is conducted to the ventricular side from where the ____ transmits it through the entire ventricular musculature
bundle of His
The contraction of ventricular muscles is called
ventricular systole
The relaxed state of atria is called
atrial diastole
Ventricular systole increases the ___ pressure
ventricular
Increase in the ventricular pressure cause the closure of which valves?
tricuspid & bicuspid valves
As the ventricular pressure increases further, the ___ valves are forced open
semilunar valves
The relaxation of ventricles is called
ventricular diastole
The sequential event in the heart which is cyclically repeated is called
cardiac cycle
The cardiac cycle consists of ___ and __ of both the atria and ventricles
systole & diastole
How many times the cardiac cycles are performed per minute?
72 times
What is the duration of a cardiac cycle?
0.8 seconds
Value of stroke volume is
70 mL of blood
During a cardiac cycle, each ventricle pumps out approximately 70 mL of blood which is called the
stroke volume
The stroke volume multiplied by the heart rate gives the
cardiac output
The volume of blood pumped out by each ventricle per minute in a healthy individual
5000 mL or 5 litres
During each cardiac cycle two prominent sounds are produced which can be easily heard through a
stethoscope
The first heart sound in the cardiac cycle is called
lub
The first heart sound is associated with the closure of the
tricuspid and bicuspid valves
The second heart sound is called
dub
The second heart sound is associated with the closure of the
semilunar valves
Lub and Dub sounds are of _______ significanc
clinical diagnostic
The machine which is used to obtain an ECG
electrocardiograph
Full form of ECG
electrocardiogram
A graphical representation of the electrical activity of the heart during a cardiac cycle
electrocardiogram
Where are three electrical leads of the electrocardiograph are connected to the patient to monitor the heart activity?
one to each wrist and to the left ankle
The Pwave in ECG represents the electrical
excitation (or depolarisation) of the atria,
The QRS complex represents the
depolarisation of the ventricles
The depolarisation of the ventricles initiates the
ventricular contraction
In ECG, the ventricular contraction starts shortly after
Q
Which letter in ECG marks the beginning of the ventricular systole?
Q
The Twave represents
repolarisation
The end of the _______ marks the end of ventricular systole.
T-wave
One can determine the heart beat rate of an individual by counting the number of __ that occur in a given time period
QRS complexes
Each artery and vein consists of an inner lining of
squamous endothelium
Each artery and vein consists of an inner lining called
tunica intima
Each artery and vein consists of a middle layer of ____muscle and_______ fibres
smooth,elastic
Each artery and vein consists of a middle layer called
tunica media
Each artery and vein consists of an external layer of
fibrous connective tissue with collagen fibres
Each artery and vein consists of an external layer called
tunica externa
Which layer is comparatively thin in the veins?
tunica media
The _______ provides nutrients, O2 and other essential substances to the tissues and takes CO2 and other harmful substances away for elimination
systemic circulation
A unique vascular connection exists between the digestive tract and liver called
hepatic portal system
The ___ vein carries blood from intestine to the liver
hepatic portal vein
A special ___ of blood vessels is present in the body exclusively for the circulation of blood to and from the cardiac musculature
coronary system
Normal activities of the heart are auto regulated by
nodal tissue
Normal activities of the heart are regulated intrinsically hence the heart is called
myogenic
____ hormones can increase the cardiac output
Adrenal medullary hormones
the term for blood pressure that is higher than normal
Hypertension
Value of normal blood pressure
120/80
mm Hg represents
millimetres of mercury pressure
The systolic, or pumping, pressure is
120 mm hg
The diastolic, or resting, pressure is
80 mm Hg
High blood pressure affects vital organs like
brain and kidney
Coronary Artery Disease, often referred to as
atherosclerosis
CAD is caused by deposits of ___,____,____ & _____ which makes the lumen of arteries narrower
calcium, fat, cholesterol and fibrous tissues
Angina is also called
angina pectoris
A symptom of ____ appears when no enough oxygen is reaching the heart muscle
acute chest pain
Angina occurs due to conditions that affect the
blood flow
The state of heart when it is not pumping blood effectively enough to meet the needs of the body called
Heart Failure
Heart failure is sometimes called
congestive heart failure
Heart failure is sometimes called congestive heart failure because congestion of the _____ is one of the main symptoms of this disease.
lungs
The state of heart when it stops beating called
cardiac arrest
The state of heart when its muscle is suddenly damaged by an inadequate blood supply is called
heart attack
