Body Fluids and Circulation Flashcards
1
Q
Blood is a special connective tissue consisting of a ___, ____ and ____
A
fluid matrix, plasma, and formed elements
2
Q
A straw coloured, viscous fluid in the blood is called
A
plasma
3
Q
Plasma constitutes nearly ________ of the blood.
A
55 percent
4
Q
What percentage of plasma is water?
A
90-92 percent
5
Q
What percentage of proteins is present in plasma?
A
6-8 percent
6
Q
Name three major proteins in plasma
A
Fibrinogen, globulins and albumins
7
Q
Which protein is needed for clotting or coagulation of blood?
A
Fibrinogen
8
Q
Which protein is primarly involved in defense mechanisms of the body?
A
globulins
9
Q
Which protein help in osmotic balance?
A
albumins
10
Q
Clotting is also known as
A
coagulation
11
Q
Name five small amounts of minerals present in Plasma
A
Na+, Ca++, Mg++, HCO3-, Cl-
12
Q
Plasma without the clotting factors is called
A
serum
13
Q
% of formed elements in the blood is
A
45%
14
Q
Which cells are most abundant of all the cells in blood?
A
Erythrocytes or red blood cells
15
Q
A healthy adult man has, on an average, ____ of RBCs mm–3 of blood
A
5 million to 5-5 million
16
Q
Where are RBCs formed in adults?
A
red bone marrow
17
Q
RBCs are ___ of nucleus in most of the mammals
A
devoid
18
Q
Shape of RBCs is
A
biconcave
19
Q
RBCs have iron containing complex protein called
A
haemoglobin
20
Q
What amount of haemoglobin in every 100 ml of blood is present in a healthy individual?
A
12-16 gms
21
Q
haemoglobin play a significant role in transport of ____
A
respiratory gases
22
Q
RBCs have an average life span of
A
120 days
23
Q
Graveyard of RBCs is
A
spleen
24
Q
white blood cells (WBC) are also known as
A
Leucocytes
25
WBCs are colourless due to the lack of
haemoglobin
26
Amount of leucocytes in blood is
6000-8000 mm–3 of blood
27
Two main categories of WBCs are
granulocytes and agranulocytes
28
Three types of granulocytes are
Neutrophils, eosinophils & basophils
29
Two types of agranulocytes are
lymphocytes & monocytes
30
The most abundant cells of the total WBCs are
Neutrophils
31
% of Neutrophils of the total WBCs
60-65 percent
32
The least abundant cells of the total WBCs
basophils
33
% of basophils of the total WBCs
0.5 -1 per cent
34
Monocytes constitute what percent of the total WBCs?
6-8 per cent
35
___ and ____ are phagocytic cells which destroy foreign organisms entering the body
Neutrophils and monocytes
36
Three chemicals secreted by Basophils are
histamine, serotonin & heparin
37
% of eosinophils of the total WBCs
2-3 per cent
38
WBCs which resist infections and are also associated with allergic reactions are called
Eosinophils
39
Which category of WBCs is responsible for immune responses of the body?
B and T lymphocytes
40
% of lymphocytes of the total WBCs
20-25 per cent
41
Lymphocytes are of two major types ____ and _____ forms.
‘B’ and ‘T’
42
Which cellular component of blood can release a variety of substances most of which are involved in the coagulation or clotting of blood?
Platelets
43
Platelets are also called
thrombocytes
44
Platelets are cell fragments produced from
megakaryocytes
45
megakaryocytes are special cells present in the
bone marrow
46
Amount of platelets in blood is
1,500,00-3,500,00 mm–3
47
Two types of grouping of blood which are widely used all over the world
the ABO and Rh
48
The chemicals that can induce immune response
surface antigens
49
ABO grouping is based on the presence or absence of ___ on the RBCs
two surface antigens
50
Proteins produced in response to antigens
antibodies
51
Destruction of RBC is called _____
clumping
52
Group ‘O’ blood can be donated to persons with any other blood group and hence ‘O’ group individuals are called
universal donors
53
Persons with ‘AB’ group can accept blood from persons with AB as well as the other groups of blood Such persons are called
universal recipients
54
In Rh grouping, Rh represents the
Rhesus
55
In what % of majority of humans, the Rh antigen is observed on the surface of RBCs?
80 percent
56
Individuals in which Rh antigen is present are called
Rh positive
57
Individuals in which Rh antigen is absent are called
Rh negative
58
Rh antibodies from the mother (Rh -ve) can destroy the foetal RBCs (Rh+ve) and could cause ____ and ____ to the baby
severe anaemia and jaundice
59
A special case of Rh incompatibility that could be fatal to the foetus or could cause severe anaemia and jaundice to the baby is ___________.
erythroblastosis foetalis
60
Erythroblastosis foetalis can be avoided by administering ____ to the mother immediately after the delivery of the first child
anti-Rh antibodies
61
Blood exhibits ________ or_________ in response to an injury or trauma.
coagulation, clotting
62
Mechanism to prevent excessive loss of blood from the body
Coagulation
63
A dark reddish brown ___ forms at the site of a cut or an injury over a period of time
Scum
64
Clot or coagulam is formed mainly of a network of threads called
fibrins
65
A network of threads called fibrins in which dead and damaged ___ of blood are trapped
formed elements
66
Fibrins are formed by the conversion of inactive ____
fibrinogens
67
The conversion of inactive fibrinogens into fibrins in the plasma is done by the
enzyme thrombin
68
Thrombins are formed from inactive substance present in the plasma called
prothrombin
69
An enzyme complex required for the formation of thrombin from prothrombin
thrombokinase
70
A series of linked enzymatic reactions is called _______ process.
cascade process
71
Ions of which element play a very important role in clotting of blood?
Calcium
72
Some water along with many small water soluble substances move out into the spaces between the cells of tissues This fluid released out is called
interstitial fluid or tissue fluid
73
Tissue fluid has the same ____ as that in plasma
mineral distribution
74
An elaborate network of vessels which collects tissue fluid and drains it back to the major veins is called
lymphatic system
75
The fluid present in the lymphatic system is called the
lymph
76
Lymph is a colourless fluid containing ___ which are responsible for the immune responses of the body
specialised lymphocytes
77
Lymph is an important carrier for ____,_____, etc
nutrients, hormones,
78
Fats are absorbed through lymph in the ________ present in the intestinal villi.
lacteals
79
Lacteals are present in the ___
intestinal villi
80
The circulatory patterns are of two types
open or closed
81
The circulatory system present in arthropods and molluscs
Open circulatory system
82
In Open circulatory system, blood pumped by the heart passes through large vessels into open spaces or body cavities called
sinuses
83
Annelids and chordates have a ___ circulatory system
closed circulatory system
84
In a closed circulatory system, the blood pumped by the heart is always circulated through a ____
closed network of blood vessels
85
All ____ possess a muscular chambered heart
vertebrates
86
Fishes have a _____ heart
2-chambered heart
87
Fishes have a 2chambered heart with an ___ and a ___
atrium & ventricle
88
Amphibians and the reptiles have a _____heart
3-chambered heart
89
Which reptile does not have a 3chambered heart?
crocodiles
90
Amphibians and the reptiles have a 3chambered heart with ____ and ____
two atria and a single ventricle
91
Crocodiles, birds and mammals possess a ___heart
4-chambered heart
92
4chambered heart have __ atria and two ____
two, ventricles
93
In fishes the heart pumps out ___ blood
deoxygenated blood
94
In fishes, deoxygenated blood is oxygenated by the ___ and supplied to the body parts
gills
95
In amphibians and reptiles, the left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the
gills/lungs/skin
96
In birds and mammals, deoxygenated and oxygenated blood is received by ____ and ____ respectively.
the right and left atria
97
Human circulatory system is also called the
blood vascular system
98
Human circulatory system consists of a ______, a network of closed branching ___ and ___
muscular chambered heart, blood vessels and blood
99
Heart is the ____ derived organ
mesodermally
100
Heart is situated in the ____
thoracic cavity
101
Heart has the size of a ____
clenched fist
102
Heart is protected by a double walled membranous bag called
pericardium
103
Heart is protected by a double walled membranous bag enclosing the _____
pericardial fluid
104
Human heart has ___ chambers
four chambers
105
Heart has two relatively small upper chambers called
atria
106
Heart has two larger lower chambers called
ventricles
107
A thin, muscular wall which separates the right and the left atria is called
inter-atrial septum
108
A thickwall which separates the left and the right ventricles is called
inter-ventricular septum
109
The atrium and the ventricle of the same side are separated by a thick fibrous tissue called
atrio-ventricular septum
110
The opening between the right atrium and the right ventricle is guarded by a valve formed of three muscular flaps or cusps called
tricuspid valve
111
Valve that guards the opening between the left atrium and the left ventricle is called
bicuspid
112
Bicuspid valve is also known as
mitral valve
113
The openings of the right and the left ventricles into the pulmonary artery and the aorta respectively are provided with the ____
semilunar valves
114
The valves present in the heart prevent any ___ flow
backward
115
The entire heart is made of ___ muscles
cardiac
116
The walls of ____ are much thicker than that of the ___
ventricles; atria
117
A specialised cardiac musculature distributed in the heart is called the
nodal tissue
118
A patch of nodal tissue is present in the right upper corner of the right atrium called the
sino-atrial node (SAN)
119
A mass of nodal tissue is seen in the lower left corner of the right atrium close to the atrioventricular septum called the
atrio-ventricular node (AVN)
120
A bundle of nodal fibres, _____________ continues from the AVN which passes through the atrio-ventricular septa.
atrioventricular bundle (AV bundle)
121
The branches in heart give rise to minute fibres throughout the ventricular musculature of the respective sides and are called
purkinje fibres
122
The ______ has the ability to generate action potentials without any external stimuli
nodal musculature
123
Which node can generate the maximum number of action potentials?
SAN
124
The maximum number of action potentials generated by SAN
70-75 min-1
125
SAN is responsible for initiating and maintaining the ______ activity of the heart
rhythmic contractile
126
How many times the human heart normally beats in a minute?
70-75 times
127
All the four chambers of heart are in a relaxed state They are in ___
joint diastole
128
The atrial systole increases the flow of blood into the ventricles by about ____ percent
30
129
The action potential is conducted to the ventricular side by the
AVN and AV bundle
130
The action potential is conducted to the ventricular side from where the ____ transmits it through the entire ventricular musculature
bundle of His
131
The contraction of ventricular muscles is called
ventricular systole
132
The relaxed state of atria is called
atrial diastole
133
Ventricular systole increases the ___ pressure
ventricular
134
Increase in the ventricular pressure cause the closure of which valves?
tricuspid & bicuspid valves
135
As the ventricular pressure increases further, the ___ valves are forced open
semilunar valves
136
The relaxation of ventricles is called
ventricular diastole
137
The sequential event in the heart which is cyclically repeated is called
cardiac cycle
138
The cardiac cycle consists of ___ and __ of both the atria and ventricles
systole & diastole
139
How many times the cardiac cycles are performed per minute?
72 times
140
What is the duration of a cardiac cycle?
0.8 seconds
141
Value of stroke volume is
70 mL of blood
142
During a cardiac cycle, each ventricle pumps out approximately 70 mL of blood which is called the
stroke volume
143
The stroke volume multiplied by the heart rate gives the
cardiac output
144
The volume of blood pumped out by each ventricle per minute in a healthy individual
5000 mL or 5 litres
145
During each cardiac cycle two prominent sounds are produced which can be easily heard through a
stethoscope
146
The first heart sound in the cardiac cycle is called
lub
147
The first heart sound is associated with the closure of the
tricuspid and bicuspid valves
148
The second heart sound is called
dub
149
The second heart sound is associated with the closure of the
semilunar valves
150
Lub and Dub sounds are of _______ significanc
clinical diagnostic
151
The machine which is used to obtain an ECG
electrocardiograph
152
Full form of ECG
electrocardiogram
153
A graphical representation of the electrical activity of the heart during a cardiac cycle
electrocardiogram
154
Where are three electrical leads of the electrocardiograph are connected to the patient to monitor the heart activity?
one to each wrist and to the left ankle
155
The Pwave in ECG represents the electrical
excitation (or depolarisation) of the atria,
156
The QRS complex represents the
depolarisation of the ventricles
157
The depolarisation of the ventricles initiates the
ventricular contraction
158
In ECG, the ventricular contraction starts shortly after
Q
159
Which letter in ECG marks the beginning of the ventricular systole?
Q
160
The Twave represents
repolarisation
161
The end of the _______ marks the end of ventricular systole.
T-wave
162
One can determine the heart beat rate of an individual by counting the number of __ that occur in a given time period
QRS complexes
163
Each artery and vein consists of an inner lining of
squamous endothelium
164
Each artery and vein consists of an inner lining called
tunica intima
165
Each artery and vein consists of a middle layer of ____ muscle and_______ fibres
smooth, elastic
166
Each artery and vein consists of a middle layer called
tunica media
167
Each artery and vein consists of an external layer of
fibrous connective tissue with collagen fibres
168
Each artery and vein consists of an external layer called
tunica externa
169
Which layer is comparatively thin in the veins?
tunica media
170
The _______ provides nutrients, O2 and other essential substances to the tissues and takes CO2 and other harmful substances away for elimination
systemic circulation
171
A unique vascular connection exists between the digestive tract and liver called
hepatic portal system
172
The ___ vein carries blood from intestine to the liver
hepatic portal vein
173
A special ___ of blood vessels is present in the body exclusively for the circulation of blood to and from the cardiac musculature
coronary system
174
Normal activities of the heart are auto regulated by
nodal tissue
175
Normal activities of the heart are regulated intrinsically hence the heart is called
myogenic
176
____ hormones can increase the cardiac output
Adrenal medullary hormones
177
the term for blood pressure that is higher than normal
Hypertension
178
Value of normal blood pressure
120/80
179
mm Hg represents
millimetres of mercury pressure
180
The systolic, or pumping, pressure is
120 mm hg
181
The diastolic, or resting, pressure is
80 mm Hg
182
High blood pressure affects vital organs like
brain and kidney
183
Coronary Artery Disease, often referred to as
atherosclerosis
184
CAD is caused by deposits of ___,____,____ & _____ which makes the lumen of arteries narrower
calcium, fat, cholesterol and fibrous tissues
185
Angina is also called
angina pectoris
186
A symptom of ____ appears when no enough oxygen is reaching the heart muscle
acute chest pain
187
Angina occurs due to conditions that affect the
blood flow
188
The state of heart when it is not pumping blood effectively enough to meet the needs of the body called
Heart Failure
189
Heart failure is sometimes called
congestive heart failure
190
Heart failure is sometimes called congestive heart failure because congestion of the _____ is one of the main symptoms of this disease.
lungs
191
The state of heart when it stops beating called
cardiac arrest
192
The state of heart when its muscle is suddenly damaged by an inadequate blood supply is called
heart attack
