Nervous System 2 - Brain Part 1

Question 1

Identify the major parts of the brain?

Answer 1

Question 2

Identify the parts of the brain?

Answer 2

Question 3

What is gray matter’s critical role and where is it located in the brain?

Answer 3

Role:
Information processing.

Location:
- The cerebral cortex.
- Deep in the brain, there are groups of gray matter called nuclei.

Question 4

What is white matter’s critical role and what is it composed of?

Answer 4

Role:
Connects and facilitate communication between different parts of the brain.

Composed of:
Myelinated axons (very fine electrical wires that are exceptionally well insulated so they don’t lose speed of conduction).

Question 5

Label the coronal section of the brain?

Answer 5

Question 6

Identify the highlighted part of the cerebrum?

Answer 6

Question 7

Identify the lobes of the brain and include the function each lobe is responsible for?

Answer 7

Question 8

Identify the functional areas of the cerebral cortex?

Answer 8

Question 9

Define gyri & sulci and explain what is important about them?

Answer 9

Gyri = folds/ridges.
Sulci = shallow depressions between folds

Importance:
They demarcate special regions of the brain and lobes respectively.

Question 10

Identify the sulci and gyri that differentiate the lobes of the brain?

Answer 10

Question 11

What is the function of gyri?

Answer 11

To significantly increase the surface area of the brain.

Question 12

Identify the lobes, gyris and sulci of the brain?

Answer 12

Question 13

Describe the role of the 4 main gyri?

PG
PG

Answer 13

Precentral Gyrus:
This is the primary motor area of the cerebral cortex controlling voluntary movements.

Postcentral Gyrus:
This is the primary somatosensory area of the cerebral cortex receiving and processing all somatosensory information (touch, nociception, temperature, proprioception).

Question 14

Describe the role of the 4 main gyri?

STG
IFG

Answer 14

Superior Temporal Gyrus:
This contains the Wernicke’s area which allows us to interpret language by recognising speech.

Inferior Frontal Gyrus:
Broca’s area, critical for speech production, is located in this gyrus.

Question 15

What is the importance of homunculus?

Answer 15

In neuroanatomy, the cortical homunculus represents either the motor or the sensory distribution along the cerebral cortex of the brain.

Question 16

Identify the parts of the cerebellum?

Answer 16

Question 17

Explain the functions of the cerebellum?

Answer 17

Motor control of movement:
Co-ordinating and fine-tuning every day or gross complex movements.

Balance and co-ordination:
Integrating information from your inner ear, joints and muscles to maintain balance and posture.

Cognitive functions:
Role in language processing, attention and memory.

Question 18

Identify parts of the cerebellum from an anterior view?

Answer 18

Question 19

Identify parts of the cerebellum from a superior view?

Answer 19

Question 20

Identify the fissures & lobes of the cerebellum?

Answer 20

Question 21

What is the outer layer of grey matter called in the cerebellum & what is its appearance?

Answer 21

Cerebellar cortex (like cerebral cortex).

Appearance:
Folded into folia (thin leaf like structure).

Question 22

What is the white matter deep to the grey matter called in the cerebellum & what is its appearance?

Answer 22

Arbor vitae (like white matter of cerebrum).

Appearance:
It has a branched, tree-like appearance.

Question 23

What are the masses of grey matter deep within the white matter called?

Answer 23

The cerebellar nuclei (like basal nuclei of cerebrum).

Question 24

Identify the midsagittal section of the cerebellum?

Answer 24

Question 25

Explain how the neural tube forms?

Answer 25

1. Ectoderm (outer tissue layer) thickens and forms a neural plate. 2. Plate begins to fall inward, forming a groove called the neural groove. 3. Neural folds begin to fold inwards eventually forming the neural tube (becomes the brain and spinal cord).

Question 26

Understand the basic embryonic development of the brain?

Answer 26

Question 27

Identify the parts of the brain?

Answer 27

Question 28

Label the pyramids, decussation of pyramids and olives of the brainstem?

Answer 28

Question 29

What is the function of the midbrain? What do the nuclei in the midbrain control?

Answer 29

Regulates breathing, heart rate and consciousness. Control visual and auditory reflexes, eye movements, and coordination of movements.

Question 30

What is the function of the pons? What do the nuclei in the pons control?

Answer 30

Facilitates communication between the cerebrum and cerebellum. Regulating sleep, respiration, and facial movements.

Question 31

What is the function of the medulla oblongata? What do the nuclei in the medulla oblongata control?

Answer 31

Controls essential functions (e.g. breathing, heart rate, blood pressure) & reflexes such as swallowing, coughing, and vomiting. Responsible for relaying sensory and motor information between the brain and spinal cord.

Question 32

Identify the 3 parts of the diencephalon? What is the role of the diencephalon?

Answer 32

Sensory processing, homeostasis, and the regulation of various physiological functions within the body.

Question 33

What is the thalamus and hypothalamus responsible for?

Answer 33

Thalamus: Relaying sensory impulses & maintenance of consciousness. Hypothalamus: Regulates vital functions (temperature, thirst, hunger and circadian rhythms) & controls our body's hormones through the endocrine system.

Question 34

What are the 2 parts of the epithalamus and what are their functions:

Answer 34

Pineal gland: Secretes melatonin, which promotes sleepiness and sets the body’s sleep-wake cycles. Habenula: Regulating mood, reward processing, and stress responses, as well as a role in olfaction (smell).

Question 35

Identify the parts of the limbic system? Explain the functions of each part in the lymbic system?

Answer 35

Hippocampus = memory function and spatial navigation. Amygdala = regulates emotions relative to survival and threat (e.g anger). Thalamus = relay sensory and motor information to cerebral cortex. Hypothalamus = maintain homeostasis in the body. Basal ganglia = regulates voluntary motor control. Limbic lobe = integrates emotions, memories and behaviours.

Question 36

Define the glossary terms?

Answer 36