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ANAT1001 - Introduction to Anatomy > Digestive System 2 - Gastrointestinal Tract > Flashcards

Digestive System 2 - Gastrointestinal Tract Flashcards

1
Q

Name & label the 4 layers of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, from deep to superficial layers?

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis
Serosa (or adventitia)

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2
Q

What is the mucosa and submucosa composed of?

A

Mucosa:
Simple columnar epithelium, lamina propria and muscularis smooth muscle.

Submucosa:
Areolar or dense irregular connective tissue, blood+lymphatic vessels, and submucosal nerve plexus (Meissner plexus).

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3
Q

What is the muscularis and serosa/adventitia composed of?

A

Muscularis:
Inner circular layer of smooth muscle, myenteric nerve plexus and an outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle.

Serosa/Adventitia:
Simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium) and an underlying layer of areolar connective tissue.
Retroperitoneal organs have an adventitia as their most superficial layer, which is composed of areolar connective tissue.

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4
Q

Describe the function and histology of the oral cavity?

A

Function:
The site where digestion of ingested material begins, with mechanical digestion (I.e. mastication/chewing) & chemical digestion (production of an enzyme in saliva).

Histology:
Lined with stratified squamous non-keratinised epithelium (protects against abrasion caused by the ingested material being digested).

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5
Q

What are the walls of the oral cavity & what are they formed by?

A

Roof: formed by the hard and soft palates
Floor: formed by muscles (the tongue also sits on the floor)
Anterior boundary: formed by the lips, or labia
Posterior boundary: formed by the fauces
Lateral boundaries: formed by the cheeks

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6
Q

What are the 2 main regions within the boundaries of the oral cavity & identify their location?

A

Oral vestibule:
The area in between the lips/cheeks and the teeth/gums or gingivae.

Oral cavity proper:
The area central to the teeth/gums or gingivae.

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7
Q

Label the anterior & sagittal view of the oral cavity?

A
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8
Q

Describe the function and gross anatomy of the pharynx?

A

Function:
The skeletal muscles in the wall of the pharynx contract to push the bolus of ingested material from the oral cavity into the oesophagus.

Gross anatomy:
Contains 3 parts, which are the nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx.

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9
Q

Explain the histology of the pharynx?

A

The stratified squamous non-keratinised epithelial lining of the oropharynx and laryngopharynx protects against abrasion caused by the passage of the bolus.

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10
Q

Label the parts of the pharynx & its surround parts/regions?

A
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11
Q

Explain the location of the oesophagus?

A

–> The tube connecting the pharynx and stomach.
–> Travels inferiorly through the neck, the posterior part of the mediastinum, anterior to the vertebral column & posterior to the trachea.
–> Passes through an opening in the diaphragm (oesophageal hiatus) to enter the abdominal cavity and reach the stomach.

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12
Q

Explain the function of the oesophagus?

A

To transmit the bolus from the pharynx into the stomach.

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13
Q

What are the 3 parts of the oesophagus?

A
  1. Cervical part: travels through the neck.
  2. Thoracic part: travels through the thoracic cavity.
  3. Abdominal part: travels through the abdominal cavity.
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14
Q

Label the parts of the oesophagus?

A
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15
Q

Label this histology slide & explain why the 4 walls of the oesophagus are composed of specific layers?

A

Mucosa:
Stratified squamous non-keratinised epithelium = protects the oesophagus from the abrasion caused by the passage of the bolus.

Submucosa:
Mucous glands = produce secretions to lubricate its lumen.

Muscularis:
Superior 1/3 = skeletal muscle.
Middle 1/3 = skeletal + smooth muscle.
Inferior 1/3 = smooth muscle.
*Transition ensures that the bolus can move rapidly out of the pharynx, as skeletal muscle contracts faster.

Adventitia:
The most superficial layer of the oesophagus.

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16
Q

Label this histology slide of mucosa in the oseophagus?

A
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17
Q

What is the function of a sphincter & classify both sphincters of the oseophagus?

A

A sphincter control the movement of the bolus through it.

Superior oesophageal sphincter = anatomical sphincter.
Inferior oesophageal sphincter = physiological sphincter.

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18
Q

Describe the division of the abdominopelvic cavity into quantrants?

A

The cavity can be divided into quadrants by imaginary lines passing vertically through the midline and horizontally through the umbilicus.

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19
Q

Name the digestive organs that are intraperitoneal?

A

Stomach
First part of the duodenum (part of the small intestine)
Jejunum (part of the small intestine)
Ileum (part of the small intestine)
Caecum (part of the large intestine
Transverse colon (part of the large intestine)
Sigmoid colon (part of the large intestine)
Liver (except for a small area)
Gallbladder
Tail of the pancreas

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20
Q

Name the digestive organs that are retroperitoneal?

A

Oesophagus
Most of the duodenum (part of the small intestine)
Most of the pancreas
Ascending colon (part of the large intestine)
Descending colon (part of the large intestine)
Rectum (part of the large intestine)

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21
Q

Name the digestive organs that are derived from the foregut?

A

GI tract organs:
Stomach
First part of the duodenum (part of the small intestine)

Accessory digestive organs:
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas

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22
Q

Name the digestive organs that are derived from the midgut?

A

GI tract organs:
Most of the duodenum (part of the small intestine)
Jejunum (part of the small intestine)
Ileum (part of the small intestine)
Caecum (part of the large intestine)
Ascenging colon (part of the large intestine)
Proximinal 2/3 of the transverse colon (part of the large intestine)

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23
Q

Name the digestive organs that are derived from the hindgut?

A

GI tract organs:
Distal 1/3 of the transverse colon (part of the large intestine)
Descending colon (part of the large intestine)
Sigmoid colon (part of the large intestine)
Rectum (part of the large intestine)
Superior part of the anal canal (part of the large intestine)

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24
Q

Explain the location and function of the stomach?

A

Location:
Primarily in the left upper quadrant of the abdominopelvic cavity (although it extends slightly into the right upper quadrant), sitting just underneath the left dome of the diaphragm.

Function:
The mechanical digestion of the bolus that enters from the oesophagus, as well as the chemical digestion of the bolus through the production of secretions that mix with the bolus.

25
Q

Describe the gross anatomy of the stomach?

A

–> J-shaped.
–> 2 curvatures;
–> Greater curvature on the inferior convex border & lesser curvature on the superior concave border.

26
Q

What peritoneal folds does the stomach contain?

A

Greater omentum extending from the greater curvature.

Lesser omentum extending from the lesser curvature.

27
Q

What is the function of the internals folds of the stomach?

A

Rugae:
Allow it to expand greatly when it fills and then return to its normal shape when it empties.

28
Q

Label the 4 main regions of the stomach?

A
29
Q

Label both images of the stomach?

A
30
Q

Explain how the structure relates to the function of mucosa and muscularis of the stomach?

A

Mucosa:
Simple columnar epithelium = highly efficient secretion of acid and production of digestive enzymes.

Muscularis:
3 layers of smooth muscle:
Outer longitudinal layer, middle circular layer & inner oblique layer = assists with mechanical digestion through the process of churning.

31
Q

Label the histology slide of the stomach?

A
32
Q

Describe the location and function of the small intestine?

A

Location:
The coiled tube that connects the stomach to the large intestine.

Function:
To complete the digestion process and to absorb most of the nutrients and water that have been ingested.

33
Q

Identify the parts of the small intestine?

A
34
Q

Identify & explain the structure of the deodenum of the small intestine?

A

Forms a C-shape around the head of the pancreas.

Major duodenal papilla = where secretions from the liver and pancreas drain into it to assist with chemical digestion.

Minor duodenal papilla = where additional pancreatic secretions drain into the duodenum.

35
Q

Identify the function of the jejunum of the small intestine?

A

It is the region where most chemical digestion and absorption occur in the small intestine.

36
Q

What is the ileocaecal valve & what is its function?

A

At the ileum-caecum junction, the circular layer of smooth muscle in the wall of the small intestine is thickened to form a sphincter called the ileocaecal valve.

Function:
Regulates the passage of any remaining digested material that has not been absorbed.

37
Q

Identify the location of the duodenum, jejunum & ileum of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum:
In the right upper quadrant of the abdominopelvic cavity

Jejunum:
Primarily in the left upper quadrant of the abdominopelvic cavity.

Ileum:
Primarily in the right lower quadrant of the abdominopelvic cavity.

38
Q

Where are the mucosa and subcosa of the small intestine located & what are their function?

A

Form circular folds called plicae circulares.

These increase the surface area for absorption in the small intestine and are most numerous in the jejunum, where most absorption occurs.

39
Q

Label the histology slides of the small intestine?

A
40
Q

Explain the histology of mucosa?

A

–> Simply columnar epithelium
–> Contains villi, microvilliIn the centre of each villus is a specialised lymphatic capillary called a lacteal, which absorbs dietary lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins.
–> Contains goblet cells, which secrete mucous to lubricate and protect the lumen of the small intestine from the passage of chyme.
–> Lamina propria contains lymphoid tissue called mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) that monitors for any foreign substances that may have been ingested.

41
Q

Label the histology slide of the mucosa & submucosa of the small intestine?

A
42
Q

Label the histology slide of the mucosa of the ileum?

A
43
Q

Explain the function of the glands that can be found in the submucosa of the duodenum?

A

Submucosal or Brunner’s glands produce a viscous, alkaline mucous to protect the duodenum from the acidic chyme entering from the stomach.

44
Q

Label the submucosa of the duodenum?

A
45
Q

Describe the location of the large intestine?

A

The tube that continues from the small intestine and forms a border around it in the abdominopelvic cavity.
–> It spans several abdominopelvic quadrants.

46
Q

Describe the function of the large intestine?

A
  1. Absorbs most of the water from the remaining digested material that has not been absorbed in the small intestine.
  2. Compact any undigested material and waste products into faeces, which are then defecated.
47
Q

Label the main parts of the large intestine?

A
48
Q

Describe the location of the main parts of the large intestine?

A

Caecum = right lower quadrant of the abdominopelvic cavity.

Ascending colon = right upper and lower quadrants of the abdominopelvic cavity.

Transverse colon = right and left upper quadrants of the abdominopelvic cavity.

Descending colon = left upper and lower quadrants of the abdominopelvic cavity.

Sigmoid colon = left lower quadrant of the abdominopelvic cavity.

Rectum = located in the pelvis.

Anal canal = passes through an opening in the pelvic floor and terminates at the anus.

49
Q

What is the function of the rectum?

A

It readily expands to store faeces prior to defecation.

50
Q

Label the layers in the wall of the large intestine?

A
51
Q

Describe the histology of the mucosa of the large intestine?

A

–> Simple columnar epithelium
Lamina propria contains:
–> Intestinal glands..
–> Goblet cells that secrete mucous to lubricate and protect the lumen of the large intestine.
–> Lymphoid tissue called mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) that monitors for any foreign substances that may have been ingested.

52
Q

Label the mucosa of the large intestine?

A
53
Q

Describe the histology of the muscularis of the large intestine?

A

–> Composed of an inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle.
–> Outer longitudinal layer does not completely surround the large intestine.
–> It is arranged into three distinct bands called teniae coli, which pull the large intestine into many sacs called haustra.

54
Q

Label remaining parts of the large intestine?

A
55
Q

Describe the histology of the servosa/adventitia of the large intestine?

A

The most superficial layer of the caecum (and vermiform appendix), transverse colon and sigmoid colon is a serosa, as these parts of the large intestine are intraperitoneal.

The most superficial layer of the rest of the large intestine is an adventitia, as the remaining parts (ascending colon, descending colon, rectum and anal canal) are retroperitoneal.

56
Q

Describe the blood supply of the stomach, small intestine and large intestine and link this to their primitive gut tube origins?

A

–> Celiac trunk supplies blood to the foregut (stomach & the first part of the duodenum).

–> Superior mesenteric artery supplies blood to the midgut (most of the duodenum up to and including the proximal 2/3 of the transverse colon).

–> Inferior mesenteric artery supplies blood to the hindgut (distal 1/3 of the transverse colon up to and including the superior part of the anal canal).

57
Q

Order the structures of the GI tract?

A
  1. Oral cavity
  2. Pharynx
  3. Oesophagus
  4. Stomach
  5. Duodenum
  6. Jejunum
  7. Ileum
  8. Caeceum
  9. Ascending colon
  10. Transverse colon
  11. Descending colon
  12. Sigmoid colon
  13. Rectum
  14. Anal canal
58
Q
  1. Which organ is represented in this image?
  2. Identify the four layers in the wall of the GI tract labelled on the image?
A
  1. Small intestine
  2. A = Mucosa
    B = Submucosa
    C = Muscularis
    D = Serosa

ANAT1001 - Introduction to Anatomy (41 decks)

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