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OAT Biology > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Neurons

A

Specialized nervous tissue

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2
Q

Neuroglia

A

cells that support and protect the neurons

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3
Q

Dendrites

A

Cytoplasmic extensions that receive information and transmit it toward the cell body

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4
Q

Cell Body (stoma)

A

Contains the nucleus and controls the metabolic activity of the neuron

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5
Q

Axon

A

Long cellular process that transmits impulses, action potentials, away from the cell body

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6
Q

Axon Hillock

A

Between the cell body and axon, incoming signals are summed and can trigger an action potential down the axon

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7
Q

Synaptic Terminals

A

Axons termination in swelling

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8
Q

Synapse

A

Gap between the axon terminals of one cell and the dendrites of the next cell

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9
Q

Myelin

A

Prevents leakage of signal from the axons and allows for faster conduction of impluses

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10
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Gaps between the segments of myelin, where action potential actually propagates

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11
Q

Saltatory Conduction

A

Hopping in the Nodes of Ranvier

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12
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Glial cells that produce myelin in the central nervous system (Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system)

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13
Q

Neuron Polarization

A

At rest, there is an unequal distribution of ions between the inside and outside of the cell

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14
Q

Resting Potential

A

-70 mV, negative inside

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15
Q

How is the membrane potential maintained at rest?

A

Selective permeability of ions through the sodium/potassium pump

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16
Q

Threshold Potential

A

-55 mV

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17
Q

Three Action Potential Phases

A

Depolarization, Repolarization, Hypepolarization

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18
Q

Depolarization

A

35 mV

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19
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

-75 mV

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20
Q

Refractory Period

A

A period of time after the action potential in which new action potentials are very difficult to initiate

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21
Q

Faster Impulses

A

Greater myelination, greater diameter of the axon

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22
Q

White Matter

A

Faster transmission times due to heavy myelination transmits across larger distances

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23
Q

Grey Matter

A

Slower transmission times due to less myelination and is used for processing information

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24
Q

Presynaptic Neuron

A

Axon terminal of one neuron

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25
Q

Postsynaptic Neuron

A

Dendrites of the next neuron

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26
Q

Effector Cells

A

Neurons can communicate with these postsynaptic cells such as muscles or glands

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27
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemical messengers in membrane-bound vesicles that can diffuse across the synapse and act on receptor proteins

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28
Q

Removal of Neurotransmitters

A

Uptake, Reused, Degraded, Diffuse

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29
Q

Afferent Neurons

A

Carry sensory information about the external or internal environment to the brain or spinal cord

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30
Q

Efferent Neurons

A

Carry motor commands from the brain or spinal cord to various parts of the body

31
Q

Plexus

A

Network of nerve fibers

32
Q

Ganglia

A

Clusters of neuronal cell bodies in the periphery and nuclei in the central nervous system

33
Q

Neuroglia

A

Support and protect the specialized neuronal cells

34
Q

Astrocytes (CNS)

A

Maintain integrity, absorb and recycle neurotransmitters

35
Q

Oligodendrocytes (CNS)

A

Myelinate CNS axons

36
Q

Microglia (CNS)

A

Remove cellular debris

37
Q

Ependymal Cells (CNS)

A

Line the brain ventricles

38
Q

Satellite Cells (PNS)

A

Surround the neuron cell bodies in the ganglia

39
Q

Schwann Cells (PNS)

A

Enclose the axons in the PNS

40
Q

Forebrain

A

Telencephalon and Diencephalon

41
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

Highly convoluted gray matter

42
Q

Olfactory Bulb

A

Center for the reception of smells

43
Q

Diencephalon

A

Thalamus and Hypothalamus

44
Q

Thalamus

A

Relay and integration center for the spinal cord and cerebral cortex

45
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Controls visceral functions, hunger, thirst, and endocrine system

46
Q

Hindbrain

A

The posterior part that consists of the cerebellum, pons, and medulla

47
Q

Cerebellum

A

Modulate motor impulses, balance, eye-hand

48
Q

Pons

A

Relay center to allow cortex to communicate with the cerebellum

49
Q

Medulla

A

Vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, gastrointestinal activity

50
Q

Brainstem

A

Midbrain, pons, medulla

51
Q

Dorsal Horn

A

Site of sensory information entering the spinal cord, all motor information exits through

52
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Innervates skeletal muscles and is responsible for voluntary movement

53
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

The involuntary nervous system, regulates the internal temperature, cardiac and smooth muscle, blood pressure control

54
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Fight or Flight, Norepinephrine

55
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Rest and Digest, Vagus Nerve, Acetylcholine

56
Q

Sclera

A

thick, opaque layer that covers the eye

57
Q

Choroid

A

Supplies the retina with blood, dark pigment reduces reflection in the eye

58
Q

Retina

A

Photoreceptors

59
Q

Cornea

A

Transparent front of the eye that focuses light rays

60
Q

Pupil

A

Opening that dilates and constricts

61
Q

Iris

A

The pigmented muscle that controls the dilation and contraction of the pupil

62
Q

Lens

A

Focuses the image onto the retina

63
Q

Ciliary Muscle

A

Changes the shape and focal length of the lens

64
Q

Vitreous Humor

A

Helps maintain the shape and optical properties of the eye

65
Q

Aqueous Humor

A

A watery substance that fills the space between the lens and the cornea

66
Q

Cones

A

Respond to high-intensity illumination and are sensitive to color, three pigments to absorb red, green, and blue

67
Q

Rods

A

Detect low-intensity illumination for night vision, one single wavelength

68
Q

Macula

A

Central section of the retina, high concentration of cones

69
Q

Fovea

A

Section of the macula that contains only cones, best for visual acuity

70
Q

Optic Nerve

A

Bipolar cells, ganglion cells, transmits the visual information to the brain

71
Q

Pinna

A

Outer ear

72
Q

External Auditory Canal

A

Focuses sound waves toward the eardrum

73
Q

Tympanic Membrane

A

Boundary between the outer and middle ear

OAT Biology (18 decks)

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