Cellular Biology Flashcards
Cell Theory
All living things are composed of cells, the cell is the basic functional unit of life, the chemical reactions of life take place inside the cell, cells arise only from pre-existing cells, cells carry genetic info in the form of DNA
Eukaryotes
Membrane-bound organelles
Prokaryotes
No nuclei, no membrane-bound organelles, possess only a cell membrane, cytoplasm, genetic material, and ribosomes
Fluid Mosiac Model
Membrane consists of a phospholipid bilayer with proteins embedded
Prokaryotic DNA
Do not have nuclei, no histones, small circular chromosomes located in the nucleoid
Ribosomes
Made of two rRNA sequences, called ribosomal subunits, function in the cytoplasm or rough ER,
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Network of membrane-enclosed spaces involved in the transport of materials throughout the cell, rough and smooth
Rough ER
Contain ribosomes, production of proteins
Smooth ER
Does not contain ribosomes, involved in the metabolism, and production of lipids
Golgi Apparatus
Primary site for cellular trafficking, receives proteins and lipids from the smooth ER and then modifies them via glycosylation, repackages them into vesicles, distributes via exocytosis
Mitochondria
Site of aerobic respiration, conversion of sugars, and fats into usable energy, ATP, independent division via binary fission
Cytoplasm
Cytosol (fluid) and all organelles, cyclosis (streaming)
Vacuoles/Vesicles
Type of vesicle, plants (central vacuole), exocytosis, endocytosis, storage of water
Centrioles
Microtubules, spindle organization, cell division
Lysosomes
Membrane-bound vesicles, hydrolytic enzymes, break down material ingested, autolysis
Cytoskeleton
Maintains cell shape, cell motility, microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments
Microtubules
Hollow rods made up of polymerized tubulin, provide support, organelles movement, cilia/flagella, cell motility
Microfilaments
Actin/myosin, muscle contraction, move materials, contraction phase of cell division
Intermediate Filaments
Diverse, keratin, structural backbone, more rigid, anchor organelles
Simple Diffusion
Net movement down the concentration gradient, higher to lower, passive
Osmosis
Simple diffusion of water from a region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration
Hypertonic
Water will flow out of the cell
Hypotonic
Water will flow into the cell, lysis
Isotonic
Same as environment
Facilitated Diffusion
Down concentration gradient, carrier proteins
Active Transport
Against gradient, requires energy
Symporters
Move two or more ions in the same direction
Pumps
Energy-dependent carriers, sodium potassium pump
Antiporters
Exchange one or more ions for another ion across
Pinocytosis
Ingestion of fluids or small particles
Phagocytosis
Engulfing of large particles
Exocytosis
Vesicle fused with the cell membrane and releases a large volume of contents outside of the cell
