Cellular Biology

Question 1

Cell Theory

Answer 1

All living things are composed of cells, the cell is the basic functional unit of life, the chemical reactions of life take place inside the cell, cells arise only from pre-existing cells, cells carry genetic info in the form of DNA

Question 2

Eukaryotes

Answer 2

Membrane-bound organelles

Question 3

Prokaryotes

Answer 3

No nuclei, no membrane-bound organelles, possess only a cell membrane, cytoplasm, genetic material, and ribosomes

Question 4

Fluid Mosiac Model

Answer 4

Membrane consists of a phospholipid bilayer with proteins embedded

Question 5

Prokaryotic DNA

Answer 5

Do not have nuclei, no histones, small circular chromosomes located in the nucleoid

Question 6

Ribosomes

Answer 6

Made of two rRNA sequences, called ribosomal subunits, function in the cytoplasm or rough ER,

Question 7

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 7

Network of membrane-enclosed spaces involved in the transport of materials throughout the cell, rough and smooth

Question 8

Rough ER

Answer 8

Contain ribosomes, production of proteins

Question 9

Smooth ER

Answer 9

Does not contain ribosomes, involved in the metabolism, and production of lipids

Question 10

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 10

Primary site for cellular trafficking, receives proteins and lipids from the smooth ER and then modifies them via glycosylation, repackages them into vesicles, distributes via exocytosis

Question 11

Mitochondria

Answer 11

Site of aerobic respiration, conversion of sugars, and fats into usable energy, ATP, independent division via binary fission

Question 12

Cytoplasm

Answer 12

Cytosol (fluid) and all organelles, cyclosis (streaming)

Question 13

Vacuoles/Vesicles

Answer 13

Type of vesicle, plants (central vacuole), exocytosis, endocytosis, storage of water

Question 14

Centrioles

Answer 14

Microtubules, spindle organization, cell division

Question 15

Lysosomes

Answer 15

Membrane-bound vesicles, hydrolytic enzymes, break down material ingested, autolysis

Question 16

Cytoskeleton

Answer 16

Maintains cell shape, cell motility, microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments

Question 17

Microtubules

Answer 17

Hollow rods made up of polymerized tubulin, provide support, organelles movement, cilia/flagella, cell motility

Question 18

Microfilaments

Answer 18

Actin/myosin, muscle contraction, move materials, contraction phase of cell division

Question 19

Intermediate Filaments

Answer 19

Diverse, keratin, structural backbone, more rigid, anchor organelles

Question 20

Simple Diffusion

Answer 20

Net movement down the concentration gradient, higher to lower, passive

Question 21

Osmosis

Answer 21

Simple diffusion of water from a region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration

Question 22

Hypertonic

Answer 22

Water will flow out of the cell

Question 23

Hypotonic

Answer 23

Water will flow into the cell, lysis

Question 24

Isotonic

Answer 24

Same as environment

Question 25

Facilitated Diffusion

Answer 25

Down concentration gradient, carrier proteins

Question 26

Active Transport

Answer 26

Against gradient, requires energy

Question 27

Symporters

Answer 27

Move two or more ions in the same direction

Question 28

Pumps

Answer 28

Energy-dependent carriers, sodium potassium pump

Question 29

Antiporters

Answer 29

Exchange one or more ions for another ion across

Question 30

Pinocytosis

Answer 30

Ingestion of fluids or small particles

Question 31

Phagocytosis

Answer 31

Engulfing of large particles

Question 32

Exocytosis

Answer 32

Vesicle fused with the cell membrane and releases a large volume of contents outside of the cell