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OAT Biology > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Endocrine Grands

A

Synthesize and secrete chemical substances called hormones directly into the circulatory system

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2
Q

Exocrine Glands

A

Secretes substances transported by ducts (gallbladder)

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3
Q

Hypothalamus

A

The regulatory center of the endocrine system, part of the forebrain, located above the pituitary gland, secretes hormones, regulate the pituitary via negative feedback, ADH/oxytocin

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4
Q

Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone (GnRH)

A

Stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone FSH and LH

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5
Q

Hypophyseal Portal System

A

Releasing hormones can immediately reach the anterior pituitary without first entering the circulatory system

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6
Q

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

A

Stimulates the anterior pituitary to release thyroid hormones, T3 and T4

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7
Q

Growth hormone-releasing (GHRH)

A

Stimulates the anterior pituitary to release growth hormone

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8
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

Small, trilobed gland at the base of the brain, anterior and posterior, intermediate

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9
Q

Infundibulum

A

Connects the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary gland

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10
Q

Anterior Pituitary

A

Synthesizes direct hormones and tropic hormones

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11
Q

Tropic Hormones

A

FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH

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12
Q

Follicle-stimulating (FSH)

A

Maturation of ovarian follicles, which in turn secrete estrogen, sperm production

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13
Q

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

A

Stimulates ovulation and maintenance of the corpus luteum, regulating progesterone secretion, synthesizes testosterone

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14
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

Stimulates the adrenal cortex for glucocorticoids

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15
Q

Thyroid-stimulating Hormone (TSH)

A

Stimulates the thyroid gland to synthesize and release thyroid hormones

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16
Q

Direct Hormones

A

Prolactin, Endorphins, Growth hormone, MSH

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17
Q

Prolactin

A

Stimulates milk production

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18
Q

Endorphins

A

Pain-relieving

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19
Q

Growth hormone (GH)

A

bone and muscle growth

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20
Q

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

A

Sun-inducing darkening of skin

21
Q

Posterior Pituitary

A

Does not synthesize hormones, stores and releases peptide hormones oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

22
Q

Oxytocin

A

Uterine contractions, milk secretion

23
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

A

Increases water permeability in the collecting duct of the nephron, promoting water reabsorption and increasing blood volume, decreases blood osmolarity

24
Q

Adrenal Glands

A

Top of kidneys, adrenal cortex, adrenal medulla

25
Q

Corticosteroids

A

Exert their action by determining which genes are transcribed in the nuclei of their target cells and at what rate

26
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

Cortisol and cortisone, glucose regulation and protein metabolism, anti-inflammatory effects

27
Q

Mineralocorticoids

A

Aldosterone regulates plasma levels of sodium and potassium, active reabsorption of sodium

28
Q

Androgens

A

Male sex hormones

29
Q

Epinephrine

A

Increases the conversion of glycogen to glucose in liver and muscle tissue, increase metabolic rate, fight or flight effect

30
Q

Thyroxine (T4)

A

4 iodine atoms, formed and secreted by the thyroid gland

31
Q

Triiodothyronine (T3)

A

Five times more potent than T4, Converted from T4

32
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

Thyroid hormones are under secreted or not secreted at all, slowed heart rate, fatigue, weight gain

33
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

Overstimulated, increased metabolic, profuse sweating, weight loss

34
Q

Parathyroid Glands

A

Four small pea-shaped structures embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid, secrete PTH, regulate plasma Ca2+ concentration

35
Q

Islets of Langerhans

A

Small glandular structures where endocrine function is performed (alpha,beta,delta) in Pancreas

36
Q

Alpha cells

A

Produce and secrete glucagon

37
Q

Beta cells

A

Produce and secrete insulin

38
Q

Delta cells

A

Secrete somatostatin

39
Q

Glucagon

A

Peptide hormone, released when blood glucose levels are low (Pancreas)

40
Q

Insulin

A

Protein hormone, is secreted in response to high blood glucose concentrations

41
Q

Somatostatin

A

Blocks the secretion of both insulin and glucagon from adjacent cells

42
Q

Type 1 Diabetes

A

Less common, younger, presence of islet cell antibodies, autoimmune

43
Q

Type 2 Diabetes

A

Most common, older, resistance to insulin, increased hepatic glucose production, obesity

44
Q

Renin

A

An enzyme that converts the plasma protein angiotensinogen and angiotensin 1 in kidneys

45
Q

EPO (erythropoietin)

A

Glycoprotein produced in the kidney that stimulates red blood cell production

46
Q

Melatonin

A

Released by the pineal gland, base of brain, regulation of the circadian rhythms

47
Q

Peptide Hormones

A

Amino acids, extracellular, stimulates a receptor, dissolves and travels freely, quick onset, short-lived

48
Q

Steroid Hormone

A

Cholesterol, Intracellular, binds to a receptor, bound to a carrier protein, slow onset, long-lived action

OAT Biology (18 decks)

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