Neoplasia

Question 1

What categories can neoplasms be broken into?

Answer 1

Benign and malignant

Question 2

Characteristics of a benign neoplasm

Answer 2

Uncontrolled, slow growth of cells that are differentiated, non invasive

Question 3

Characteristics of a malignant neoplasm

Answer 3

Disorderly, rapid undifferentiated growth that does not stop. Cancerous. It kills local tissue to make space for itself, very invasive

Question 4

What is cancer due to?

Answer 4

Mutated genes

Question 5

Which gene is defective in most cancers?

Answer 5

TP53 gene

Question 6

What does the TP53 gene do?

Answer 6

Causes apoptosis when DNA is damaged

Question 7

What do DNA repair genes do?

Answer 7

“Spell check” by fixing incorrect DNA sequence, detect and fix altered genes

Question 8

What do Proto Oncogenes do?

Answer 8

They increase cell division

Question 9

What happens if the Proto oncogene is mutated?

Answer 9

Uncontrolled cell division occurs leading to increased tissue growth

Question 10

What does the tumor suppressor gene do?

Answer 10

Stops cell division and decrease cell growth

Question 11

What happens if the tumor suppressor gene is mutated?

Answer 11

Cell division is uninhibited and there is an increase in tissue/cell growth

Question 12

What is an oncogene?

Answer 12

Causes malignant or cancerous growth

Question 13

What is the suffix for a benign tumor?

Answer 13

OMA

Question 14

What is the suffix for a malignant tumor in epithelium and mesenchyme?

Answer 14

Carcinoma in epithelium and sarcoma in mesenchyme

Question 15

How big does a tunic have to be in order to be clinically detectable?

Answer 15

1 cm

Question 16

How big does a tumor get every 100 days?

Answer 16

Doubles in size

Question 17

What are the three methods of spread?

Answer 17

Extension and invasion, seeding in body cavities, and metastasis via blood or lymph

Question 18

Extension and invasion

Answer 18

Is local and the tumor will grow and kill normal tissue in that specific area

Question 19

Seeding in body cavities

Answer 19

Is not local, malignant cells will drop off in a body cavity and begin to grow

Question 20

Metastasis via blood/lymph

Answer 20

Distance spread, malignant cells spread from primary site to secondary site

Question 21

What are common secondary sites?

Answer 21

Lymphatic system

Question 22

In what order does the cancer spread after reaching the secondary site?

Answer 22

Liver, lungs, bones, and brain

Question 23

What is a requirement of a secondary site?

Answer 23

It must has good perfusion

Question 24

What occurs during stage 1 of tumor growth?

Answer 24

A tumor secretes enzymes that destroy normal tissue and emboli enters blood or lymph vessel

Question 25

What occurs during stage 2 of tumor growth?

Answer 25

Emboli travel via blood/lymph and once it reaches a capillary bed it attached to endothelial wall. Emboli uses cytokines and growth factor to determine the best secondary site

Question 26

What occurs during stage 3 of tumor growth?

Answer 26

Angiogenesis and cell growth secondary site

Question 27

What does staging a tumor do?

Answer 27

Places tumor at a stage in its progression

Question 28

Describe the TNM system

Answer 28

``` T= determines size using numbers from 0-4 N= extent of regional lymph node involvement M= extent of metastasis ```

Question 29

What does TNMx mean?

Answer 29

The tumor cannot be assessed

Question 30

How to grade a tumor

Answer 30

Using numbers 1-4, grades the tumor locally

Question 31

What are the 6 cancer treatment options?

Answer 31

Radiation, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, hormone therapy, surgery, and combination therapy

Question 32

Radiation therapy

Answer 32

Free radical production destroy malignant cells by disrupting DNA bonds but is not limited to only cancer cells

Question 33

Chemotherapy

Answer 33

Use of drugs to target cell division which slows growth, but is not limited to only malignant cells

Question 34

Surgery

Answer 34

Excise tumor, best option if all malignant cells can be excised, run risk of not getting them all

Question 35

Immunotherapy

Answer 35

Cytokines and antibodies are given to kick start immune response to kill malignant cells, but immune cels eventually are not enough to destroy proliferating malignant cells, often used with chemo and is not used as a stand alone therapy

Question 36

Hormone therapy

Answer 36

Taking away hormone support of tumor (anti-androgen for example) or over-supplying tumor with hormone to down regulate receptors, can only be used on hormone dependent tumor a and disrupts regular function

Question 37

Combination therapy

Answer 37

Radiation and surgery, combination of main treatments and at times immunotherapy may be added

Question 38

What are the problems associated with cancer treatment?

Answer 38

Killing normal cells, not precise, and recurrence of cancer

Question 39

What is a neoplasm?

Answer 39

An abnormal mass as a result from neoplasia