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252 > Adrenal Gland > Flashcards

Adrenal Gland Flashcards

1
Q

What is the adrenal cortex under control of?

A

The anterior pituitary

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2
Q

Which groups of hormones are secreted from the adrenal cortex?

A

Glucocorticoids (cortisol)
Androgens (testosterone)
Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

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3
Q

What hormones does the adrenal medulla secrete?

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

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4
Q

What are the most common causes of hypersecretion of the adrenal cortex?

A

Cortical tumor or hyperplasia of adrenal cortex -> excessive cortisol and decrease ACTH
Ectopic ACTH secretory tumor
Tumor or hyperplasia in the anterior pituitary leading to excess ACTH

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5
Q

What does the secretion of cortisol inhibit?

A

ACTH secretion from anterior pituitary

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6
Q

True or false: groups of cells in anterior pituitary are responsible for secreting ONE hormone

A

True

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7
Q

What is the most common cortical hypersecretion disease?

A

Cushings

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8
Q

What hormone is being hyper secreted in cushing’s?

A

Cortisol

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9
Q

What are the actions of cortisol?

A 
Steroid
Anti inflammatory 
Increase protein breakdown
Increase mobilization of fatty acids 
Stimulates gluconeogenesis
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10
Q

What occurs in Cushing’s syndrome?

A

Protein catabolism -> weak muscles
Lipid deposition in face & shoulders (Buffalo hump)
Gluconeogenesis which is not metabolized and hyperglycaemia occurs

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11
Q

What occurs with prolonged hyperglycaemia?

A

Insulin resistance

Impaired glucose tolerance

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12
Q

What is an odd result to occur in Cushing’s syndrome?

A

HTN and hypokalemia as persistently increase cortisol has a mineralocorticoid feature (aldosterone which secretes potassium at the level of the kidneys & sodium and water retention)

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13
Q

What happens to the immune response of someone with cushing’s?

A

The immune response will be suppressed and individual will be more susceptible to infections

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14
Q

What is something that SOMETIMES occurs in Cushing’s and is more of a concern for females rather than males?

A

Androgen hypersecretion leading to excess testosterone. If it occurs in females they gain secondary sex characteristics of males

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15
Q

What is the treatment for Cushing’s?

A

Excise tumor if it is a tumor
Irradiate pituitary
Drugs for ectopic tumor (to suppress hormone release)
Adrenalectomy

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16
Q

What is hypersecreted in conn syndrome?

A

Mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)

17
Q

Is conn syndrome common?

A

Not at all

18
Q

What causes conn syndrome?

A

Cortical adenine
Idiopathic cortical hyperplasia
Renin secreting time in kidney (RAAS activated -> excessive aldosterone)

19
Q

What are the manifestations of conn syndrome?

A

HTN due to excessive aldosterone

Hypokalemia and alkalosis because aldosterone excretes potassium and hydrogen ions

20
Q

What is the treatment for conn syndrome?

A

Adrenalectomy for adenoma (unilateral usually)
Drugs for hyperplasia (aldosterone receptor antagonist)
Sodium restriction

21
Q

In most endocrine disorders involving the adrenal glands, which part of the adrenal gland is most commonly affected?

A

Cortex

22
Q

What is Addison’s disease?

A

Primary deficiency of the adrenal cortex

23
Q

In Addison’s disease, which groups of hormones are affected?

A

All 3 types (glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgens)

24
Q

Is Addison’s disease common?

A

No

25
Q

What is the etiology of Addison’s disease?

A

Autoimmunity
Tumor
Infection
High dose glucocorticoid treatment leading to decreased ACTH secretion

26
Q

Is the adrenal gland destructed in Addison’s disease?

A

Yes

27
Q

What are manifestations of Addison’s disease?

A

Hypotension, weakness and fatigue (from excess fluid loss)
- from less aldosterone
Weight loss because hyperglycaemia would set in and glucose lost in urine - from less glucocorticoid
Decrease GAS from less cortisol

28
Q

What is an addisonian crisis?

A

Rapid decrease in cortisol levels

Has acute onset

29
Q

What is the acute treatment for Addison’s disease?

A

IV fluids

IV glucocorticoids and deal with stress

30
Q

What is the chronic treatment for Addison’s disease?

A

Glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids

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