Cell Injury Flashcards

1
Q

What basic problems can injury cause?

A

Deficiency, intoxication, trauma

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2
Q

What is an example of deficiency?

A

Lack of oxygen

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3
Q

What is an example of intoxication? And what results from intoxication?

A

Increased levels of toxins, leading to loss of function.

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4
Q

What is an example of trauma? What can trauma lead to?

A

Altered structure, loss of function.

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5
Q

What is free radical production?

A

Free radicals are produced as highly toxic chemicals. They target DNA by disrupting its bonds, and also target cell membranes and proteins.

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6
Q

What is hypoxia?

A

Affects ATP production due to lack of oxygen. Results in inhibition of function.

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7
Q

What is Ca+ imbalance?

A

Upon injury an influx of calcium and release of calcium from mitochondria occur. The increased [calcium] then inappropriately activates enzymes leading to cell damage.

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8
Q

In “Ca+ Imbalance” which enzymes are inappropriately activated?

A

Phospholipases which break down phospholipids in the cell membrane and proteases which break down proteins such as Hgb and antibodies.

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9
Q

What are the six cellular adaptations cells use to avoid injury or death?

A

Atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia, and anaplasia.

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10
Q

What is atrophy?

A

The decrease in size of tissue mass, either as a result of a decrease in the number of cells or a decrease in the size of cells.

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11
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

An increase in the size of tissue mass due to the increase in size of the cells.

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12
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

An increase in the size of tissue mass due to an increase in the number of cells.

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13
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

Tissue replacement occurs when normal cells are exchanged for normal cells. This is not beneficial however because the tissue loses its normal function (pseudostratified epithelium –> stratified epithelium in RT)

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14
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

This is when the cells change arrangement, shape, or size and is often pre-cancerous. Increased division occurs.

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15
Q

What is anaplasia?

A

Cells are undifferentiated and this is almost always cancerous.

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16
Q

What are two type of cell death?

A

Necrosis and apoptosis

17
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Cell death that is programmed into the cell’s genetics. Controlled death. Usually normal.

18
Q

What is necrosis?

A

Premature death due to injury

19
Q

What are the 3 mechanisms of injury?

A

Free radical production, hypoxia, Ca+ imbalance