Neonatology - Hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy Flashcards
Definition
Hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE) occurs when there is a reduction in oxygen supply (hypoxia) and/or blood flow (ischaemia) to the neonate’s brain, leading to neuronal damage and dysfunction.
When should HIF be suspected
- Hypoxic events occur during perinatal or intrapartum period
- Acidosis (pH<7) on umbilical artery blood gas
- Poor Apgar scores
- Clinical presentation of HIE
Aetiology
The primary cause of HIE in neonates is asphyxia. This can be caused by prolapsed or nuchal cord, intrapartum haemorrhage or maternal shock.
Epidemiology
The prevalence of HIE is 1-6 per 1000 live births
Maternal risk factors:
- hypertension,
- diabetes,
- substance abuse,
- infection
Obstetric risk factors:
- prolonged labour,
- meconium-stained amniotic fluid,
- placentral abruption,
- umbilical cord prolapse
Infant risk factors:
- prematurity
- low birth weight
- congenital anomalies
Signs
Altered level of consciousness
Hypotonia
Weak or absent reflexes
Apnoea or irregular breathing
Symptoms
- Poor feeding
- Irritability
- Lethargy
- Seizures
Stage scoring system
SARNAT SCORE:
Stage 1 (Mild HIE):
- Poor feeding
- Irritable but alert, mild hypotonia, and no seizures
- Resolves within 24 hours
- Normal prognosis
Stage 2 (Moderate HIE):
- Lethargy, moderate hypotonia, and seizures
- Can take weeks to resolve
- Up to 40% develop cerebral palsy
Stage 3 (Severe HIE)
- Coma
- Severe hypotonia
- Severe seizures
- Up to 50% mortality rate
- Up to 90% develop cerebral palsy
Diagnosis
FIRST LINE:
- Blood gas analysis
- Blood tests: to evaluate electrolyte levels, glucose, and infection markers
- Cranial USS: to detect brain injury and rule out other intracranial pathologies
Investigations to consider:
- MRI
- EEG
Treatment
FIRST LINE:
- Oxygen therapy
- Fluid and electrolyte management: maintain hydration, electrolyte balance and prevent hypoglycaemia
- Antiepileptic drugs
- Therapeutic hypothermia: decrease metabolic demands and protects against further brain injury. Recommended for moderate to severe HIE within 6 hours of birth
- Supportive care: to provide adequate nutrition maintain body temperature and manage any complications
Complications
Cerebra palsy
Cognitive impairment
Epilepsy
Visual and hearing impairment
Developmental delay
Death