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PE > MUSCULAR SYSTEM > Flashcards

MUSCULAR SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

What is the ORIGIN?

A

Origin – the point of muscular attachment to a stationary bone which stays relatively fixed during muscular contraction.

For example the biceps brachii origin is on the scapula during an arm curl.

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2
Q

What is the INTERSECTION?

A

Insertion – the point of muscular attachment to a moveable bone which gets closer to the origin during muscular contraction.

For example, the bicep brachii insertion is on the radius during an arm curl.

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3
Q

What is an AGONIST?

A

Agonist – the contracting muscle responsible for causing movement.

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4
Q

What is an ANTAGONIST?

A

Antagonist – relaxing + lengthening muscle which allows the movement. (The muscle that works in opposition to the agonist)

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5
Q

What is a FIXATOR?

A

Fixator – a muscle that stabilises one part of a body while the other moves.

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6
Q

What is CIRCUMDUCTION?

A

Circumduction- A movement of a body part that outlines a cone. It consists of a combination of flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction.

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7
Q

What is PRONATION?

A

Pronation- unique to the radio-ulnar joint. It is when the palm is facing downwards

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8
Q

What is SUPINATION?

A

Supination-Palm facing upwards. Like holding a bowl of soup

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9
Q

What is LATERAL FLEXION?

A

Lateral flexion-unique to the spine. Bending the spine sideways. It might be done as part of a warm up

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10
Q

How do muscles contract?

A

A skeletal muscles (muscles attached to the skeleton) can only contract when stimulated by an electrical impulse sent from the Central Nervous System (CNS).

Central nervous system
(CNS) = Brain and Spinal cord

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11
Q

What controls our muscle contractions?

A

Cerebellum

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12
Q

How is a contraction created?

A

Impulse sent by the cell body in the cerebellum

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13
Q

What is a motor neuron?

A

Motor neuron: a nerve cell which conducts a nerve impulse to a group of muscles

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14
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

Motor unit: a motor neuron and the muscle fibres stimulated by its axon.

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15
Q

What is an axon?

A

Axon - the long thread-like part of a nerve cell along which impulses are conducted from the cell body to other cells.

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16
Q

Nerve impulses travel down the ? to a group of ?

A

Motor neurons

Muscle fibres

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17
Q

Describe what happens in a motor neuron?

A

1) Receives an impulse
2) Impulse pass down the neuron
3) Impulse arrives at motor end plates
4) Muscle fibres contract

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18
Q

What does the motor unit do?

A

Creates muscular contractions

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19
Q

What is the Motor units function?

A

It’s function is to carry nerve impulses from the brain, down the spinal cord to the muscle fibres.

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20
Q

What does the axons branch connect too?

A

The axon is a branch that connects the spinal cord and the motor end plates to the muscle fibres.

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21
Q

What is an ‘electrochemical’ process?

A

The transmitting of the nerve impulse to the muscles is an ‘electrochemical’ process.

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22
Q

What does the ‘electrochemical’ process rely on?

A

It relies on a nerve action potential to allow the electrical charge to conduct impulse down the axon to the motor unit end plates.

23
Q

What is action potential?

A

Action Potential : a positive electrical charge inside the nerve and muscle cells which conducts the nerve impulse down the neuron and into the muscle fibre

24
Q

What is the second part of creating a contraction?

A

Action potential (Impulse) sent down the neuron/nerve to the motor end plates

25
Q

What is the neuromuscular junction?

A

The point where the axon’s motor end plates meet the muscle fibre is called the neuromuscular junction

26
Q

Where is the neuromuscular junction?

A

The neuromuscular junction is the point at which the axons motor end plates meet with the muscle fibre.

27
Q

A ? exists between the motor end plates and muscle fibres.

What specifically is this called?

A

Gap

This gap is called the synaptic cleft.

28
Q

Why is Acetylcholine required in an electrical charge?

A

The electrical charge (action potential) requires a neurotransmitter called ‘Acetylcholine’ in order to move across the synaptic cleft to the muscle fibre.

29
Q

Acetylcholine is secreted where to help the nerve impulse?

A

The neurotransmitter is secreted into the synaptic cleft to help the nerve impulse cross the gap.

30
Q

When the acetylcholine reaches the ? a muscle potential is created and a wave of contraction is sent down the ?

A

acetylcholine receptors

muscle fibre

31
Q

What is the third part of creating a contraction?

A

Neurotransmitter called Acetylcholine flows into the synaptic Cleft

32
Q

Muscle fibres contract in what law?

A

Muscle fibres will contract in an all or none action.

33
Q

What happens if muscle fibres receive an action potential?

A

If the muscle fibres receive an action potential then all the muscle fibres in the motor unit will contract. They do this at the same time and with maximum force.

34
Q

What happens if the muscle fibres don’t receive an action potential?

A

If the muscle fibres do no receive an action potential then none of the muscle fibres will contract.

35
Q

What is the fourth part of creating a contraction?

A

If action potential is big enough and the electrical charge is above threshold, a muscle contraction is created.

36
Q

Describe the all or none law?

A

When a motor unit receives a stimulus and creates an action potential that reaches a threshold charge, ALL the muscle fibres within that motor unit will contract at the same time with MAXIMUM FORCE.

If the action potential does not reach the threshold charge, NONE of the muscle fibres will contract

37
Q

What is the fifth part of a muscular contraction?

A

This happens in an ‘all or none’ law

38
Q

What is a neurotransmitter?

A

a chemical (acetylcholine) produced and secreted by a neuron which transmits the nerve impulse across the synaptic cleft to the muscle fibre

39
Q

ALL OR NONE LAW
Weak contraction =

Strong contraction =

A

Impulses sent down fewer motor units so fewer muscle fibres contract

Impulses sent down lots of/ all motor units a bigger contraction will take place

40
Q

Describe four features of TYPE 1 – SLOW OXIDATIVE fibres?

A

Slow oxidative muscle fibres work aerobically.
Oxygen is processed in the mitochondria of the muscle cells.
They produce a low force but are able to resist fatigue for long periods of time.
They are predominantly used during endurance events like marathons and road cycling.

41
Q 
TYPE 1 – SLOW OXIDATIVE
Capillary Density :
Glycogen Stores: 
Fatigue Level: 
Contractile time:
A

High
Low
Low
Slow

42
Q

What is myoglobin?

A

A protein in the muscle stores Oxygen within your muscle and responsible for transporting oxygen to the mitochondria.

43
Q

What is Phosphocreatine?

A

A high-energy compound stored in the muscle cell used as a fuel for a very high-intensity energy production (ATP-PC system)

44
Q

Describe four features TYPE 2A – FAST OXIDATIVE GLYCOLYTIC fibres?

A

Type 2a muscle fibres are able to produce a large amount of force quickly.
They are also able resist fatigue for a short period of time
They are predominantly used during high-intensity events that last for up to 3 minutes like the 800m and 200m front crawl.

45
Q

TYPE 2A – FAST OXIDATIVE GLYCOLYTIC fibres

Capillary Density :
Glycogen Stores:
Fatigue Level:
Contractile time:

A

Medium
High
High
Medium

46
Q

Describe four features TYPE 2B – FAST GLYCOLYTIC fibres?

A

Type 2b muscle work anaerobically, with large stores of phosphocreatine.
They produce rapid contractions and large amounts of force.
They fatigue quickly
They are predominantly used during very high-intensity events that last a short duration of time like the 100m and shot put.

47
Q 
TYPE 2B – FAST GLYCOLYTIC
Capillary Density : 
Glycogen Stores:
Fatigue Level: 
Contractile time:
A

Low
High
High
High

48
Q

What is work relief ratio?

A

the volume of relief in relation to the volume of work performed

49
Q

Type 1 = Low force and slow contraction speed, but resistant to fatigue.

A

1:1 (Run 3 mins, rest 3 mins) or 1:0.5 (run 3 mins and rest 90 second) - Minimal muscle fibre damage = minimal rest and recovery

50
Q

Type 2 = High forces, fast contractions speed, higher resistance to fatigue.

A

1:3+ (10 reps heavy weight with 2-3 mins rest recovery) - Muscle fibres damaged and worked to exhaustion. Same muscle shouldn’t be worked within a 24-48 period (DOMS) to allow fully recovery.

51
Q

Slow oxidative muscle fibres are used for ? aerobic work.

As the fibres contract intermittently they provide an ?

Each individual fibre will recover quickly and can be used again within ? seconds.

A

sub-maximal

low force of contraction.

60-90

52
Q

Aerobic training work-to-relief ratios are ?

This means that periods of rest can be relatively ?compared to the periods of work.

As the muscle fibres are not damaged during ? training, it can be performed daily

A

low

low

aerobic

53
Q

Fast glycolytic muscle fibres are used for maximal effort ?contractions.

This will be followed by muscle fibre damage which causes muscle soreness for up to ? hours.

Fast glycolytic fibres take much longer to recover and therefore when planning training, muscle groups require several days of rest.

Maximal weight training has a high ? ratio.
30 seconds of exercise will require 2-3 minutes of rest between sets.
Once exhausted the muscle fibres will require several days to recover.

A

quick

48

work-to-relief

PE (28 decks)

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