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Cell Biology > Muscle > Flashcards

Muscle Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

3 types of muscle

A

Cardiac, smooth, skeletal

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2
Q

Voluntary muscle

A

Skeletal

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3
Q

Involuntary muscle

A

Cardiac, smooth

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4
Q

what are myofilaments made of?

A

actin, myosin

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5
Q

What is the epimysium

A

Connective tissue that surrounds the entire muscle

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6
Q

What is the perimysium

A

Connective tissue that surrounds the fasicle

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7
Q

What is the endomysium

A

Connective tissue that surrounds each muscle fiber (muscle cell)

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8
Q

What is a synctium?

A

A multinucleated cell that was created through the fusion of unicellular cells

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9
Q

Characteristics of skeletal muscle

A

Each cell has multiple, peripherally located nuclei

Striated

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10
Q

How vascularized is skeletal muscle?

A

Extensive capillary network due to high energy requirement

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11
Q

What is a sarcomere?

A

Single contraction unit (Z dsk to Z disk)

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12
Q

What are thin filaments of the sarcomere

A

Actin

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13
Q

What are thick filaments of the sarcomere

A

Myosin

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14
Q

What filament is most abundant in I band?

A

Actin, troponin, tropomyosin

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15
Q

What filament is most abunant in A band?

A

Myosin and Actin

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16
Q

What is the M line?

A

Where no actin filaments connect with myosin and two myosin filaments cross connect

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17
Q

Where are troponin and tropomyosin located?

A

I band

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18
Q

What filament is in the H band?

A

Myosin only

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19
Q

Which bands shorten during contraction?

A

I and H bands

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20
Q

How is troponin and tropomyosin configured?

A

Tropomyosin is wrapped around actin covering myosin binding sites

Troponin is attached to tropomyosin

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21
Q

Is troponin present in smooth muscle?

A

No

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22
Q

What is troponin C

A

Troponin C binds the calcium to activate movement of tropomyosin

23
Q

How are myosin filaments arranged?

A

Two heavy chain tails are connected together with cross bridge heads

These heads move back during contraction

24
Q

What 2 structures are important for calcium and muscle contraction?

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum and T-tubules

25
Q

What does the sarcoplasmic reticulum do?

A

Calcium storage

26
Q

What do transverse tubules do?

A

Cell membrane invaginations that extend between the myofibrils and ensure high calcium inside every cell

27
Q

What are terminal cisternae?

A

Expansions of sarcoplasmic reticulum

Located adjacent to T-tubules

28
Q

What is a triad?

A

One T-tubule and its adjacent terminal cisternae

29
Q

What happens at the neuromuscular junction?

A

ACh causes depolarization which spreads via T-tubules to triad junction to the dihydropyridine receptor activates the ryanodine receptor on the SR

30
Q

What action does myosin have on ATP?

A

Hydrolyzes ATP

31
Q

What are red muscle fibers?

A

Aerobic, endurance
Lots of mitochondria
High myoglobin
Slow twitch, sustained contraction

32
Q

What are white muscle fibers

A

Sprint, anaerobic

Fast twitch

33
Q

What are intermediate fibers?

A

Hybrid, mostly fast twitch

34
Q

Where are muscle spindles located

A

Between endomysium and perimysium

35
Q

What do muscle spindles do?

A

Determine position of body parts and extent of contraction

36
Q

Characteristics of cardiac muscle

A

Striated
Involuntary
One centrally located nucleus
Intercalated discs

37
Q

What is an intercalated disc?

A

Electron dense junctional complex with gap junctions, desmosomes, fascia adherens

38
Q

What allows simultaneous contraction in cardiac muscle?

A

Intercellular junctions, anchors, sarcomeres

39
Q

What is fascia adherens

A

Similar to Zonula Adherens but not the same (FA not belt-like)

40
Q

How are contraction signals conducted in the heart?

A

Purkinje fibers and gap junctions

41
Q

What are purkinje fibers?

A

Modified cardiac myocytes, assist in cardiac contraction

42
Q

Characteristics of smooth muscle

A 
Non-striated
Involuntary
Spindle-shaped cells
One elongated nucleus
Disorganized myofilaments
43
Q

Does smooth muscle have connective tissue?

A

Yes, but there is little CT separating muscle cells (endomysium)

44
Q

How does smooth muscle contract?

A

Myosin must be phosphorylated in order to bind to actin

Ca binds to calmodulin which activates light chain kinase

45
Q

How is light chain kinase reglated?

A

Calmodulin Ca complex

An increase in cytosolic Ca induces calmodulin binding to myosin light chain kinase

46
Q

How is skeletal muscle regenerated?

A

Satellite cells

47
Q

Characteristics of satellite cells

A

Spindle-shaped cells with little cytoplasm

Located under the external lamina of muscle cell

Forms myoblasts which differentiate in to muscle fibers

48
Q

What can inhibit muscle cell regeneration?

A

Damage to external lamina

49
Q

How is muscle repar generally achieved?

A

Formation of connective scar tissue

50
Q

What is the external lamina?

A

Surrounds sarcolemma of muscle cells

Secreted by muscle cells

51
Q

Is there cell regeneration in cardiac muscle?

A

Very little

Transplantation of stem cells can initiate regeneration

52
Q

How does smooth muscle regenerate?

A

Normal cell division

53
Q

What is the pathological result of a cardiac infarction?

A

Muscle is replaced with connective scar tissue, not muscle so it loses contractability

Cell Biology (20 decks)

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