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Blood Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What differentiates mammalian red blood cells from avian red blood cells?

A

Avian blood cells are nucleated

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2
Q

What allows cells to change direction?

A

Chemotaxis

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3
Q

What can changes in RBC morphology indictae?

A

blood loss, toxin exposure, involvement of specific organs

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4
Q

What can altered WBC morphology indicate?

A

Acute inflammation, keukemia

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5
Q

What is the structure of blood?

A

Highly cellular with a fluid extracellular matrix

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6
Q

What is the fluid makeup?

A

Plasma is made of 91% water, 7-8% proteins and 1-2% electrolytes

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7
Q

What is serum?

A

The fluid portion remaining after coagulation

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8
Q

What blood proteins are produced by the liver?

A

Fibrinogens for blood clotting, albumins, globulins

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9
Q

What proteins are produced by plasma cells and lymphocytes?

A

immunoglobulins (antibodies)

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10
Q

What is the normal level of plasma proteins?

A

5.7 - 7 g/dl
albumin: 2.4 - 3.6 g/dl
Globulins 2.1 - 4.6 g/dl

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11
Q

What is PCV?

A

Hematocrit: the % of blood occupied by red blood cells

This is related to the number and size of red blood cells

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12
Q

What is the normal PCV (Hematocrit)?

A

~45% of blood volume
Canines (37-55%)
Felins (24-45%)
Males are higher than females

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13
Q

What is the buffy coat?

A

The thin, superficial layer containing WBCs and platelets in the centrifuged blood sample

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14
Q

What are romanovsky stains?

A

Methylene blue and eosin

Nuclei stain more reddish

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15
Q

Where should you examine a blood smear?

A

Towards the end but before cells are clumped and torn

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16
Q

How large are red blood cells?

A

4-8 microm

No nucleus or organelles

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17
Q

What does a red blood cell consist of?

A

Cell membrane and hemoglobin

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18
Q

What does hemoglobin consist of?

A

Four polypeptide chains attached to iron-containing heme groups

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19
Q

How long do red blood cells circulate?

A

120 days then removed by spleen macrophages

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20
Q

How many RBCs die per hour?

A

100 million per hour per lb of body weight

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21
Q

If the spleen is removed, what removes RBCs?

A

Bone marrow

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22
Q

What is the volume of hemoglobin in canine erythrocytes?

A

12 - 18 g/dl

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23
Q

How many red blood cells does a dog have?

A

5.5 - 8.5 * 10^6 RBC/dl

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24
Q

What is the mean corpuscular volume of the canine?

A

60.6 - 77 fl

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25
Q

What is the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration?

A

32 - 36 g/dl

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26
Q

Do young animals have more or less hematocrit than mature animals?

A

Lower hematocrit due to rapidly expanding vascular space

Young animals also have high lymphocytecounts, more RBC anisocytosis, polychromasia and nucleated RBCs due to replacing fetal RBCs with adult RBCs

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27
Q

What blood changes occur during excited or vigorously exercised patients?

A

High lymphocyte counts

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28
Q

What is stress leukogram?

A

High WBC count can be due to stress or exercise

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29
Q

What is anemia?

A

Too little hemoglobin

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30
Q

Is anemia a disease?

A

No, it is a symptom of increased RBC loss or decreased/ineffective RBC production

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31
Q

What is poikilocytosis?

A

Variations in cell shapes

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32
Q

What is anisocytosis?

A

Variations in cell size

33
Q

WHat 3 classifications exist for RBCs?

A

Normocytic, macrocytic or microcytic

34
Q

What species is uniform microcytosis normal?

A

Akitas and goats

35
Q

What species is macrocytosis or anisocytosis normal?

A

Neonates

36
Q

What is polychromasia?

A

Reticulocytes
Variation in color
Usually describes the appearance of large, juvenile, blue staining, polychromatophilic macrocytes.

37
Q

What are some inclusions in RBCs?

A 
Basophilic stippling (aggregated ribosomes)
Howell-Jolly bodies (nuclear remnants)
Heinz bodies (oxidized hemoglobin)
38
Q

Why are WBCs considered transient?

A

They function primarily outside the vascular system

WBCs become defensive cells when they enter connective, lymphatic or bone marrow tissue

39
Q

Name the granulocytes

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

40
Q

Name the arganulocytes

A

Lymphocytes and monocytes

41
Q

What are granulocytes?

A

Cells that have bi- or multi-lobed nuclei ,cytoplasmic specific and non-specific granules

Granules are secretory vesicles and lysosomes

42
Q

What are cells named after?

A

How granules of the cell stain

43
Q

Are all granulocytes are phagocytic?

A

Yes. Neutrophil is best phagocyte

44
Q

What is a heterophil?

A

Birds form of neutrophil

45
Q

Whats the % of WBC in blood?

A

Typically 60 - 70%

46
Q

Describe neutrophil

A 
Highly segmented (3-5 nuclei)
Light granules that don't stain
Phagocytose bacteria and substances
47
Q

Describe the granules of the neutrophil

A

Specific granules: antibacterial agent

Azurophilic granules: Lysosomes

48
Q

Where are neutrophils formed?

A

Bone marrow then circulate, marginate and migrate

49
Q

What is the circulating pool?

A

PMNs that circulate transiently (6-8 hours), these cells are present in blood sample

50
Q

What is the marginating pool?

A

PMNs that are stuck to vessel walls.

51
Q

What is the ratio of marginated neutrophils to circulating neutrophils?

A

1:1

52
Q

What cells are responsible for producing pus?

A

Neutrophils migrate to tissue, phagocytose stuff, and produce pus

53
Q

Describe eosinophils

A

Rare. Circulate for minutes to a couple hours
Increase with parasitic and allergic conditions
Bi-lobed nucleus with specific pink granules

54
Q

What are the functions of eosinophils?

A

Phagcytose, especially antigen-antibody complexes

Kill parasitic larvae by releasing granules containing hydrolytic enzymes

Counteract the action of histamine and inhibit mast cell degranulation (eosinophils are attracted by substances released from basophil and mast cells)

55
Q

Describe basophils

A

Very rare except rabbits and fowl

Large cell with a lobed nucleus that is ribbon-like. Specific granules that stain blue-gray or purple with basic dyes

56
Q

What are the functions of basophils?

A

Similar to mast cell

Hypersensitivity and anaphylaxis. IgE on surface causes the release of histamine and heparin granules after reacting with an antigen

57
Q

How do basophils modulate inflammatory responses?

A

Basophils synthesize cytokines that initiate or modulate the response.

Histamine plays a role in hypersensitivity reactions like hives, anaphylaxis and acute allergy

58
Q

What is the cause of basophilia?

A

Persistent basophil count of 200+/ul

Allergy and hypersensitivity (usually accompanied by increased eosinophils)

Parasites that have significant tissue contact

Basophilic leukemia (extremely rare) myeloproliferative neoplasm

59
Q

What are mast cells?

A

Rare in peripheral blood
Round to oval central nucleus
Numerous purple granules that may obscure the nucleus

60
Q

What are lymphocytes

A

12-30% of WBCs
lymphocytes decrease with age and increase with viral infection

Most abundant WBC in ruminant, pig, fowl

61
Q

Describe characteristics of lymphocytes

A

Dark, round nucleus
Little to no basophilic cytoplasm
Small lymphocytes predominate circulation and large lymphocytes are activated B cells or natural killer cells

62
Q

What is the main function of the lymphocyte?

A

Main cell of the immune system, antibodies

63
Q

What is a monocyte?

A

3-10% WBCs
Largest WBC
Indented, tri-lobed or horseshoe nucleus

Precursor of mononuclear phagocyte system

64
Q

Where are monocytes found?

A

In transit from bone marrow to body tissues

Monocytes remain in the blood for 3 days

65
Q

What is a platelet?

A

Non-nucleated cytoplasmic fragment of megakaryocyte

66
Q

What is the lifespan and size of a platelet?

A

Lifespan ~10 days
Size 2-3 microns

Often occur in clumps in blood smears and nucleated in birds

67
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

Plugs for vascular damaged, blood clotting, clot retraction, clot dissolution, factors for vascular repair

68
Q

What does the platelet cytoplasm consist of?

A

Granules (lysosomes, peroxisomes, dense granules, alpha granules)

Most organelles that are found in other cells

69
Q

What is the normal platelet count?

A

200-500 * 10^3 ul

70
Q

Describe a clot

A

Aggregation of platelets, fibrin and entrapped blood cells

71
Q

What is a thrombosis?

A

Clotting within a blood vessel

72
Q

What is a embolus?

A

Piece of a blood clot

73
Q

What are triggers for blood clots?

A

Endothelial damage, sluggish blood flow, changes in blood cells, systemic or metabolic disease

74
Q

What are the characteristics of avian blood?

A

Oval, nucleated RBCs (same in amphibians, fish)

Heterophils (rod-shaped, acidophilic granules)

More common basophils

Thrombocytes are nucleated and small and may resemble lymphocytes

75
Q

Characteristics of canine blood

A

Leptocytes (target cells, decreased volume so cell membrane has folds)

Eosinophils have granules that vary in size, number and staining intensity, vacuolated cytoplasm (especially in greyhounds)

Basophils have translucent cytoplasm

76
Q

Characteristics of feline blood

A

Howell-Jolly bodies are normal in 1% of RBCs

Heinz bodies are normal in up to 10% of RBCs

May see nucleated RBCs in peripheral blood

Basophils stain light lavender or mauve

77
Q

Characteristics of equine blood

A

Prominent rouleaux formation (stacking of RBCs)

Howell-Jolly bodies normal in 1% of RBCs

Eosinophils have extremely large granules

78
Q

Characteristic of bovine blood

A

More lymphocytes than neutrophils

Neutrophils have acidophilic granules and one lobe connected to main nucleus

Eosinophils have C-shaped nucleus

79
Q

Characteristics of porcine blood

A

Neutrophils are dark-staining with coiled nucleus and lobes connected by strictures

Eosinophils are heavily granulated and obscure the nucleus

Basophils have coccoid or dumbbell shaped granules

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