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Epithelium Flashcards

1
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum is responsible for

A

Protein assembly, secretory granules, ribosomes

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2
Q

Ribosomes stain

A

dark

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3
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

packages molecules to vesicles

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4
Q

Basal bodies

A

formed from centrioles with cylindrical microtubules

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5
Q

Peroxisomes

A

break down long chain FAs and H2O2

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6
Q

What are microfilaments made of?

A

Actin

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7
Q

What are microtubules made of?

A

Tubulin

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8
Q

What do chief cells release?

A

Pepsinogen

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9
Q

What do parietal cells release?

A

Gastric acid to change pepsinogen to pepsin

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10
Q

What color do parietal cells stain?

A

Pink with a dark nucleus (fried egg)

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11
Q

What color do chief cells stain?

A

Dark and located next to parietal cells

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12
Q

Are pale staining nuclei more or less active than dark staining nuclei?

A

More active

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13
Q

What organelle stains pink?

A

Mitochondria

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14
Q

What effect does mucus have on the nucleus?

A

It displaces the nucleus to the edge of the cell and creates a pyramidal cell

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15
Q

What is a defining characteristic of the plasma cell?

A

The golgi apparatus does not stain and contrasts the nucleus

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16
Q

Why do plasma cells stain blue?

A

The production of antibodies by ribosomes

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17
Q

Polymorphonucleur cell

A

Neutrophil

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18
Q

What type of microfilaments are in microvilli

A

Actin filaments

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19
Q

How do you determine microvilli under a microscope

A

It is a shiny brush border

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20
Q

What are cilia made of?

A

Tublin, microtubules

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21
Q

What surface modification is a basal body?

A

CIlia

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22
Q

Which is a more active nucleus? Round or elongated?

A

Round

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23
Q

If a nucleus stains dark, what is it composed of?

A

Heterochromatic (compressed DNA)

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24
Q

What color does euchromatic nuclei stain?

A

Lighter than heterochromatic

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25
Q

What are cell inclusions?

A

Temporary structures that accumulate inside the cell

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26
Q

Name types of cell inclusions

A

Lipids, crystals, pigment

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27
Q

What causes vacuoles in stains?

A

Lipids and glycogen don’t stain and leave empty spaces

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28
Q

What color does melanin stain?

A

Brown

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29
Q

Describe prophase

A

DNA is jumbled and not separaed

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30
Q

Describe Metaphase

A

Chromosome are lined along the center

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31
Q

Describe Anaphase

A

Chromosomes are beginning to separate to opposite sides

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32
Q

Describe Telophase

A

Cleavage furrow appears

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33
Q

What are artifacts?

A

Human made or method-dependent results that appear part of the cell but are not

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34
Q

Name possible artifacts

A

Shrinkage, knife marks, folds and tears, separation of cells, dissolution of lipids (inclusion)

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35
Q

Where is endoderm located?

A

Digestive tract, glands, and respiratory tissue

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36
Q

Where is mesoderm located?

A

Muscle and connective tissues, genitourinary and circulatory system

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37
Q

Where is ectoderm located?

A

Nervous tissue, epithelium of the skin and epidermis, connective tissue of the head

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38
Q

What is the purpose of epithelium?

A

To line and cover the surface of all organs

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39
Q

What are the surface modifications?

A

Microvilli, cilia, stereocilia

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40
Q

Where is the basolateral membrane?

A

Just above the basement membrane

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41
Q

Where are surface modifications located?

A

On the apical side of the cell

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42
Q

Name a non-polarized cell

A

Endocrine cells

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43
Q

What is the purpose of the basement membrane?

A

Divides the epithelium and connective tissue

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44
Q

Where are stromal cells located?

A

Between tubular cells

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45
Q

List epithelium types

A

Cuboidal, simple columnar, simple columnar ciliated, pseudostratified columnar ciliated, simple squamous, stratified squamous, stratified cuboidal transitional

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46
Q

What is a terminal bar?

A

A junctional complex located on the lateral surface (basal modification)

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47
Q

What is a constant feature of junctional complexes?

A

Tight junctions

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48
Q

Describe adhesion belts

A

Actin filaments and cadherins enable binding between cells. Adhesion is Ca+ dependent

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49
Q

Describe tight junctions

A

The fusion of adjacent cell membranes to make a barrier to prevent diffusion of molecules and ions

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50
Q

Describe desmosomes

A

Desmosomes are anchored by intermediate filaments and bound with E-Caherin

51
Q

Describe hemidesmosomes

A

Half desmosomes that bind only the basal cell surface to the basement membrane

52
Q

Describe gap junctions

A

Gap junctions allow selective molecules t cross between adjacent membranes. Gap junctions can span 2 membranes

53
Q

What is an important role of tight junction?

A

Preventing the spread of cancer cells

54
Q

What do basal infoldings do?

A

Engulf fluid, bacteria and ions for transport

55
Q

What are caveolae?

A

Invaginations for endocytosis.

56
Q

What are pinocytotic vesicles?

A

Endocytosed particles from the caveolae that travel to the endosome for digestion

57
Q

How are cilia structured?

A

9 doublet microtubules with 2 in the middle. The basal body contains 9 sets of triplet microtubules

58
Q

Describe simple squamous epithelium

A

A single layer of flat cells with bulging nuclei and no cytoplasm

59
Q

What is the epithelium of the blood vessel called?

A

Endothelium

60
Q

Describe simple cuboidal cells

A

Equidimensional cells with a central nucleus

61
Q

Describe simple columnar cells

A

Basal cells with elongated nucleus

62
Q

Describe pseudostratified epithelium

A

Generally columnar, appeas stratified but is not. Seen with cilia, goblet cells, basal cells, and columnar cells.

63
Q

Describe stratified squamous cells

A

Many layers, with the outermost layer being squamous in appearance. Cells move up and change from cuboidal to squamous and slough off at the top

64
Q

What cells can be keratinized

A

Stratified squamous. Non-keratinized stratified squamous cells have nuclei on the top layer

65
Q

What is the stratum corneum

A

Soft keratin located on top of the epithelium

66
Q

What is the stratum lucidum

A

A band of dead and flattened keratinocytes (inconstant)

67
Q

What is the stratum granulosum

A

Thin line of lamellar granules and keratohyalin granules that act as a water barrier

68
Q

What is the stratum spinosum

A

Main layer of squamous cells attached by desmosomes

69
Q

What is the stratum basale

A

Bottom layer of epithelium, next to basement membrane and produces stem cells for epithelium

70
Q

Where is transitional epithelium found

A

Urinary tract

71
Q

What is an exocrine gland

A

Connected to the surface through ducts

72
Q

What is an endocrine gland

A

No surface connection, secretes to blood

73
Q

What is the secretory end piece of a gland

74
Q

What are adenomeres made of

A

simple cuboidal, columnar or pyramidal cells

75
Q

What type of cells do sebaceous glands have

A

Stratified cuboidal epithelia (very rare and found only in ducts)

76
Q

What are unicellular glands

A

One single secretory cell in an epithelial layer (Goblet cell)

77
Q

What are simple glands

A

Unbranched duct system, usually part of another organ

78
Q

What are compound glands

A

Intricate duct system

79
Q

Types of secretory units in glands

A

Tubular (straight, coiled) or alveolar/acinar (grape-like)

80
Q

Glands with both tubular and alveolar units are called

A

Tubuloalveolar glands

81
Q

Name the gland secretions

A

Mucus or Serous, or a mixture of both

82
Q

How is serous different from mucus

A

Serous stains darker than mucus due to ribosomes. Mucous glands contain glycoprotein and stain light

83
Q

What is the most common method of gland secretion

A

Merocrine; excretes through exocytosis

84
Q

Describe apocrine

A

part of the cell is pinched off and secreted (rare, found in sweat and mammary)

85
Q

Describe holocrine

A

Entire cell sloughs off, very rare (sebaceous)

86
Q

What are negatively charged cell components?

A

DNA, RNA, ribosomes

87
Q

What are positively charged cell components?

A

Mitochondria, proteins, collagens

88
Q

Name peptides secreted by the heart

A

Atrial Natriuretic Petide, Brain natriuretic peptide

89
Q

What is the effect of BNP

A

Vasodilation

90
Q

What is the effect of ANP

91
Q

What is an intercalated duct?

A

The portion of an exocrine gland leading directly from the acinus to a striated duct

92
Q

What is a striated duct?

A

A duct that connects the intercalated duct to a interlobular duct

93
Q

What is a serous demilune?

A

A serous cell that is squished by mucus in a mixed production gland

94
Q

Describe transitional epithelium

A

Columnar on the bottom and cuboidal on top when relaxed

95
Q

What type of sweat gland is associated with hair?

96
Q

What type of sweat gland is associated with no hair?

97
Q

Where can you find stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

Sweat gland duct

98
Q

Where can you find loose connective tissue?

A

Eye, lamina propria

99
Q

Where can mesothelium be found?

100
Q

Where can you find simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

Thyroid gland

101
Q

Where can you find simple columnar epithelium?

102
Q

Where can you find a goblet cell?

103
Q

Where can you find pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

104
Q

Where can you find stratified squamous?

105
Q

What is pyknosis?

A

Cells are degenerating and breaking up

106
Q

What type of gland is a goblet cell?

A

Unicellular

107
Q

What type of gland is sebaceous?

108
Q

Where would you find a simple tubular gland?

109
Q

Where can you find a serous demilune?

A

Esophagous, salivary gland

110
Q

What is an example of a compound gland?

A

Parotid (salivary) gland

111
Q

What type of gland is the pancreas?

A

Serous compound

112
Q

Where is mesenchymal tissue found?

113
Q

What is the first stage of connective tissue development?

A

Mesenchyme develops some collagen fibers, “Wharton’s jelly”

114
Q

Loose connective tissue is also known as

115
Q

Where can you find loose connective tissue

116
Q

Mononuclear phagocyte system

A

Macrophage, Kupffer cells, osteaclasts

117
Q

What cells are differentiated from B lymphocytes?

A

Plasma cells

118
Q

What is the main connective tissue in the dermis

A

Dense irregular

119
Q

Where is pigmented connective tissue found?

120
Q

Describe a white fat cell

A

Unilocular, only 1 fat droplet

121
Q

Where is dense regular CT found

A

Tendons, Ligaments, Aponeuroses

122
Q

Where is dense elastin tissue found?

A

Nuchal ligament, aorta

123
Q

What is the parenchyma

A

FUnctional part of solid organs (glands)

124
Q

What proteins are associated with gap junctions

Cell Biology (20 decks)

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