Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cell Biology > Bone > Flashcards

Bone Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Is bone a type of connective tissue?

A

Yes, bone consists of cells, fibers and ground substance like other connective tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the osteoid?

A

The unmineralized organic matrix made of fibers and ground substance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What causes bone to become rigid?

A

The mineralization of the organic matrix by deposition of hydroxyapatite crystals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A

Osteoblasts are basophilic and cuboidal (if active, flattened if inactive) and produce the organic extracellular matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where are osteoblasts found?

A

Surface of bone tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

Cells that are within bone lacunae to maintain bone matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Are osteocytes connected?

A

Yes. Osteocytes are connected by gap junctions on cell processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

Multinucleated macrophages that remove bone.

Osteoclasts are acidophilic with a ruffled border, located next to Howship’s lacunae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Name an example of a syncytium

A

Osteoclast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What % collagen fibers make up the osteoid?

A

90% collagen fibers, 10% ground substance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How much mineral does bone consist of?

A

65% mineral (hydroxyapatite)

Hydroxyapatite gradually deposits on and within the collagen lattice of osteoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the endosteum

A

Loosely organized connective tissue that has 3 continuous regions and is located within the bone

Diaphyseal endosteum lines the walls of the marrow cavity

Trabecular endosteum covers the trabeculae of spongy bone

Osteonal endosteum goes in to blood vessel canals that are within the bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What cells produce osteablasts?

A

Osteprogenitor cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where do osteopregenitor cells originate?

A

Endosteum and inner layer of periosteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

Thick outer connective tissue layer on bone that consists of a fibrous outer layer and an inner cellular layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are Sharpey’s fibers?

A

Collagen fibers that anchor the periosteum to the bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the Haversian system?

A

The osteon, the basic unit of mature compact bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are osteons composed of?

A

Concentric lamellae or layers of mineralized bone matrix around a central canal that holds blood vessels and connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How are osteons arranged?

A

Along the long axis of the bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where are osteocytes found in the osteon?

A

Positioned between the lamellae of the osteons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are canaliculi?

A

Tiny channels that connect lacunae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are Volkmann’s (perforating) canals?

A

Channels in bone that transmit blood vessels from the periosteum or endosteum in to the bone.

This provides a functional connection between the endosteum and the periosteum so there is connective tissue covering all surfaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How are perforating canals arranged?

A

Perpendicular to the Haversian canals (osteons)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Describe spongy bone

A

Spongy bone is found in the heads of long bones and fills most irregular bones

25
Q

Describe compact bone

A

Compact bone forms the outer shell of all bone and shafts in long bones

26
Q

What is intramembranous ossification?

A

Formation of bone within the mesenchymal tissue without a cartilage model

Most flat bones of the skull develop this way

27
Q

How does intramembranous ossification work?

A

Mesenchymal cells differentiate to osteoblasts, osteablasts secrete the osteoid and become trapped.

Bone spicules form and fuse in to solid bone

28
Q

What is bone formation from the periosteum called?

A

Intraembranous ossification

29
Q

What is a bone spicule?

A

A small structure such as a calcium carbonate process that supports the soft tissue of certain invertebrates

30
Q

What is a trabecula?

A

A small bar or septal membrane in the framework of an organ

Any intersecting osseous bars that occur in cancellous bone

31
Q

What is enchondral ossification?

A

Occurs in the majority of bones in the body and uses a mineralized hyaline cartilage matrix as a model

32
Q

How does endochondral ossification work?

A

Mesenchyme in the limb bud condenses on the limb axis and differentiate in to chondroblasts to provide a cartilage model of the bone

Chondrocytes degenrate as the matrix mineralizes and the bone collar forms

33
Q

When do osteoblasts begin bone formation?

A

After chondrification, blood vessels enter the calcified cartilage and bring osteoprogenitor cells

The osteoblasts invade the lacunae left by the atrophied chondrocytes and begin to secrete osteoid on the calcified cartilage

34
Q

What is the primary center of ossification?

A

The interior diaphysis undergoes ossification and forms the bone collar
A large space in the center becomes the marrow cavity

35
Q

What is the secondary center of ossification?

A

Generally one secondary center in each epiphysis (end). No bone collar forms however bone formation occurs in the same endochondral fashion as the primary center

36
Q

What is the bone collar?

A

The bone collar forms from cells derived from the perichondrium/periosteum of the diaphysis.

Layers are added to the bone collar peripherally as its remodeled

37
Q

Does the bone collar form by intramembranous or endochondral ossification?

A

Intramembranous

38
Q

What is the physis

A

Growth plate. Remnants of the cartilage model where chondrocytes still have the ability to divide. Chondrocyte proliferation is linear and results in growth of bone length

39
Q

What is the leading edge?

A

Cells are hypertrophying, expanding and dividing

40
Q

What is the trailing edge

A

Cells begin to become calcified and cartilage is replaced with bone

41
Q

What are the 5 zones of the physis?

A

Resting zone (reserved chondrocytes)

Zone of proliferation (chondrocytes stack in columns)

Zone of hypertrophy
Zone of calcification
Zone of ossification (osteoid)

42
Q

What type of collagen do hypertrophic chondrocytes produce?

A

Type II still, but also Type X for hemoatopoiesis

43
Q

How long does it take to turn over the entire thickness of the growth plate?

A

48 hours

44
Q

What is a limiting factor in growth rates?

A

How big hypertrophic chondrocytes become prior to ossification (bigger lacunae = faster growth)

45
Q

Name 3 things that occur in the zone of ossification

A

Capillary buds grow in to tunnels left by dead chondrocytes

Osteoblasts differentiate from osteoprogenitor cells

Osteoid is deposited on the surfaces of the thin tunnel walls

46
Q

How do you tell intramembranous from endochondral ossification?

A

The presence of the cartilage extracellular matrix

47
Q

What cells are present in mature bone?

A

Osteocytes, osteoclasts, osteoblasts

Constant remodeling

48
Q

How to tell between bone collar formation and physis growth

A

Growth at the physis is much more organized

49
Q

How do bones grow in width?

A

Osteoblasts from the periosteum deposit bone lamellae on the outer surface of the bone

Osteoclasts remove bone from the inner surface of the endosteum to enlarge the marrow cavity

This leads to the bone and marrow cavity both increasing

50
Q

Is an osteoblast the same as an osteocyte?

A

An osteocyte is an osteoblast that has been trapped in a lacunae

Osteocytes can signal but can’t add bone

51
Q

What is woven bone?

A

Characteristic of the embryonal skeleton

Collagen fibers of the matrix are irregularly arranged

52
Q

What replaces woven bone?

A

Lamellar bone via remodeling

53
Q

What is lamellar bone?

A

Layered bone. This is normal type bone of mammals. Lamellar bone can be either cancellous (parallel lamallae) or compact (concentric lamallae)

54
Q

What dictates lamellar organization?

A

The repeating pattern of collagen fibroarchitecture

55
Q

What is a cutting cone?

A

New osteons form in a tunnel behind a grop of osteoclasts called a “cutting cone”

A blood vessel surrounded by osteoprogenitor cells then grows in this tunnel

56
Q

How are osteons formed?

A

Osteoblasts line the edges of the tunnel and deposit lamallae at the periphery of the tunnel made by the osteoclasts

Layers are always added to the osteon from the outside towards the central canal

57
Q

How is spongy bone remodeled?

A

Spongy bone is always trabecular even after remodeling

This is accomplished by selective absorption and deposition of bone of the surface

58
Q

What is interstitial bone?

A

After osteons are remodeled, the remnants are left between new osteons

59
Q

What is circumferential lamallae?

A

Under the periosteum and edosteum, several layers of lamallae completely encircle the diaphysis

Cell Biology (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions