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Cell Biology > Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Connective Tissue Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Name the germ layers in the embryo

A

Endoderm, Mesoderm, Ectoderm

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2
Q

What does mesenchymal tissue do?

A

Mesenchymal tissue creaes adult connective tissue like blood, supportive and proper tissues

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3
Q

What is adipose tissue dervied from?

A

The mesoderm, this separates brown and white fat

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4
Q

Where is connective tissue derived from?

A

Mainly the mesoderm

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5
Q

What is the main function of connective tissue?

A

Structural support

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6
Q

What functions does connective tissue provide?

A

Structural support, cushioning, delivery and storage of nutrients, cell repair

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7
Q

What is a fixed (resident) cell?

A

A cell that does not move from the tissue in which it originates

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8
Q

What is a non-resident cell?

A

A cell that is transient between tissues

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9
Q

What is connective tissue made of?

A

Cells (fixed or mobile), fibers, and ground substance

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10
Q

How does connective tissue differ from epithelial cells?

A

Connective tissue does not have a basement membrane

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11
Q

Name fixed cells

A

Fibroblast, Macrophage, Mast cell, Percyte, Adipocyte, Mesenchymal cell

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12
Q

Name mobile cells

A

Macrophage, plasma cell, lymphocyte, polymorphonuclear cells (neutrophils), eosinophil, basophils

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13
Q

What does the bone marrow make?

A

multipotent stem cells that evolve in to immune cells (eosinophil, neutrophil, plasma, lymphocyte, macrophage, osteoclast, red blood cell)

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14
Q

What does the mesenchymal cell make?

A

embryonic connective tissues including osteoblasts, adipocytes, and fibrolbasts

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15
Q

Name typical peripheral blood cells

A

Erythrocyte, lymphocyte, neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil, monocyte, platelets

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16
Q

Describe a fibroblast

A

Produce collagen and elastin, oblong heterochromatic nucleus with no visible cytoplasm

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17
Q

What cell is a macrophage derived from?

A

Monocyte

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18
Q

What is the main function of macrophages?

A

Engulfing antigen and presenting the antigen for T cells. T cells are activated to either cytotoxic CD4 T cells or helper CD8 T cells

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19
Q

Where are dendritic cells found

A

Dendritic cells have tree-like structures and are found in the skin and epithelium.

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20
Q

What is the function of dendritic cells

A

Present antigen to stimulate B or T cells at lymph nodes. Dendritic cells have a euchromatic nuclei and large cytoplasm

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21
Q

Where are mast cells located

A

Connective tissue. Mast cells produce heparin and histamine

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22
Q

What is heparin

A

Anti coagulant

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23
Q

Describe mast cell

A

Red granulated cytoplasm with large, dark nucleus

Mast cells account for allergic responses and wound repair

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24
Q

What is a pericyte

A

Contractile cell located on the edge of vasculature. Dark nucleus with little cytoplasm

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25
Q

Describe the mononuclear phagocyte system

A

Bone marrow makes a pluripotential stem cell, which matures to a committed stem cell to monoblast to promonocyte to monocyte that is secreted to peripheral blood. Monocyte becomes macrophage

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26
Q

Describe a lymphocyte

A

Dark, round nucleus with no cytoplasm

27
Q

Describe a plasma cell

A

A mixture of heterochromatin and euchromatin in the nucleus to give a spotted look, basophilic cytoplasm and large golgi apparatus

28
Q

How are antibodies produced

A

B-cells digest the antigen and presents antigen on cell surface. B cell interacts with activated T cells, differentiates in to a plasma cell and begins producing antibodies

29
Q

Name types of lymphocytes

A

CD4+ T cells, CD8 B cells, Helper T cells, Natural Killer T cells, regulatory T cells

30
Q

Describe a neutrohpil

A

Multi-lobed with fine, eosinophilic granulated cytoplasm. Granules contain proteases and respond to infections and wounds by phagocytosis. Neutrophils can cause vasodilation and account for half of the white blood cells

31
Q

Describe eosinophils

A

Eosinophils are bi-lobed with red granules in the cytoplasm. Eosinophils respond to parsitic infections and produce peroxidase

32
Q

Describe basophils

A

Basophils release histamine for allergic reactions are are rare

33
Q

What are the longest and shortest cell life spans?

A

Lymphocyte (several weeks)

Basophils (2-3 days)

34
Q

How many more white blood cells does the dog have compared to the human

A

Twice as many (8k vs 17k)

35
Q

What is uncommon to see in the peripheral blood?

A

Neutrophil precursors: myelocytes and myeloblasts

36
Q

What do precursor cells in the peripheral blood signal?

A

A large loss of blood, parasites, cancer

37
Q

What are band cells?

A

Neutrophil. Band cells in peripheral blood may indicate illness

38
Q

What are segmented cells?

A

Neutrophil. Segmented cells may indicate cancer or suppressed immune system

39
Q

What fibers make the extracellular matrix?

A

Collagen and elastin

40
Q

What is the most abundant protein in the human body

A

Collagen. Collagen is found in most supporting tissues

41
Q

Describe Type I collagen

A

Produced in fibroblasts, most common. Found in fibrous supporting tissues (dermis, tendons, ligaments)

42
Q

Describe Type II collagen

A

Found in hyaline cartilage and elastic cartlage, and is made of fine fibrils that disperse in the ground substance

43
Q

Describe Type III collagen

A

Made of very fine reticular fibers (reticulin). Reticulin forms a mesh network for the liver, bone marrow and lymphoid organs

44
Q

Describe Type IV collagen

A

Does not have fibrils but forms a meshwork with myofibrils for basement membranes

45
Q

Describe Type VII collagen

A

Forms fibrils that anchor to the basement membrane

46
Q

Describe elastin

A

Synthesized by fibroblasts, allows stretching and recoil. Present in skin, lung, blood vessels

47
Q

What is the difference between collagen and elastin

A

Elastin stains brighter pink (darker) than collagen and is wavy. Elastin is stretchable, and disorganized while relaxed and organized while stretched. Elastin is present in arteries and appears shiny in the microscope

48
Q

What is the ground substance?

A

The ground substance fills spaces between cells and fibers and provides a physical barrier. It is made from glycosaminoglycans (GAG) that are negatively charged and hydrophilic

49
Q

What is the most common GAG?

A

Hyaluronic acid. Hyaluronic acid is not sulfated like most GAGs and is a very large molecule

50
Q

Name other GAGs present in ground substance

A

Fibronectin, Chondronectin, Laminin. Interstitial fluid is present in ground substance

51
Q

Why is cartilage resilient and compressible?

A

Proteoglycan aggregates repel each other

52
Q

What stem cells are found in adults?

A

Pericytes (blood vessel) and satellite cells

53
Q

What stem cells are found in infants?

A

Mesenchymal cells

54
Q

Types of connective tissue

A

Loose irregular, Dense irregular, Dense regular

55
Q

Describe loose irregular tissue

A

The most common connective tissue. Contains many resident and mobile cells, and consists of collagen and elastin. The fiber arrangement is loose and random to allow flexibility. Found in superficial fascia and lamina of the gut

56
Q

Describe Dense irregular tissue

A

Densely packed, randomly arranged fibers. The skin and organ capsules have dense irregular

57
Q

Dense regular

A

Made mostly of Type I collagen that are packed tightly and arranged in parallel manner. Fibrocytes (mature fibroblasts) are flattened between thick collagen fibers

58
Q

What are made from dense regular tissue

A

Tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses. These structures have poor blood and nerve supplies and look smoother than muscle fibers

59
Q

Describe dense regular elastic tissue

A

Dense elastic tissue is not common. It is densely packed, parallel elastin. Present in the aorta

60
Q

What makes adipose tissue?

A

Adipocytes (single, clusters or masses of adipocytes)

61
Q

How to differentiate an adipocyte

A

Basal lamina (CT does not have basal lamina)

62
Q

Describe brown fat

A

Big nuclei, many mitochondria, stains darker than white fat and is multilocular which binds many oil droplets together

63
Q

Compare brown fat vs white fat

A

Brown fat has higher energy than white fat, brown fat stores glycogen and is found in muscles, brown fat has many capillaries

64
Q

What has the highest concentration of brown fat?

A

Infants and people who live in colder climates

Cell Biology (20 decks)

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