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Cardio > MSK L18 and L19 Osteoarthritis I & II > Flashcards

MSK L18 and L19 Osteoarthritis I & II Flashcards

1
Q

Epi

A

o OA is one of the most common musculoskeletal Condition
o In he UK about 8 million people have OA
o Worldwide 9.6% men and 18% women over the age of 60 have symptomatic OA
o 80% OA patients have limitations of movement, 25% can not perform their daily activites

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2
Q

Causes

A 
Unsure
Weight and obesity
Diet
Age
Genes
Gender → More Common in women than men
Trauma
Occupation
Joint shape
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3
Q

Evidence for a genetic cause of OA

A
  1. Prevalence of OA is differnet in differnet races and populatinos
  2. Women are 10 times more lilely to have Hebeden’s node than men (particular form of OA)
  3. Increased production of certain cytokines that breakdown cartilage due to genetic variability of genes coding for the cytokines
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4
Q

arcOGEN

A
  1. The largest study of its kind ever undertaken
  2. Screening DNA from 8,000 OA patients and 6,000 healthy people
  3. This could lead to several potential breakthroughs
    o Genetic testing
    o Identify progressors
    Prevent OA occuring
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5
Q

Pathogensis of OA

Process:

A
  1. Joint Biomechanics (injury, overloading, instability – cruciate ligament etc.)
  2. Systemic predisposition

Both cause biochemical change sin the joint tissues

o Increase cytokine -> Il17, TNF etc.
o Increase enzymes – proteases damage and destroy cartilage
Severity determined by joint i.e. load bearing or not etc.

Presence of other diseases can also effect the progress of disease.

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6
Q

Common sites of OA

A

Knee
Hip
Finger joints
Shoulder

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7
Q

Risk

A

Mechanisms involved in degradation of cartilage and inflammation is the same for all joint sbt the risk of OA occurring in different joints is different.

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8
Q

Pathogenesis of OA

A

Worn Cartilage – focal then throughout joint surfaces
Born Growth → osteophytes at edge of joint
Loose Ligaments
Inflammation -> synovial lining

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9
Q

Changes in cartilage: cartilage surface changes

A
  1. Fibrillation → cracks from surface to deeper zone
  2. Erosion → of surface a maybe mid zone
  3. Cracks
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10
Q

Changes in Cartilage: other changes in cartilage

A

Cartilage Softening → loss of proteoglycan and damage to collagen therefore cartilage can maintain shape leading to increased hydration in early stages of disease.
Chondrocyte necrosis and apoptosis
Regeneration ->
Cell cluster → find in most OA but in normal cartilage can see this
Cell proliferation

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11
Q

Histologically OA

A

Complete loss of superficial layer of cartilage
Fissures and cracks in cartilage
Cells → GAG from medial and superficial zones lost

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12
Q

Changes in the Bone

A

Joint space narrowing →loss of cartilage
Marginal osteophytes
Sclerosis → thickening of subchondral bone
Eburnation → shiny as over lying cartilage lost
Focal pressure necrosis and subarticular cysts → overlying cartilage absent transmission of articular pressure into marrow space.

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13
Q

Changes in the Bone:

Recent findings in bone matrix

A
  1. Extracellular matrix with more protein and less mineral
  2. MRI evidence of bone marrow lesions leading to cartilage
  3. CT scan show changes in cancelous bone
  4. Markers: Increased alkaline phosphatase, TGF-Beta and PGE in OA bone
  5. Alteration in phenotypic structure of bone cells
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14
Q

OA grading →

A

→ Kellgren and Lawrence for knee and hand joints
o Grade 1 → normal
o Grade 2 → osteophytes and loss of joint space
o Grade 3 → lots od osteophytes and significant loss of cartilage
o Grade 4→ little of no joint space left (no cartilage) andlots of osteophytes

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15
Q

Synovium changes

A

Mild to moderate inflammation → Marked infiltration of cells → neutrophils etc
Neovascularization (similar to RA tissue is proliferating to some degree)

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16
Q

Pathogenesis →

Correct order unknown – can begin in any of the tissues?

A

AC destruction
Synovial inflammation
Bone outgrowth
Some evidence that ligaments and meniscus involved

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17
Q

cartilage Matric synthesis

A

Promotion → TGF-Beta and IGF-1

Inhibition → IL-1 and TNF

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18
Q

cartilage Matrix Degradation

A

Promotion → IL-1 and TNF

Inhibition → IGF-1 and TGF-beta

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19
Q

Chondrocytes (only cells in cartilage)

A

Responsible for synthesis and degradation

20
Q

Mediators that stimulate synthesis of cartilage

A

IGF-1, TGF-beta and FGF-1

21
Q

OA cartilage

A

In OA increased concentrations of cytokines e.g. TNF and Il-1

22
Q

Most cartilage is degraded by

A

Most of the cartilage is degraded by MMPs and Aggrecanases

23
Q

Synthesis → of cartilage

A
  1. Increased production of mediators they bind to corresponding receptors on chondrocytes which stimulates them to produce collgane and PGE.
  2. Will also produce protease inhibitos which prevents degradation and damage
    a. MMP’s → collagenases and stromelysin blocked
    b. Serine proteases
24
Q

Degradation → of cartilage

A
  1. Stimulated by mediators found in other tissues in joint, chondrocytes
  2. TNF, IL-1 e.g trauma or mechanical wear and tear (debris).
  3. Triggers Chondrocytes to make more proteases, serine activators activated which activates latent stromelysin, which breaks down Proteoglycan.
  4. Chondrocytes also make less tissue inhibitors
25
Q

Proteoglycans can aggregate to

A

to hyaluronic acid and form → aggrecan

26
Q

Aggrecanase →

A

Specific enzyme that cleaves aggrecans (part of it) that proteoglycans use to form aggregates with hyaluronic acid = cartilage loss.

Cleaves between G1 and G2

27
Q

Safranin →

A

staining procedure to look at distribution of Proteoglycans

28
Q

Collagen →Degradation →

A

Uncoiling of triple helix via denature.

29
Q

Collagen →Early Hydration in early OA →

A

Denaturation leads to soft cartilage. The cartilage fibres can maintain the shape of cartilage and so more water infiltration.

30
Q

Collagen → Later stages→

A

Loss of water due to loss of proteoglycans.

31
Q

Collagen →Cartilage Failure in OA:

A
  1. Cartilage becomes “fibrillate” early in OA (loss of surface zones
  2. Gross loss in advanced OA
  3. OA cartilage has more denatured collagen and swells more. Its softer. PG’s normal but decreases?
32
Q

Collagen →Final Result of cartilage loss

A

Joint space narrowing

33
Q

Bone remodelling in OA →

A
  1. Osteophyte formation → help distribute the load more easily
  2. Sclerosis → thicker bone form osteoblasts
  3. Eburnation →associated with sclerosis related to osteoblastic activity – bone is exposed with no overlying cartilage, friction causes shiny surface.
  4. Increased bone mineral density → early stages some evidence of loss (slight)
  5. Focal pressure necrosis (advanced feature) → overlying cartilage is missing therefore transmission of force from surface into marrow space.
  6. Bone marrow odema-like lesions →
34
Q

3 factors associated with OA:

A

o Cartilage loss
o Bone remodelling
o Synovial inflammation

35
Q

Synovium →

A

pro-infammatory cells capable of producing mediators ROS, MMP1 and £, TNF, IL etc. causes articular fissures
Or

36
Q

Chondrocytes capable of producing

A

IL-1,6, PGE, leukotrienes which could trigger the synovium and cute inflammation leading to macrophages and fibroblasts aggregating in synovium

37
Q

Bone → Osteoblasts can produce

A

all mediators, which stimulate it to produce subchondral bone leadin got sclerosis and eburnation. Some mediators eg. IL-6 and PGE may contribute to cartilage and synovium changes.

38
Q

Disease Patterns

A

Young man, OA Hip
Middle aged man, OA knee
Mid aged women → knee and hand
Elderly women → generalised

39
Q

Signs

A
  1. Swelling
  2. Muscle wasting
  3. Bony swelling
  4. Joint effusions
  5. Tenderness
  6. Warmth
  7. Reduced motion
  8. Crepitus
  9. Instability
  10. Weakness
40
Q

Symptoms

A 
Onset slow and insidious
Use-related pain
Joint stiffness after inactivity
Reduced range of joint motion
Functional limitation
41
Q

Factors affecting pain in OA

A 
Radiographic severity (poor correlation between this and pain)
Gender → women worse
Age
Joint involved
Psychological 
Social
42
Q

Pain in OA

A

No nerve endings in cartilage therefore coming from synovium maybe

43
Q

Investigation and Management

A
  1. Blood test (normal) → most common blood tests usually in normal ranges
  2. Imaging
  3. Arthroscopy
  4. Synovial fluid analysis
  5. Animal models →
    a. Guinea pig (dank and hartlley) spontaneous models of osteoarthritis.
    b. Partial minisectomy model.
    c. Cruciate ligament damage models
44
Q

Management:

A
  1. Education
  2. Relieve symptoms
  3. Minimize handicap
  4. Limit progression
45
Q

Therapy:

A
  1. Physical therapy
  2. Hydrotherapy
  3. Footwear
  4. Walking aids
  5. Other aids and appliances
  6. Occupational therapy
  7. Rest and relxation
  8. Systemic drug therapy
  9. Intra-articular therapy
  10. Complimentary medicine

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