Cardio Anatomy 1 and Cardio 2 Anatomy

Question 1

Thorax, Mediastinum of the bony Thorax → Superiorly

Answer 1

The Thoracic inlet (T1 vertebrae, first ribs, manubrium sterni)

Question 2

Thorax, Mediastinum of the bony Thorax → Laterally

Answer 2

The ribs and intercostals muscles

Question 3

Thorax, Mediastinum of the bony Thorax → Anteriorly

Answer 3

The costal cartilages, manubrium and sternum

Question 4

Thorax, Mediastinum of the bony Thorax → Posteriorly

Answer 4

The ribs and thoracic vertebrae

Question 5

Thorax, Mediastinum of the bony Thorax → Inferiorly

Answer 5

Thoracic outlet (T12, the costal margin formed by the lower 6 ribs, and the xiphoid process

Question 6

Mediastinum → Definition

Answer 6

Central compartment of thoracic cavity. Area bounded by the pleural cavities laterally, the thoracic inlet superiorly and by the diaphragm inferiorly.

Question 7

Mediastinum → Divisions

Answer 7

Superior mediastinum → Top: superior thoracic aperture and inferior angle of Louis
Inferior Mediastinum → Thymus, heart, phrenic nerves, oesophagus and thoracic duct, descending aorta, sympathetic trunks

Question 8

Mediastinum →Superior Contents

Answer 8

• Muscles
• Aortic arch
• Brachiocephailc artery
• Thoracic portions of left common carotid and left subclavian
• Brachiocephalic veins
• SVC
• Left highest intercostal vein
• Vagus
• Cardiac nerve
• Superficial and deep cardiac plexuses
• Phrenic nerve
• Left recurrent laryngeal nerve
• Trachea
• Oesophagus
• Thoracic duct
• Thymus
• Lymph glands
• Anterior longitudinal ligament

Question 9

Mediastinum → Middle Contents

Answer 9

• Heart
• Ascending aorta
• Lower half of SVC with azygous vein
• Bifurcation of trachea and two bronchi
• Pulmonary artery

Question 10

Mediastinum → Anterior Contents

Answer 10

• Loose areolar tissue
• Lymphatic vessels
• Anterior mediastinal lymph nodes
• Mediastinal branches of the internal thoracic artery
• Thymus

Question 11

Mediastinum → Posterior Contents

Answer 11

•	Thoracic descending aorta
•	Azygous vein
•	Hemiazygous vein
•	Vagus nerve
•	Splanchnic
Sympathetic chains
Oesophagus
Thoracic duct
Lymph glands

Question 12

Plane of Louis →

Answer 12

Disc of T4-T5 to sternal angle

Question 13

Fibrous Pericardium
Anchored to
Below

Answer 13

Anchored to

→ Central tendon of the diaphragm

Question 14

Serous Pericardium

Answer 14

Parietal adherent to → Fibrous pericardium

Visceral adherent to → Part of epicardium

Question 15

Space between two layers contains of pericardium

Answer 15

Serous Fluid

Question 16

Reflections of pericardium

Answer 16

1. Transverse sinus of the heart between aorta and pulmonary veins.
2. Oblique sinus of the pericardium behind the left atrium

Question 17

Function of Pericardium

Answer 17

• Fixes heart in mediastinum and limits its motion
• Protection from infections coming from other organs (such as lungs)
• Prevents excessive dilation of heart in cases of acute volume overload
• Lubrication

Question 18

Nerve supply to fibrous pericardium

Answer 18

Phrenic Nerve

Question 19

Nerve supply to Parietal serous

Answer 19

Phrenic Nerve

Question 20

Nerve supply to visceral serous

Answer 20

Branches of Sympathetic trunks and vagus nerves

Question 21

Pericarditis →

Answer 21

May be caused by infection, systemic disease or myocardial infarction.

Question 22

referral of pericarditis

Answer 22

Pain from pericardium (e.g. pericarditis) may be referred to shoulder tip (C4).

Question 23

Cardiac tamponade

Answer 23

Excess fluid in pericardial space (effusion) can compress heart = cardiac tamponade.

Question 24

Right Coronary arteries and its main branches:

Answer 24

Posterior descending artery

Right marginal artery

Question 25

Left Coronary arteries: main branches

Answer 25

Left anterior descending artery | Left circumflex artery

Question 26

Main tributaries of coronary sinus

Answer 26

* Small, middle, great and oblique cardiac veins. * left marginal vein * Left posterior ventricular vein. It drains into the right atrium.

Question 27

Coronary Heart disease →

Answer 27

1. Blockage of the coronary circulation can have multiple effects including damage to the myocardium, papillary muscle damage leading to valve incompetence.

Question 28

2. Dysrhythmias →

Answer 28

affect the conducting system of the heart.

Question 29

Right Ventricle: Walls

Answer 29

``` Thicker. Muscular projections called trabecular carneae. Made of: 1. Papillary muscles 2. Moderator band 3. Prominent ridges ```

Question 30

Right Ventricle: The Interventricular septum between the ventricles have two parts

Answer 30

Muscular ventricular septum | Membranous ventricular septum → upper and posterior

Question 31

Right Ventricle: Septomarginal trabecular or moderator band function

Answer 31

Crosses the ventricular cavity from the septal to the anterior wall. Conveys the right branch of the atrioventricular bundle

Question 32

Right Ventricle: Blood enters via (valve)

Answer 32

Tricuspid valve

Question 33

ventricle Blood exits via : 1. Tract 2. Valve

Answer 33

Pulmonary artery | Pulmonary Valve

Question 34

Identify the remnant of the umbilical artery in the pelvis

Answer 34

Superior vesicular arteries

Question 35

Identify the remnant of the ductus arteriosus

Answer 35

Ligamentum arteriosum

Question 36

Foramen ovale after birth

Answer 36

Fossa ovalis

Question 37

What physical sign might be present if this structure remains open - foramen ovale

Answer 37

stroke?

Question 38

Heart Valves

Answer 38

1. Valve disease may involve stenosis (narrowing) or incompetence (allowing regurgitation) of valves 2. Causes of valve disease include anomalies and infections (e.g. rheumatic fever) 3. Vales affected by → stenosis

Question 39

Embryology

Answer 39

1. Septal defects occur due to anomalies in the embryological septation of the heart. 2. Septal defects may involve the interatrial or interventricular septa – or both 3. Atrial and ventricular septal defects both allow blood to flow form the higher pressure left side to the lower pressure right side – resulting in right ventricle hypertrophy and pulmonary hypertension