Cardio Anatomy 1 and Cardio 2 Anatomy Flashcards
Thorax, Mediastinum of the bony Thorax → Superiorly
The Thoracic inlet (T1 vertebrae, first ribs, manubrium sterni)
Thorax, Mediastinum of the bony Thorax → Laterally
The ribs and intercostals muscles
Thorax, Mediastinum of the bony Thorax → Anteriorly
The costal cartilages, manubrium and sternum
Thorax, Mediastinum of the bony Thorax → Posteriorly
The ribs and thoracic vertebrae
Thorax, Mediastinum of the bony Thorax → Inferiorly
Thoracic outlet (T12, the costal margin formed by the lower 6 ribs, and the xiphoid process
Mediastinum → Definition
Central compartment of thoracic cavity. Area bounded by the pleural cavities laterally, the thoracic inlet superiorly and by the diaphragm inferiorly.
Mediastinum → Divisions
Superior mediastinum → Top: superior thoracic aperture and inferior angle of Louis
Inferior Mediastinum → Thymus, heart, phrenic nerves, oesophagus and thoracic duct, descending aorta, sympathetic trunks
Mediastinum →Superior Contents
- Muscles
- Aortic arch
- Brachiocephailc artery
- Thoracic portions of left common carotid and left subclavian
- Brachiocephalic veins
- SVC
- Left highest intercostal vein
- Vagus
- Cardiac nerve
- Superficial and deep cardiac plexuses
- Phrenic nerve
- Left recurrent laryngeal nerve
- Trachea
- Oesophagus
- Thoracic duct
- Thymus
- Lymph glands
- Anterior longitudinal ligament
Mediastinum → Middle Contents
- Heart
- Ascending aorta
- Lower half of SVC with azygous vein
- Bifurcation of trachea and two bronchi
- Pulmonary artery
Mediastinum → Anterior Contents
- Loose areolar tissue
- Lymphatic vessels
- Anterior mediastinal lymph nodes
- Mediastinal branches of the internal thoracic artery
- Thymus
Mediastinum → Posterior Contents
• Thoracic descending aorta • Azygous vein • Hemiazygous vein • Vagus nerve • Splanchnic Sympathetic chains Oesophagus Thoracic duct Lymph glands
Plane of Louis →
Disc of T4-T5 to sternal angle
Fibrous Pericardium
Anchored to
Below
Anchored to
→ Central tendon of the diaphragm
Serous Pericardium
Parietal adherent to → Fibrous pericardium
Visceral adherent to → Part of epicardium
Space between two layers contains of pericardium
Serous Fluid
Reflections of pericardium
- Transverse sinus of the heart between aorta and pulmonary veins.
- Oblique sinus of the pericardium behind the left atrium
Function of Pericardium
- Fixes heart in mediastinum and limits its motion
- Protection from infections coming from other organs (such as lungs)
- Prevents excessive dilation of heart in cases of acute volume overload
- Lubrication
Nerve supply to fibrous pericardium
Phrenic Nerve
Nerve supply to Parietal serous
Phrenic Nerve
Nerve supply to visceral serous
Branches of Sympathetic trunks and vagus nerves
Pericarditis →
May be caused by infection, systemic disease or myocardial infarction.
referral of pericarditis
Pain from pericardium (e.g. pericarditis) may be referred to shoulder tip (C4).
Cardiac tamponade
Excess fluid in pericardial space (effusion) can compress heart = cardiac tamponade.
Right Coronary arteries and its main branches:
Posterior descending artery
Right marginal artery
Left Coronary arteries: main branches
Left anterior descending artery
Left circumflex artery
Main tributaries of coronary sinus
- Small, middle, great and oblique cardiac veins.
- left marginal vein
- Left posterior ventricular vein. It drains into the right atrium.
Coronary Heart disease →
- Blockage of the coronary circulation can have multiple effects including damage to the myocardium, papillary muscle damage leading to valve incompetence.
- Dysrhythmias →
affect the conducting system of the heart.
Right Ventricle: Walls
Thicker. Muscular projections called trabecular carneae. Made of: 1. Papillary muscles 2. Moderator band 3. Prominent ridges
Right Ventricle: The Interventricular septum between the ventricles have two parts
Muscular ventricular septum
Membranous ventricular septum → upper and posterior
Right Ventricle: Septomarginal trabecular or moderator band function
Crosses the ventricular cavity from the septal to the anterior wall. Conveys the right branch of the atrioventricular bundle
Right Ventricle: Blood enters via (valve)
Tricuspid valve
ventricle Blood exits via :
- Tract
- Valve
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary Valve
Identify the remnant of the umbilical artery in the pelvis
Superior vesicular arteries
Identify the remnant of the ductus arteriosus
Ligamentum arteriosum
Foramen ovale after birth
Fossa ovalis
What physical sign might be present if this structure remains open - foramen ovale
stroke?
Heart Valves
- Valve disease may involve stenosis (narrowing) or incompetence (allowing regurgitation) of valves
- Causes of valve disease include anomalies and infections (e.g. rheumatic fever)
- Vales affected by → stenosis
Embryology
- Septal defects occur due to anomalies in the embryological septation of the heart.
- Septal defects may involve the interatrial or interventricular septa – or both
- Atrial and ventricular septal defects both allow blood to flow form the higher pressure left side to the lower pressure right side – resulting in right ventricle hypertrophy and pulmonary hypertension
