Histopath - Paediatric Pathology

Question 1

Complications of preterm birth

Answer 1

1. Respiratory distress syndrome
2. Necrotising entercolitis
3. Intraventricular haemorrhage
4. Patent ductus arteriosus

Question 2

Cause of Necrotising entercolitis

Answer 2

Unknown but not exlcusive to preterm 20% at full term.

Question 3

Necrotising entercolitis

Answer 3

• Seen in premature infants where portions of the bowel undergo necrosis (tissue death).

Question 4

Targeted regions

Answer 4

• Often affects/Jejunum (regional) therefore if caught early can remove portions.
• Other underlying disease in necrotic samples

Question 5

Hirschsprung’s disease: definition

Answer 5

Congenital absence of ganglion cells.

Question 6

Hirschsprung’s disease Presentation

Answer 6

2-day-old boy
Failure to pass meconium
Abdominal distension
Bilious vomits

Question 7

Hirschsprung’s disease Epi

Answer 7

1:5000
M: F – 4:1
•	10% Familial
•	10% Downs syndrome
•	80% sporadic

Question 8

Hirschsprung’s disease Normal Process

Answer 8

5th-12th weeks gestation: migration from oesophagus → anus

Question 9

Hirschsprung’s disease Lead to

Answer 9

Aganglionic colon
Total colonic - 1%
Partial – 5-10%

Question 10

Hirschsprung’s disease Complications

Answer 10

Entercolitis

Perforation = peritoneal infection

Question 11

Hirschsprung’s disease Treatment

Answer 11

Surgical removal → malnutrition complications

Question 12

Cystic Fibrosis epi

Answer 12

1:2000 live births

Most common lethal genetic disease

Question 13

Cystic Fibrosis description

Answer 13

Thick tenacious secretions

Question 14

CF Affected organ pathology

Answer 14

Bronchiectasis
Atresia → complete absence of a part of intestine
• Oesophageal (Instant vomiting)
• Small intestine (delayed manifestations) – incidence 1/1500: Easily curable
• Biliary (rare)
Risk of perforation

Question 15

Biliary atresia epi

Answer 15

1:10,000 live births
Liver biopsy is the most reliable means of establishing the diagnosis
Surgery by 12 weeks

Question 16

New born difficulty breathing differential

Answer 16

• Respiratory tract malformations congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation → chance of infection
• Respiratory tract malformations – Congenital diaphragmatic hernia

Question 17

Kidney with recurrent UTI differentials

Answer 17

Mutlicystic dysplatic kidney → parts or all of 1 kidney
Autosomal recessive PKD (inherited)
• Both kidneys and therefore require dialysis

Question 18

Wilms tumour:

Answer 18

kidney nephroblastoma (abdominal mass)
•	Most common in adrenal glands (not brain)